Journal Information
Vol. 89. Issue 3.
Pages 162-169 (1 September 2018)
Visits
7708
Vol. 89. Issue 3.
Pages 162-169 (1 September 2018)
Original Article
Open Access
Evaluation of sensitization to Der p 1 and Der p 2 in a pediatric population of the North of Portugal
Evaluación de la sensibilización a Der p 1 y Der p 2 en una población pediátrica del Norte de Portugal
Visits
7708
Sara Peixotoa,
Corresponding author
saraccpeixoto@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Joana Soaresa, Tânia Monteiroa, Marisa Carvalhoa, Marinela Santosb, Carla Simõesc, Márcia Quaresmaa
a Departamento de Pediatría, Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (CHTMAD), Vila Real, Portugal
b Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, CHTMAD, Vila Real, Portugal
c Departamento de Patología Clínica, CHTMAD, Vila Real, Portugal
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (2)
Tables (4)
Table 1. Clinical and demographic characterization of the sample.
Table 2. Risk factors for atopy.
Table 3. Der p 1 and Der p 2 serum levels according to eosinophils levels, total IgE levels and wheal size.
Table 4. Prevalence of sensitization to Der p components for different Der p specie IgE (sIgE) levels (n=279).
Show moreShow less
Abstract
Introduction

In Portugal, data on the role of Der p 1 and Der p 2 in patients with house dust mite (HDM) allergy are scarce. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (sIT) is the only treatment that improves symptoms, reduces the need for pharmacological therapy and modifies the natural history of the disease. With this study, the authors aim to understand the local epidemiology and to clarify if the molecular assay of major allergens is advantageous in deciding and/or modifying the decision to initiate sIT in children with clinical indication which are sensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.

Methods

Retrospective study with analysis of patients with asthma and/or rhinitis. Study period: January/2013–December/2016. Inclusion criteria: 1) positive prick-test to D. pteronyssinus; and 2) clinically relevant disease under treatment. Assay Der p 1 and Der p 2 values ≥0.35kUA/L were considered positive. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results

The clinical files of 279 patients. Mean ages 9.55 years (min. 4–max. 17). Asthma was present in 199 children (71.3%) and rhinitis in 245 (87.8%). Der p 1 and Der p 2 was <0.35kUA/L in 29 (10.4%) patients. The value of Der p 1/Der p 2 correlated with the size of the prick-test papule, the value of the eosinophils and the total IgE.

Conclusions

Der p 1 and Der p 2 are dominant allergens in our population and there may be benefits in determining these molecular allergen levels in patients with a positive prick-test and a clinical indication for sIT prior to a decision of initiating sIT or not.

Keywords:
Mites
Dermatophagoides antigens
Hypersensitivity
Desensitization
Immunologic
Allergens
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen p 1
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen p 2
Resumen
Introducción

En Portugal los datos del papel de Der p 1 y Der p 2 en niños con alergia al ácaro del polvo son escasos. La inmunoterapia específica (IE) con alérgenos es el único tratamiento que mejora los síntomas, reduce la necesidad de terapia farmacológica y modifica la historia natural de la enfermedad. Con este trabajo, los autores estudian la epidemiología local y buscan aclarar si el análisis molecular de los alérgenos principales es una ventaja para decidir y/o modificar la decisión de iniciar IE en niños con indicación clínica y sensibilizados a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.

Métodos

Estudio retrospectivo de los niños con asma y/o rinitis. Período de estudio: enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2016. Criterios de inclusión: 1) prick-test positivo a Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus; y 2) enfermedad clínicamente relevante bajo tratamiento. Los valores de Der p 1 y Der p 20,35kUA/l fueron considerados positivos. La significación estadística se estableció en p<0,05.

Resultados

Se incluyeron en el estudio 279 pacientes. Edad media 9,55 años (min. 4-máx. 17). El asma estuvo presente en 199 niños (71,3%) y rinitis en 245 (87,8%). Der p 1 y Der p 2 fue<0,35kUA/l en 29 (10,4%) pacientes. Der p 1/Der p 2 se correlacionó con el tamaño de la pápula de prick-test, con el valor de los eosinófilos y la IgE total.

Conclusiones

Der p 1 y Der p 2 son alérgenos dominantes en nuestra población y puede haber beneficios en la determinación de estos niveles de alérgenos moleculares en pacientes con un prick-test positivo e indicación clínica para IE.

Palabras clave:
Ácaros
Dermatophagoides antígenos
Hipersensibilidad
Desensibilización
Inmunología
Alérgenos
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antígeno p 1
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antígeno p 2
Full Text
Introduction

The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased rapidly over the past few decades in developed countries.1,2 Asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema were systematically evaluated in approximately 1.2 million children in 98 countries in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)3 and a Portuguese epidemiological study in adults revealed a prevalence of 16.8% of asthma and 33.6% of rhinitis in central Portugal.4 Inhalant allergens play a crucial role in the development of these diseases, with house dust mites (HDM) considered the most important allergen source worldwide.5,6 HDM, especially Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, are considered an important source for allergen sensitization and are major risk factors for allergic respiratory diseases in genetically predisposed patients.7 These allergens are divided into groups according to their biochemical composition, homology, and molecular weight. Presently, 20 HDM allergens for D. pteronyssinus have been registered by the World Health Organization and International Union of Immunological Societies Allergen Nomenclature Sub-committee (http://allergen.org/), many of these represent digestive enzymes since HDM feces are the major source of allergen exposure.

Some studies report a dominant prevalence of IgE antibodies against group 1 (Der p 1) and group 2 (Der p 2) HDM allergens in Europe.8–11 In Portugal, data on the role of Der p 1 and Der p 2 are still scarce.

The group 1 (Der p 1, 25kDa cystein proteases) allergens are found in high concentrations in fecal pellets, while those of group 2 (Der p 2, 14kDa) are mostly located in components of the mite body.7,12 Der p 1 and Der p 2 are considered major allergens of D. pteronyssinus, as they are recognized in more than 80% of mite-sensitive patients.11,13

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (sIT) is an important weapon in the treatment of respiratory allergy in selected cases, and provided that the patient has a hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE. The procedure requires a gradual administration of increasing amounts of an allergen to which the patient is sensitive, allowing the modulation of the untoward immune response to that allergen and alleviating allergic symptoms. It is the only treatment that improves symptoms, reduces the requirement of pharmacological therapy and modifies the natural history of allergic disease.14–16 The therapeutic effect may be long-lasting and prevents the progression from mild to severe forms of allergic disease.16–18

Since currently marketed vaccines are standardized only for the Der p 1 and Der p 2 allergens, the authors aim to understand the local epidemiology and to clarify if the molecular assay of these two major allergens is advantageous in deciding and/or modifying the decision to initiate sIT in children sensitized to D. pteronyssinus and with clinical indication, similarly to what is described in the literature.

MethodsPatients

The authors performed a retrospective study with analysis of the clinical files of patients referred to the outpatient Clinic of Pediatric Allergology of Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro with asthma and/or rhinitis between January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2016.

All patients were evaluated by a physician, using a detailed questionnaire to establish the nature and severity of their clinical manifestations. The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis was based on the international guidelines19 and the diagnosis of asthma followed the Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), defined by a history of recurrent dyspnea, wheezing and/or coughing episodes, and patients were tested for positive airway reversibility with bronchodilators.

Skin prick-test (SPT)

Skin sensitivity to D. pteronyssinus was measured by SPT, according to standard procedure.20 Allergen extracts and control solutions were obtained from Leti (Barcelona, Spain. Sensitization to major inhalant allergens included mites (D. pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Lepidoglyphus destructor), grass pollen mix, weed pollen mix, olive, Parietaria judaica, Alternaria alternata, dog and cat dander. Histamine (10mg/ml) and saline solutions were used as positive and negative controls. SPT was performed on the volar side of the forearm. The parameter for the wheal reaction, measured after 15min, was the value of the longest diameter. A positive skin reaction was defined as a wheal size of 3mm after subtraction of the negative control, according to EAACI criteria.21 The results were also expressed in mm and referred to the value of the largest diameter of the papule.

Serological analysis

“Eosinophilia” was considered to be present if eosinophils were ≥4% of the total white blood cells.22

Total IgE levels were measured by Electro-Chemiluminescence Immunoasay (Roche) and were expressed in international units per unit volume (IU/l) and considered to be high according to gender: >230IU/l for males and >170IU/l for females.23

D. pteronyssinus extract, Der p 1 and Der p 2 was measured by ImmunoCAP (ImmunoCAP-100 and 250®, Thermo Fisher Scientific), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Levels of sIgE were expressed in kUA/L, and a value ≥0.35kUA/L was considered positive. Assay results were categorized into 6 classes: low (≥0.35 to <0.70kUA/L), moderate (≥0.70 to <3.50kUA/L), high (≥3.50 to <17.50kUA/L), very high – class 1 (≥17.50 to <50.00kUA/L), very high – class 2 (≥50.00 to <100.00kUA/L), and very high – class 3 (≥100.00kUA/L).

Inclusion criteria were: 1) clinically relevant disease with perennial symptoms or present during most of the year, even under medication; and 2) a positive prick-test to D. pteronyssinus.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24.0 for Windows. Levels of sIgE were expressed as medians and 25%–75% interquartile ranges (IQRs). The normality of the variables age, wheal size in the skin prick-test, Der p 1, Der p 2, total IgE levels and eosinophils were assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Comparisons of the prevalence of sIgE reactivity were performed with the χ2 or Fisher exact tests. Between-group comparisons of numerical data were performed using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Correlation analyses of serological measurements were performed by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient (rs). To estimate the predicting value of the wheal size in the skin prick-test, total IgE levels and eosinophils and positive Der p 1/Der p 2, we used a receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) was estimated. For each biomarker, we estimated AUC and its 95% confidence interval. p values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

The clinical files of 279 patients were included in the study. One hundred eighty-one (64.9%) were males and 98 (35.1%) were females. Age varied between 4 and 17 years, with a mean age of 9.55 (Table 1). One hundred and ninety-nine children (71.3%) had asthma, 245 (87.8%) rhinitis and 165 (59.1%) of the total had asthma and rhinitis, simultaneously. Some of the children had other atopic clinic associated: conjunctivitis (42.7%), atopic eczema (17.2%) and food allergy (7.9%), with fish, seafood, egg and milk as main responsible foods. A family history of atopy was registered in 202 (72.4%) patients, 54 (19.4%) with a maternal and/or paternal history of asthma. A chi-square test of independence was performed to examine the relation between clinical files and family history of atopy, the relation between asthma (χ2 (1,N=279)=2.124, p=0.145) or rhinitis (χ2 (1,N=279)=3.572, p=0.059) and family history of atopy was non-significant. The test was also performed to examine the relation between clinical files and risk factors such as term and preterm gestation, type of delivery, exclusive breast milk, house features, humidity and contact with animals. The results had no relation with statistical significance (Table 2).

Table 1.

Clinical and demographic characterization of the sample.

  Patients, n  Mean age, years  Der p 1-positive, n (%)  Median (kUA/L)  Der p 2-positive, n (%)  Median (kUA/L) 
All patients  279  9.55 (4–17)  205 (73.5)  22.0  213 (76.3)  21.7 
Sex
Male  181  9.45  133 (73.5)  22.0  136 (75.1)  22.4 
Female  98  9.73  72 (73.5)  26.3  77 (78.6)  21.7 
Clinic
Asthma and rhinitis  165  9.45  24 (14.6)  24.4  130 (78.8)  23.9 
Only asthma  34  8.88  24 (70.6)  21.0  26 (76.5)  24.0 
Only rhinitis  80  10.03  24 (30)  17.9  57 (71.3)  17.9 
Conjunctivitis  119  10.45  24 (20.2)  21.3  86 (72.3)  22.4 
Eczema  48  8.65  24 (50)  20.6  41 (85.4)  29.0 
Food allergy  22  10.32  13 (59.1)  18.9  15 (68.2)  11.4 
Family history of allergy
Yes  202  9.50  156 (77.2)  23.0  157 (77.7)  24.4 
No  77  9.66  49 (63.6)  19.8  56 (72.7)  16.5 
Mother and/or father with asthma  54  9.39  41 (75.9)  31.0  47 (87)  32.5 
Table 2.

Risk factors for atopy.

  Patients, n  Mean age (years)  Der p 1-positive, n (%)  Median (kUA/L)  Der p 2-positive, n (%)  Median (kUA/L)  Asthma, n (%)  Rhinitis, n (%) 
Gestation
Term gestational age  72  10.01  48 (66.7)  48.3  50 (69.4)  37.5  52 (72.2)  64 (88.9) 
Preterm gestational age  13  7.38  11 (84.6)  14.3  13 (100)  28.9  10 (76.9)  11 (84.6) 
Unknown  194               
Delivery
Cesarean  85  9.38  69 (81.2)  28.5  58 (68.2)  27.6  58 (68.2)  78 (91.8) 
Vaginal  117  8.93  83 (70.9)  22  96 (82.1)  22.8  84 (71.8)  101 (86.3) 
Unknown  77               
Exclusive breast milk
Yes  117  9.25  89 (76.1)  28.5  95 (81.2)  28.9  90 (76.9)  105 (89.7) 
No  22  10.05  17 (77.3)  17.9  15 (68.2)  14.8  15 (68.2)  22 (100) 
Unknown  140               
Means of housing
Rural area  92  6.65  73 (79.3)  28.5  70 (76.1)  29.3  73 (78.3)  82 (89.1) 
Urban area  59  9.66  41 (69.5)  17  47 (79.7)  18.5  40 (67.8)  56 (94.9) 
Unknown  128               
Humidity
Yes  54  9.72  41 (75.9)  23.9  45 (83.3)  8.7  40 (74.1)  49 (90.7) 
No  81  9.51  62 (76.5)  27.3  61 (75.3)  20  61 (75.3)  74 (91.4) 
Unknown  144               
Contact with animals
Yes  107  9.80  83 (77.6)  28.5  86 (80.4)  28.6  80 (74.8)  97 (90.7) 
No  30  9.07  22 (73.3)  23.3  22 (73.3)  24.8  23 (76.3)  28 (93.3) 
Unknown  142               

Eosinophils ≥4% was present in 144 children and 158 had increased total IgE values for age. The positive values for Der p 1 and Der p 2 are shown in Table 3.

Table 3.

Der p 1 and Der p 2 serum levels according to eosinophils levels, total IgE levels and wheal size.

  Patients, n (%)  Mean age (years)  Median (kUA/L)  Der p 1 positive, n (%)  Median (kUA/L)  Der p 2 positive, n (%)  Median (kUA/L) 
Eosinophilia (%)
Eosinophils4%  144 (63.7)  9.5  7.2% (±4.1)  108 (75)  16.2  44 (30.6)  21.5 
Eosinophils<4%  82 (36.3)  9.7  2.6% (±1.1)  53 (64.6)  1.8  52 (63.4)  1.4 
unknown  53             
Total IgE values (UI/mL)
Increased values  158 (66.4)  9.7  624 UI/mL (±837)  119 (75.3)  19.4  127 (80.4)  28.6 
Normal values  80 (33.6)  8.9  102 UI/mL (±66)  53 (66.3)  4.7  59 (73.8)  6.6 
Unknown  41             
Wheal size (mm)
Known  218 (78.1)  9.6  7mm (±4)  162 (74.3)  10.3  162 (74.3)  11.9 
Positive but unknown size  61             

Der p 1 and Der p 2 was <0.35kUA/L in 29 (10%) patients and positive values of Der p 1, Der p 2 or the larger of the two can be seen in Table 4. In children with rhinitis without asthma, a higher positivity of Der p 2 (71.3%) was observed, compared with Der p 1 (30%), without statistical significance. The positivity of Der p 1 was slightly higher in children with a family history of atopy (77.2%) compared to those without atopy in family (63.6%). No difference was observed in Der p 2 (Table 1).

Table 4.

Prevalence of sensitization to Der p components for different Der p specie IgE (sIgE) levels (n=279).

Der p sIgE Levels  Der p 1, n (%)  Der p 2, n (%) 
Negative levels (<0.35kUA/L)  74 (26.5)  66 (23.7) 
Low (≥0.35 to <0.70kUA/L)  12 (4.3)  11 (3.9) 
Moderate (≥0.70 to <3.50kUA/L)  32 (11.5)  30 (10.8) 
High (≥3.50 to <17.50kUA/L)  44 (15.8)  51 (18.3) 
Very high – class 1 (≥17.50 to <50.00kUA/L)  52 (18.6)  57 (20.4) 
Very high – class 2 (≥50.00 to <100.00kUA/L)  37 (13.3)  29 (10.4) 
Very high – class 3 (≥100.00kUA/L)  28 (10)  35 (12.5) 
Total  279 (100)  279 (100) 

The variables age, wheal size in the skin prick-test, Der p 1, Der p 2, total IgE levels and eosinophils do not follow a normal distribution (p<0.001).

The existence of a correlation between the serological measurements was assessed by computing the corresponding Spearman coefficient and a strong positive correlation was found between the variables Der p 1 and Der p 2 (ρ=0.621, p<0.001). A positive weak correlation was found between the variables Der p 1/Der p 2 and wheal size in the skin prick-test (ρ=0.324, p<0.001; ρ=0.252, p<0.001), between the variables Der p 1/Der p 2 and eosinophils levels (ρ=0.288, p<0.001; ρ=0.371, p<0.001). A positive moderate correlation was found between the variables Der p 1/Der p 2 and total IgE levels (ρ=0.346, p<0.001; ρ=0.449, p<0.001) (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Correlations between the sIgE levels of HDM extract and single-component Der p 1 and Der p 2 with other serum levels. A) Der p 1 and Der p 2 IgE levels. B) Sum of serum IgE Der p 1 and Der p 2 to wheal size in the skin prick-test. C) Sum of serum IgE Der p 1 and Der p 2 to eosinophils levels. D) Sum of serum IgE Der p 1 and Der p 2 to total IgE levels.

(0.23MB).

No statistically meaningful correlation was found between the wheal size in the skin prick-test and eosinophils levels (ρ=−0.144, p=0.051) or total IgE levels (ρ=−0.055, p=0.478), nor between Der p 1/Derp 2 and age (ρ=−0.052, p=0.388/0.379).

In Fig. 2 we can see the ROC curves illustrating the value of wheal size in the skin prick-test, eosinophils and total IgE levels in predicting positive Der p 1/Der p 2. The risk was estimated by the area under the ROC curve, calculated individually for each parameter and for association of the three variables. The associated analysis of skin prick-test, eosinophils and total IgE levels reveled significant predictive value, with AUC=0.653. Individually, the observed wheal size and eosinophils have significant predictive value which is greater than total IgE levels, with predicted ability of AUC=0.673 and 0.641 versus AUC=0.598. However, all the parameters would be considered to be “poor” at separating positive Der p 1 and Der p 2 levels from negative levels. Using the Youden index, we calculated the optimal cut-off point for the meaningful wheal size (4.5mm), with a sensibility of 80.5% and a specificity of 50% and the same was undertaken for the relative quantity of eosinophils which was 5.55% with a sensibility of 49.8% and a specificity of 82.6%. The predictive ability of IgE total levels was not significant.

Figure 2.

ROC curves for ability of wheal size in the skin prick-test (A), eosinophils (B) and total IgE levels (C) in predicting positive Der p1/Der p2 serum levels. The risk was estimated by area under ROC curve (AUC)=0.653.

(0.08MB).
Discussion

HDM is a major perennial allergen source and a significant cause of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. Sensitization to mite allergens in the first years of life has a significant clinical effect on lung function in pediatric populations, due to wheezing and associates with poorer clinical outcomes in respiratory health in the long term.24 In the same way, a high percentage of patients with a family history of atopy, as can be observed in our sample (72.4%, particularly the children with asthmatic parents), are more prone to suffer from persistent asthma in adulthood.25,26

Prevalence data for HDM allergen sensitization vary from 65 to 130 million persons in the general population worldwide to as many as 50% among asthmatic patients.27 The two-key species of HDM in allergy research are D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae. The Dermatophagoides genus is probably the most researched of all the HDMs, although species dominance varies geographically, suggesting specialized adaptation.27 In Portugal, the high prevalence of acarin fauna is evident in all regions of the country and the importance of the D. pteronyssinus is notorious. According to the acarological map that was performed in our country, D. pteronyssinus is the most prevalent mite in the northern interior area of the country. That is the same area where our study was performed, with a frequency of occurrence of 79.5%. D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae are highly cross-reactive and in some geographical areas D. farinae is more prevalent. It is not the case of our region, because accordingly to the acarological map, the frequency of occurrence of D. farinae is low, about 6.8%.28 In our study, 73.5% and 76.3% of Der p-positive patients were sensitized to Der p 1 and Der p 2, respectively. The rate of Der p sensitization is comparable to rates reported for European cohorts (80%).24

Although at least 20 HDM allergen components have been identified and sequenced, several studies have demonstrated that clinically Der p 1 and Der p 2 are the most important HDM allergens,24,29,30 and this was also observed in our Der p-sensitized individuals. Ten per cent of the tested patients (29/279) were negative to both Der p 1 and Der p 2. Therefore, the present study shows that Der p 1 and Der p 2 are the major allergenic HDM components in our group of Portuguese patients.

The high correlation between serum eosinophil levels and total IgE levels against Der p 1 and Der p 2, further supports the dominant role of both allergens in the human IgE response against HDM in Portugal. The observed wheal size and eosinophils have significant predictive ability to separate positive Der p 1 and Der p 2 levels from negative levels and the optimal cut-off point of 4.5mm of wheal size displays a sensibility of 80.5% and a specificity of 50% and 5.55% eosinophils with a sensibility of 49.8% and a specificity of 82.6% (Fig. 2).

Allergen immunotherapy shows some potential for being disease-modifying by inducing beneficial immunological changes and by completely or partially abrogating the inception of asthma and new allergen sensitizations. It appears to improve clinical symptoms (nasal, ocular, and respiratory), to reduce rescue medication needs, to improve lung function indices and, more importantly, it has the potential to develop intrinsic disease-modifying effects such that the allergic inception of asthma and acquisition of new sensitizations can be completely or partially abrogated.31 In our sample, about 71.3% of the patients were asthmatic, the vast majority had rhinitis (87.8%) and only 28.7% had rhinitis exclusively. The advantages of treatment institution can be relevant, but since vaccines currently marketed for D. pteronyssinus are only standardized for Der p 1 and Der p 2, this means that for our sample only 89.6% of the children were eligible for HDM IT. Knowledge of the molecular allergen profile contributes to the characterization of the patient's risk profile, because it describes the primary sensitization. It also helps in the selection of patients for sIT with allergens and optimizes the choice of immunotherapy composition.

Recently, Der p 23, found in the chitinous membrane of the mite fecal ball, has been discovered to bind IgE with titers similar to Der p 1 and 2 and have high activity in basophil degranulation tests. The titers showed a strong concordance with binding to Der p 1 and 2. But some subjects have high IgE binding to Der p 23 without binding to Der p 1 or 2.11,32 According to these recent findings, it will be important to study in our sample the 10% of patients with Der p 1 and Der p 2 negative values and understand if they have positive Der p 23 values. At the time of this study, Der p 23 was not commercially available, so this will be object of study in the future.

In summary, the present study confirmed that Der p 1 and Der p 2 are major HDM allergen components in our pediatric population of a hospital in the North of Portugal since 73.5% and 76.3% of Dermotophagoide pteronissimus positive patients were sensitized to Der p 1 and Der p 2, respectively. The study also showed that the Der p 1 and Der p 2 assay was negative in 10.4% (29/279) patients. Something similar has been already demonstrated for other relevant aeroallergens.33,34 This, together with our results, proves that the study of allergenic sources by both skin prick-tests or specific IgE constitutes an incomplete approach in order to a right prescription of sIT. As vaccines for D. pteronyssinus that are currently marketed are standardized only for Der p 1 and Der p 2 allergens, the authors conclude that there may be an advantage in determining Der p 1/Der p 2 levels in patients with a positive prick-test and clinical indication for sIT prior to deciding initiation of immunotherapy or not, since 10% of children with clinical features of mite house dust allergy will not benefit with this treatment, with all the personal and economic efforts involved.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they do not to have any conflict of interest.

References
[1]
M.I. Asher, S. Montefort, B. Björkstén, C.K. Lai, D.P. Strachan, S.K. Weiland, et al.
Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys.
[2]
C. Janson, J. Anto, P. Burney, S. Chinn, R. de Marco, J. Heinrich, et al.
The European Community Respiratory Health Survey: what are the main results so far? European Community Respiratory Health Survey II.
Eur Respir J, 18 (2001), pp. 598-611
[3]
J. Mallol, J. Crane, E. von Mutius, J. Odhiambo, U. Keil, A. Stewart, et al.
The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three: a global synthesis.
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 41 (2013), pp. 73-85
[4]
A. Todo-Bom, C. Loureiro, V. Rodrigues, P. Burney, A.M. Pinto.
Epidemiology of asthma and rhinosinusitis in Central Portugal: the role of allergy.
Rev Port Imunoalergol, 20 (2012), pp. 193-200
[5]
J. Li, H. Wang, Y. Chen, J. Zheng, G.W. Wong, N. Zhong.
House dust mite sensitization is the main risk factor for the increase in prevalence of wheeze in 13- to 14-year-old schoolchildren in Guangzhou city China.
Clin Exp Allergy, 43 (2013), pp. 1171-1179
[6]
M. Sánchez-Borges, E. Fernandez-Caldas, W.R. Thomas, M.D. Chapman, B.W. Lee, L. Caraballo, et al.
International consensus (ICON) on: clinical consequences of mite hypersensitivity, a global problem.
World Allergy Organ J, 10 (2017), pp. 14
[7]
L.G. Arlian, T.A. Platts-Mills.
The biology of dust mites and the remediation of mite allergens in allergic disease.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 107 (2001), pp. S406-S413
[8]
M. Bronnert, J. Mancini, J. Birnbaum, C. Agabriel, V. Liabeuf, F. Porri, et al.
Component-resolved diagnosis with commercially available D. pteronyssinus Der p 1 Der p 2 and Der p 10: relevant markers for house dust mite allergy.
Clin Exp Allergy, 42 (2012), pp. 1406-1415
[9]
K.W. Chen, K. Blatt, W.R. Thomas, I. Swoboda, P. Valent, R. Valenta, et al.
Hypoallergenic Der p 1/Der p 2 combination vaccines for immunotherapy of house dust mite allergy.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 130 (2012), pp. 435-443
[10]
H.Y. Wang, Z.S. Gao, X. Zhou, Y. Dai, W. Yao, X.F. Zhang, et al.
Evaluation of the role of IgE responses to Der p 1 and Der p 2 in Chinese house dust mite-allergic patients.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 167 (2015), pp. 203-210
[11]
D. Posa, S. Perna, Y. Resch, C. Lupinek, V. Panetta, S. Hofmaier, et al.
Evolution and predictive value of IgE responses toward a comprehensive panel of house dust mite allergens during the first 2 decades of life.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 139 (2017), pp. 541-549
[12]
A. Jacquet, M. Haumont, M. Massaer, V. Daminet, L. Garcia, P. Mazzu, et al.
Biochemical and immunological characterization of a recombinant precursor form of the house dust mite allergen Der p 1 produced by Drosophila cells.
Clin Exp Allergy, 30 (2000), pp. 677-684
[13]
B.J. Hales, L.A. Hazell, W. Smith, W.R. Thomas.
Genetic variation of Der p 2 allergens: effects on T cell responses and immunoglobulin E binding.
Clin Exp Allergy, 32 (2002), pp. 1461-1467
[14]
M. Akdis, C.A. Akdis.
Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy: multiple suppressor factors at work in immune tolerance to allergens.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 133 (2014), pp. 621-631
[15]
T. Werfel, K. Breuer, F. Ruéff, B. Przybilla, M. Worm, M. Grewe, et al.
Usefulness of specific immunotherapy in patients with atopic dermatitis and allergic sensitization to house dust mites: a multi-centre, randomized, dose-response study.
[16]
J. Bousquet, R. Lockey, H.J. Malling.
Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases. A WHO position paper.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102 (1998), pp. 558-562
[17]
C. Möller, S. Dreborg, H.A. Ferdousi, S. Halken, A. Høst, L. Jacobsen, et al.
Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis (the PAT-study).
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 109 (2002), pp. 251-256
[18]
L. Jacobsen, B. Niggemann, S. Dreborg, H.A. Ferdousi, S. Halken, A. Høst, et al.
Specific immunotherapy has long-term preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study.
[19]
J.L. Brozek, J. Bousquet, C.E. Baena-Cagnani, S. Bonini, G.W. Canonica, T.B. Casale, et al.
Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 126 (2010), pp. 466-476
[20]
L. Heinzerling, A.J. Frew, C. Bindslev-Jensen, S. Bonini, J. Bousquet, M. Bresciani, et al.
Standard skin prick testing and sensitization to inhalant allergens across Europe – a survey from the GALEN network.
[21]
Position paper: Allergen standardization and skin tests. The European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology.
Allergy, 48 (1993), pp. 48-82
[22]
J.A. Castro-Rodríguez, C.J. Holberg, A.L. Wright, F.D. Martinez.
A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 1403-1406
[23]
R. Kliegman, R.E. Behrman, W.E. Nelson.
Nelson textbook of pediatrics.
20th edition, Elsevier, (2016),
[24]
S. Illi, E. von Mutius, S. Lau, B. Niggemann, C. Grüber, U. Wahn, et al.
Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study.
[25]
H.L. Rhodes, P. Thomas, R. Sporik, S.T. Holgate, J.J. Cogswell.
A birth cohort study of subjects at risk of atopy: twenty-two-year follow-up of wheeze and atopic status.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165 (2002), pp. 176-180
[26]
H.L. Rhodes, P. Thomas, R. Sporik, S.T. Holgate, J.J. Cogswell.
Early life risk factors for adult asthma: a birth cohort study of subjects at risk.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 108 (2001), pp. 720-725
[27]
M.A. Calderón, A. Linneberg, J. Kleine-Tebbe, F. de Blay, D. Hernandez Fernandez de Rojas, J.C. Virchow, et al.
Respiratory allergy caused by house dust mites: what do we really know?.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 136 (2015), pp. 38-48
[28]
Sociedade Portuguesa de Alergologia e Inmunologia Clínica.
Mapa acarológico.
Rev Port Imunoalergologia, 17 (2009), pp. 195-198
[29]
D.O. Miranda, D.A. Silva, J.F. Fernandes, M.G. Queirós, H.F. Chiba, L.H. Ynoue, et al.
Serum and salivary IgE, IgA, and IgG4 antibodies to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and its major allergens, Der p1 and Der p2, in allergic and nonallergic children.
Clin Dev Immunol, 2011 (2011), pp. 302739
[30]
J. Portnoy, J.D. Miller, P.B. Williams, G.L. Chew, J.D. Miller, F. Zaitoun, et al.
Environmental assessment and exposure control of dust mites: a practice parameter.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 111 (2013), pp. 465-507
[31]
M. Biagtan, R. Viswanathan, R.K. Bush.
Immunotherapy for house dust mite sensitivity: where are the knowledge gaps?.
Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, 14 (2014), pp. 482
[32]
W.R. Thomas.
Hierarchy and molecular properties of house dust mite allergens.
Allergol Int, 64 (2015), pp. 304-311
[33]
M. Nieto, I. Lafuente, R. Calderon, S. Uixera, R. Pina, S. Calaforra, et al.
Component-resolved diagnosis: performance of specific IgE to Alternaria compared to Alt a 1.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 25 (2014), pp. 832-834
[34]
J. Sastre, M.E. Landivar, M. Ruiz-García, M.V. Andregnette-Rosigno, I. Mahillo.
How molecular diagnosis can change allergen-specific immunotherapy prescription in a complex pollen area.

Please cite this article as: Peixoto S, Soares J, Monteiro T, Carvalho M, Santos M, Simões C, et al. Evaluación de la sensibilización a Der p 1 y Der p 2 en una población pediátrica del Norte de Portugal. An Pediatr (Barc). 2018;89:162–169.

This data was presented as poster form at EAACI 2017 – The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Annual Congress, in Helsinki.

Copyright © 2017. Asociación Española de Pediatría
Download PDF
Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?