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Vol. 55. Issue 6.
Pages 524-534 (1 December 2001)
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Vol. 55. Issue 6.
Pages 524-534 (1 December 2001)
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Aproximación diagnóstica y tratamiento de los errores innatos de la oxidación mitocondrial de los ácidos grasos
Diagnostic approach and treatment of inherited mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders
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L. Peña Quintanaa, P. Sanjurjo Crespob,
Corresponding author
med004137@nacom.es

Correspondencia: Dr. L. Peña Quintana. Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil de Canarias. Avda. Marítima del Sur, s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
a Unidad de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Infantil. Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil de Canarias.
b Unidad de Metabolismo. Hospital de Cruces.
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Los errores congénitos de la oxidación mitocondrial de los ácidos grasos son un grupo complejo de enfermedades, en el que se incluyen en la actualidad hasta 22 diferentes entidades. Son de base genética, con una incidencia probablemente subestimada, debiéndose tener un alto índice de sospecha diagnóstica para su detección. Su espectro clínico y pronóstico son variables, habiendo disminuido su mortalidad tras su mejor estudio y tratamiento. Una característica común es la hipoglucemia hipocetósica; aunque no es constante y no aparece en los errores de cadena corta y en ocasiones en los de cadena media. Es característica la miopatía cardíaca o esquelética y/o con afectación hepática en períodos de descompensación metabólica, ya que estos tejidos son dependientes de la oxidación de los ácidos grasos. El diagnóstico se ha simplificado con el estudio de las acilcarnitinas en sangre, incluso en períodos de estabilidad metabólica. La determinación de acilglicinas, ácidos orgánicos, carnitina, ácidos grasos libres y 3-hidroxiácidos completaría el diagnóstico, unido al estudio enzimático y genético. En determinadas situaciones se debe recurrir a las pruebas de provocación. El tratamiento consistirá básicamente en evitar el ayuno, la restricción del aporte graso y en un incremento de los hidratos de carbono, dependiendo del tipo de error metabólico, al que se puede añadir el farmacológico (carnitina, riboflavina y carbamilglutamato).

Palabras clave::
Errores de la oxidación de los ácidos grasos Mitocondria

Inherited mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders are a complex set of genetically-based diseases in which up to 22 different entities are currently recognized. Their incidence is probably underestimated because a high level of diagnostic suspicion is required for their detection. Their clinical spectrum and prognosis are variable. In recent years knowledge of these diseases and improved treatment have reduced associated mortality. A common characteristic of all these diseases is hypoketotic hypoglycemia, although this is not constant and does not appear in the short-chain disorders and, sometimes, does not even appear in the medium-chain disorders. Cardiac or skeletal myopathy combined and/or hepatic involvement at periods of metabolic decompensation are typical, since these tissues depend on fatty acid oxidation. Diagnosis has been simplified by the study of acylcarnitines in blood, even in periods of metabolic stability. Determination of acylglycines, organic acids, carnitines, free fatty acids and 3-hydroxy-fatty acids, together with enzymic and genetic studies, complete the diagnosis. In certain circumstances, a provocation test should be carried out. Treatment basically consists of avoiding fasting, restricting fatty acid uptake and increasing carbohydrate uptake, depending on the type of metabolic disorder. Pharmacological treatment may also be added (carnitine, riboflavine or carbamylglutamate).

Key words:
Fatty acid oxidation disorders Fatty acid metabolism
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