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Vol. 61. Issue 6.
Pages 515-519 (1 December 2004)
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Vol. 61. Issue 6.
Pages 515-519 (1 December 2004)
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Leucemia aguda en pacientes con síndrome de Down
Acute leukemia in patients with down syndrome
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S. Fernández-Plaza
Corresponding author
jsevilla.hnjs@salud.madrid.org

Correspondencia: Sección de Oncohematología. Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús. Avda. Menéndez Pelayo, 65. 28009 Madrid. España
, J. Sevilla, T. Contra, N. Martín, L. Madero
Sección de Oncohematología. Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Universitario Niñ;o Jesús. Madrid. Españ;a
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Antecedentes

Los niñ;os con síndrome de Down tienen mayor riesgo de leucemia aguda que el resto de la población infantil. Recientemente se ha descrito una evolución favorable de las leucemias mieloides agudas (LMA) en estos niñ;os, mien-tras que las leucemias linfoblásticas agudas (LLA) tienen un pronóstico similar al del resto. Las complicaciones atribuidas a la quimioterapia son la principal causa de morbimortalidad, lo que ocasiona modificaciones de los protocolos de tratamiento

Objetivos

Caracterizar las leucemias agudas en niñ;os con síndrome de Down en nuestro centro y la evolución clínica de éstos

Métodos y resultados

Entre 1990 y 2002 se han diagnosticado 214 leucemia aguda en el Hospital Niñ;o Jesús (40 LMA y 174 LLA). De ellos, 8 casos (3,8%) eran pacientes con síndrome de Down. Las LMA 2/40 representaron el 5% del total mien-tras que las LLA un 6/174 el 3,4%. La toxicidad hematológica por el tratamiento fue la complicación más habitual, condicionando una elevada frecuencia de procesos infecciosos: neumonías (5/8) y bacteriemias (5/8). Además, las complicaciones obligaron a interrumpir y/o reducir las dosis del tratamiento en todos los pacientes

Dos niñ;as fallecieron como consecuencia de la toxicidad del tratamiento. Una diagnosticada de LMA desarrolló una sepsis fulminante por Candida, y la otra, diagnosticada de LLA de alto riesgo, falleció por fallo multiorgánico tras recibir altas dosis de metotrexato y arabinósido de citocina (Ara-c)

Conclusiones

Los pacientes con síndrome de Down diagnosticados de leucemia aguda presentan una mayor incidencia de complicaciones relacionadas con el tratamiento lo que condiciona de gran modo su pronóstico. Por ello, es importante un tratamiento individualizado de estos niñ;os en unidades cualificadas

Palabras clave:
Síndrome de Down
Leucemia mieloblástica aguda
Leucemia megacarioblástica aguda
Leucemia linfoblástica aguda
Background

Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a higher risk of acute leukemia than the remaining pediatric population. A favorable outcome of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has recently been described in these patients whereas the prognosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) is similar to that in other children. The main cause of morbidity and mortality in children with Down syndrome are complications related to chemotherapy, leading to numerous modifications in treatment protocols

Objectives

To characterize acute leukemias in children with Down syndrome in our center and determine their clinical outcome

Methods and results

Between 1990 and 2002, 214 children were diagnosed with acute leukemia at the Niñ;o Jesús Hospital (40 with AML and 174 with ALL). Of these, eight children (3.8%) had Down syndrome. AML (2/40) represented 5% of myeloid leukemias and ALL (6/174) represented 3.4% of lymphoblastic leukemias. The most frequent complication was hematologic toxicity due to chemotherapy, causing a high incidence of infections: pneumonia (5/8) and bacteriemia (5/8). In all patients, these complications led to treatment interruption or dose reduction

Two children died from treatment-related toxicity. Of these, one with AML developed fulminant sepsis due to Candida infection and the other, diagnosed with high risk ALL, died from multiorgan failure after high doses of methotrexate and ARA-C

Conclusions

Patients with Down syndrome diagnosed with acute leukemia show a higher incidence of treatment-related complications, which affects their prognosis. Consequently, individualized treatment of these children in qualified units is essential

Keywords:
Down syndrome
Acute myeloid leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
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Copyright © 2004. Asociación Española de Pediatría
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