Journal Information
Vol. 83. Issue 3.
Pages 149-159 (01 September 2015)
Visits
5290
Vol. 83. Issue 3.
Pages 149-159 (01 September 2015)
Original Article
Full text access
Infectious diseases and use of health care resources in children less than 2 years-old who attend kindergarten
Enfermedad infecciosa y consumo de recursos sanitarios en menores de 2 años que acuden a guarderías
Visits
5290
B. Domínguez Aurrecoecheaa,
Corresponding author
begoa.dominguez@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M. Fernández Francésb, M.Á. Ordóñez Alonsoc, P. López Vilard, J.I. Pérez Candáse, L. Merino Ramosf, A. Aladro Antuñag, F.J. Fernández Lópezh, A.M. Pérez Lópeze
a Centro de Salud de Otero, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
b Centro de Salud de La Corredoria, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
c Centro de Salud de Pola de Laviana, Pola de Laviana, Asturias, Spain
d Centro de Salud Puerta de la Villa, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
e Centro de Salud de Sabugo, Avilés, Asturias, Spain
f Centro de Salud de Luanco, Luanco, Asturias, Spain
g Centro de Salud Mieres Norte, Mieres, Asturias, Spain
h Centro de Salud de Nava, Nava, Asturias, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (2)
Tables (6)
Table 1. Comparison (in percentages) of all the variables analysed in the two cohorts (attending and not attending child care) and statistical significance of the comparisons.
Table 2. Incidence, mean number of episodes, relative and adjusted risk of suffering the different diseases for the two cohorts under study (attending or not attending child care) of children 0–24 months of age.
Table 3. Relative risk (RR) of suffering the various illnesses by age at first enrolment in child care.
Table 4. Relative risk (RR) of suffering the diseases for which we found an association with the different variables under study.
Table 5. Mean number of visits per month to emergency room and paediatrician before and after enrolment in child care for different age intervals.
Table 6. Relative risk (RR) for medication use by age at first enrolment in child care.
Show moreShow less
Abstract
Introduction and objectives

Parents often ask paediatricians for advice about the best way to care for their children. There are discrepancies in the literature on this subject. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of attending kindergartens at the risk of acute infections and the use of health care resources in children less than 24 months.

Population and methods

A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on two cohorts of children aged 0–24 months (born between 1 January and 30 September 2010), who were grouped according to whether they attended kindergarten or not, and were usually seen in 33 paediatric clinics of the Principality of Asturias Public Health Service.

Results and conclusions

A total of 975 children were studied, of whom 43.7% attended a kindergarten at 24 months. Attending kindergarten increases the risk of pneumonia by 131%, recurrent wheezing by 69%, bronchitis by 57%, and otitis media by 64%. Early exposure to kindergarten increases the risk of pneumonia from 2.31 to 2.81, and the mean emergency room visits from 1 to 2.3.

The mean antibiotic cycle is 1.7 in children who do not go to kindergarten, 3.4 if started within the first 6 months, and 2 if they start at 18 months.

Care attendance is a factor of risk of infectious diseases increases if they attend at an early age.

Keywords:
Kindergarten
Children under 2 years
Acute infections
Drug consumption
Consumer health resources
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

Los padres con frecuencia solicitan a los pediatras consejo acerca del mejor sistema para el cuidado de sus hijos. En la literatura existen discrepancias al respecto. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la influencia de la asistencia a la guardería sobre el riesgo de infecciones agudas y la utilización de recursos sanitarios en los niños menores de 24 meses.

Población y métodos

Estudio longitudinal prospectivo de 2 cohortes de niños de 0–24 meses que se diferencian por la asistencia o no a la guardería, nacidos entre el 1 de enero y el 30 de septiembre de 2010 y que acuden habitualmente a las consultas de 33 pediatras del Servicio Público de Salud del Principado de Asturias.

Resultados y conclusiones

Se estudiaron 975 niños. A los 24 meses acuden a la guardería el 43,7%. Asistir a guardería incrementa el riesgo de padecer neumonía en un 131%, el de sibilancias recurrentes en un 69%, el de bronquitis un 57% y el de otitis media en un 64%. La exposición temprana a la guardería incrementa el riesgo de neumonías de 2,31 a 2,81 y la media de visitas a urgencias desde 1 a 2,3.

La media de ciclos de antibióticos es de 1,7 para los que no van a la guardería, de 3,4 si la inician en los 6 primeros meses y de 2 si comienzan a partir de los 18 meses.

La asistencia a guarderías es un factor de riesgo de padecer enfermedades infecciosas que aumenta si asisten desde edades tempranas.

Palabras clave:
Guarderías
Lactantes
Infecciones agudas
Consumo de fármacos
Consumo recursos sanitarios
Full Text
Introduction

Women and mothers have traditionally adopted the main role in the rearing of their children. At present, in our country, childbirth gives rise to new circumstances in which most citizens require the help of specialised services to take care of their young.1 The maternity leave period in Spain lasts 16 weeks,2 while it lasts 68 weeks in Sweden.3 The law allows working mothers to devote 1h a day to breastfeeding for 9 months. Thus, child care centres become a social need and demand. According to population surveys, in 2010, 25.01% of women employed out of the home in Spain reported engaging specialised services for the care of their children.4

Child care attendance does have an influence on children's health. A literature review published in 20075 concluded that child care attendance was associated with a significant increase in acute infectious disease in childhood, which also has an impact on society and the immediate household environment.6 Furthermore, it has economic consequences through increased health care costs and the cost associated with parental absences from work.7

In recent years, there has been social debate about the best way to care for children during early childhood. Some studies have been published in support of the psychosocial benefits of attending child care centres, although these benefits have not been proven in populations that are not at psychosocial risk.8 In this context, families often ask the paediatrician about the best way to care for their children. Learning the actual facts will better guide decision-making on this subject while taking into account the circumstances of the household and the health status of each child.

Objectives

  • To assess the influence of child care attendance on the risk of acute infection, use of pharmacological agents and use of health resources in children younger than 24 months. To establish the influence of other factors.

  • To assess whether the “child care exposure time” factor increases the incidence of infectious diseases and the use of pharmacological agents.

  • To learn the reasons for using child care from participant responses.

Population and methods

We conducted a prospective longitudinal study with two cohorts of children 0–24 months of age that differed in that they attended or did not attend child care (exposure factor); the study was adapted for Asturias from the one designed by the working group of the Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Spanish Association of Primary Care Paediatrics).9

Inclusion criteria

Children born between January 1 and September 30, 2010, seen regularly at primary care (PC) paediatric clinics of the Servicio Público de Salud del Principado de Asturias (Public Health Service of the Principality of Asturias [SESPA]), and whose families agreed to participate in the study after being fully informed.

Exclusion criteria

Children with severe immunodeficiencies or respiratory diseases, heart disease requiring surgery, and children that were not seen regularly at the PC paediatric clinics.

Participants

The study engaged the participation of 35 paediatricians and 20 nurses from the 8 health areas of the SESPA that recruited 1139 children.

Study variables

Independent variable: child care attendance, yes or no (dichotomous variable), which defined the two cohorts. We documented the age the child started attending in months, and the reasons for attendance.

Descriptive variables

Personal characteristics: inclusion code, date of birth, sex, gestational age, birth weight, neonatal morbidity, breastfeeding, vaccines from the official immunisation schedule of Asturias and optional vaccines (pneumococcal, rotavirus and varicella vaccines).

Household characteristics: number of siblings; parental characteristics: age, educational level, employed yes/no, smoking, allergies, asthma.

Dependent variables

Number and type of acute infections leading to health visits (to PC paediatricians or emergency services): bacteraemia, bronchiolitis, acute bronchitis, conjunctivitis, exanthematous viral diseases, pharyngitis, pharyngotonsillitis, acute gastroenteritis, influenza, laryngitis, meningitis, pneumonia, acute otitis media, common cold, sepsis, recurrent wheezing episodes, all of them previously defined according to the Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics.10

Used medications: antibiotics, bronchodilators, inhaled and oral corticosteroids and montelukast.

Visits to emergency and paediatrics services: we excluded visits corresponding to the checkups of the well-child programme.

Data collection

We collected the data from the electronic medical records and from interviews with the adults that accompanied children to scheduled check-up visits at ages 6, 12, 18 and 24 months, which consisted of personal interviews and the collection of data in questionnaires previously designed for this purpose. Data for the descriptive variables were collected at the first visit and data for the outcome variables at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months, and they were recorded in the forms filled out in each visit. The informed consent form (Appendix 1) given to the parents included an explicit statement on the adherence and compliance with legislation and with ethical principles.

Statistical analysis

We performed a descriptive analysis of the data collected for the different variables. To assess whether the age at first enrolment in child care affected the risk of having infectious diseases, we also analysed the sample by age intervals: less than 6 months, 6–11 months, 12–17 months and 18–24 months. To learn whether the “child care attendance” variable influenced the use of health services, we analysed this use by age (using the same age intervals) and the difference in the number of health care visits before and after enrolment in child care.

We used Pearson's chi square test for comparisons of two qualitative variables, and calculated effect measures such as the relative risk, which we present with their 95% confidence intervals. We calculated adjusted risks by means of binary multiple logistic regression models for sex, gestational age, birth weight, neonatal morbidity, breastfeeding, vaccinations, presence or lack of siblings, and parental variables including age, educational level, allergies, asthma and smoking. We used Student's or Welch's t tests for comparisons of two means, and the Kruskal–Wallis test to compare more than two. We tested for normality and equality of variance using the Shapiro–Wilk and the Ansari-Bradley tests, respectively. We set the level of statistical significance at P<.05.

We performed the statistical analysis with the R® software (R Development Core Team, 2012), version 2.15.

Results

We collected the data for 1139 children at age 6 months, 1092 at 12 months, and 975 at 24 months. Thus, 14.3% of cases were lost to followup due to three paediatricians changing jobs (7.9%) and participating children moving to new addresses (7.4%).

Individual and family data

Table 1 shows the individual and family characteristics of all the children in the sample and of children in each of the cohorts (attending/not attending child care), with the corresponding percentages and statistical significance.

Table 1.

Comparison (in percentages) of all the variables analysed in the two cohorts (attending and not attending child care) and statistical significance of the comparisons.

  % total  % in child care  % not in child care  Significance 
Sex
Male  50.74  53.14  48.88  .22 
Female  49.26  46.86  51.12   
Gestational age
<37wks  9.70  11.22  8.51  .35 
37–40wks  71.80  70.00  73.16   
>40wks  18.50  18.78  18.34   
Birth weight
<2kg  2.20  1.47  2.86  .55 
2–2.5kg  6.30  6.60  6.11   
2.5–4kg  87.50  88.02  87.02   
>4kg  4.00  3.91  4.01   
Neonatal morbidity
Yes  14.60  14.46  14.71  .99 
Breastfeeding
No  27.12  27.99  26.46  .88 
Less than 6 months  39.86  40.22  39.58   
6–12 months  22.05  22.55  21.67   
More than 12 months  10.97  9.24  12.29   
Vaccinated against pneumococcus
Yes  84.31  89.20  80.33  <.01 
Vaccinated against rotavirus
Yes  22.60  27.70  18.03  <.01 
Vaccinated against varicella
Yes  25.50  27.00  24.41  .39 
Father's age
<20 years  0.40  0.00  0.75  .15 
21–34 years  43.30  41.77  44.53   
35–40 years  39.20  42.01  36.98   
>40 years  17.10  16.22  17.74   
Father's educational level
Primary school  27.10  19.41  33.08  <.01 
Secondary school  39.20  41.03  37.83   
University  33.70  39.56  29.09   
Father currently employed
Yes  93.70  94.06  93.50  .83 
Father with asthma
Yes  11.18  12.14  10.45  .49 
Father with allergies
Yes  20.68  20.39  20.90  .67 
Father that smokes
Yes  33.50  32.52  34.33  .61 
Mother's age
<20 years  1.17  0.24  1.88  .12 
21–34 years  58.98  59.90  58.27   
35–40 years  34.43  34.96  34.02   
>40 years  5.42  4.89  5.83   
Mother's educational level
Primary school  17.33  11.79  21.59  <.01 
Secondary school  40.64  38.33  42.42   
University  42.03  49.88  35.98   
Mother currently employed
Yes  72.00  80.35  65.63  <.01 
Mother with asthma
Yes  11.28  13.59  9.50  .08 
Mother with allergies
Yes  23.60  25.24  22.35  .33 
Mother that smokes
Yes  21.40  21.36  21.42  .99 
Siblings
No  59.73  63.86  65.02  .28 
One  33.65  30.12  26.82   
Two or more  6.62  6.02  8.15   
Children attending child care

By age 2 years, 43.7% of the children in the study attended child care. Fig. 1 shows the number of children first enrolled in child care at intervals of one month of age. The highest peak occurred between 5 and 6 months of age.

Figure 1.

Number of children first enrolled in child care from age 1 month to age 24 months, shown at month-long intervals.

(0.09MB).

According to the data we collected, the most common reason for enrolling children in child care (90.7% of cases) was that parents were employed and nobody else was available to care for the child.

Behaviour of the two groups (attending/not attending child care) in relation to the different diseases under study

We assessed and compared the following for each disease in each of the two cohorts (attending/not attending child care):

  • Incidence (having suffered one or more episodes of the various diseases).

  • Mean number of episodes.

  • Relative risk (RR) of having the disease.

  • Adjusted risk.

When it came to the mean number of episodes experienced by the children, we found statistically significant differences for all the diseases under consideration (P<.05), except for severe infections with a very low incidence (bacteraemia, meningitis and sepsis) and for viral pharyngitis and sinusitis. We also found clear differences between both groups when we compared the incidence of disease, save for the aforementioned diseases and influenza, laryngitis and recurrent wheezing.

Children that attended child care had a higher adjusted risk for having bronchiolitis, bronchitis, conjunctivitis, exanthematous viral illnesses, pharyngotonsillitis, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, otitis media and recurrent wheezing (Table 2).

Table 2.

Incidence, mean number of episodes, relative and adjusted risk of suffering the different diseases for the two cohorts under study (attending or not attending child care) of children 0–24 months of age.

  % of children with at least one episode by child care attendance or lack thereof, and P valueMean number of episodes by child care attendance or lack thereof, and P valueRelative risk of suffering the diseasesRR (95% CI)  Adjusted riskaOR (95% CI) 
  In child care N=549  Not in child careN=426  P  Not in child careN=549  In child careN=426  P     
Bacteraemia  0.04  0.9  .40  0.01  .23  2.58 (0.47–1.4)  2.92 (0.13–22.56) 
Bronchiolitis  25.8  37.1  <.01  0.34  0.51  <.01  1.43 (1.19–1.73)  1.91 (1.36–2.69) 
Bronchitis  27.8  44.1  <.01  0.47  0.82  <.01  1.57 (1.33–1.87)  1.77 (1.28–2.46) 
Conjunctivitis  32.8  48.8  <.01  0.49  0.81  <.01  1.46 (1.26–1.71)  2.19 (1.59–3.04) 
Exanthematous viral illnesses  27.8  40.8  <.01  0.39  0.58  <.01  1.46 (1.23–1.75)  1.56 (1.12–2.19) 
Viral pharyngitis  32.1  35.2  .36  0.48  0.59  .07  1.11 (0.93–1.33)  1.08 (0.78–1.49) 
Pharyngotonsillitis  13.3  23.2  <.01  0.18  0.35  <.01  1.77 (1.34–2.33)  2.17 (1.45–3.27) 
Gastroenteritis  45.7  57  .02  0.72  0.95  <.01  1.25 (1.11–1.42)  1.68 (1.23–2.30) 
Influenza  7.9  12  .15  0.09  0.15  .03  1.49 (1.02–2.19)  1.27 (0.75–2.13) 
Laryngitis  21.3  26.3  .20  0.3  0.43  .01  1.23 (0.98–1.55)  1.41 (0.99–2.03) 
Meningitis  0.9  0.9  .63  0.01  0.01  .82  1.03 (0.28–3.81)  0.53 (0.08–2.79) 
Pneumonia  3.4  .01  0.04  0.09  .01  2.31 (1.33–3.98)  2.18 (1.08–4.56) 
Otitis media  29.4  48.8  <.01  0.5  <.01  1.64 (1.39–1.93)  2.01 (1.47–2.77) 
Common cold  90.5  93.7  .01  3.46  4.35  <.01  1.03 (0.99–1.07)  1.55 (0.86–2.86) 
Sepsis  4.1  4.5  .94  0.06  0.06  .83  1.11 (0.61–2.03)  0.88 (0.41–1.88) 
Recurrent wheezing  12.4  20.9  .06  0.31  0.57  <.01  1.69 (1.26–2.25)  2.09 (1.35–3.28) 
Sinusitis  6.8  10.6  .35  0.18  0.22  .55  1.53 (1.01–2.3)  1.44 (0.83–2.49) 
Viral illness  4.5  8.5  <.01  0.05  0.09  .02  2.07 (1.21–3.35)  1.65 (0.89–3.07) 
a

Risk adjusted for: sex, gestational age, birth weight, neonatal morbidity, breastfeeding, vaccines received, presence or lack of siblings, and parental variables: age and level of education, allergies, asthma and smoking.

Influence of exposure time (age at first enrolment in child care)

Of all children in the sample, 7.3% were attending child care at 6 months, 18.56% at 12 months, 32.51% at 18 months and 43.7% at 24 months.

The mean number of episodes of disease (for all diseases) was lower in children that did not attend child care, and highest in children that started attending child care in the first 12 months of life (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Mean number of disease episodes and 95% confidence interval for overall incidence of disease by age at first enrolment in child care.

(0.1MB).

In children that had started attending child care by 6 months, the RR of having pneumonia, otitis media, recurrent wheezing or viral illnesses was twice as large (Table 3), and the RR of having bronchiolitis, bronchitis and exanthematous viral illnesses was 1.5 times to twice as large. While the RR for having conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis and common colds was higher in children that attended child care, we found no statistically significant differences based on age at first enrolment.

Table 3.

Relative risk (RR) of suffering the various illnesses by age at first enrolment in child care.

  RR for first enrolment before age 6mN=72(95% CI)  RR for first enrolment at age 6–11mN=109(95% CI)  RR for first enrolment at age 12–17mN=136(95% CI)  RR for first enrolment after age 18mN=109(95% CI) 
Bronchiolitis  1.87 (1.42–2.47)  1.52 (1.16 2.01)  1.34 (1.02–1.75)  1.17 (0.85–1.61) 
Bronchitis  1.83 (1.41–2.38)  1.93 (1.55–2.4)  1.18 (0.86–1.55)  1.53 (1.19–1.98) 
Conjunctivitis  1.58 (1.24–2.03)  1.57 (1.26–1.94)  1.48 (1.2–1.81)  1.27 (0.98–1.62) 
Exanthematous viral illnesses  1.74 (1.32–2.29)  1.48 (1.14–1.92)  1.45 (1.13–1.85)  1.28 (0.96–1.71) 
Viral pharyngitis  0.92 (0.63–1.34)  1.04 (0.78–1.39)  1.18 (0.92–1.52)  1.22 (0.93–1.58) 
Pharyngotonsillitis  1.27 (0.73–2.23)  2.03 (1.39–2.96)  2.02 (1.42–2.87)  1.54 (1.001–2.37) 
Gastroenteritis  1.28 (1.03–1.59)  1.25 (1.04–1.51)  1.32 (1.12–1.56)  1.15 (0.94–1.4) 
Influenza  1.73 (0.91–3.29)  1.37 (0.75–2.51)  1.28 (0.72–2.27)  1.72 (0.99–2.97) 
Laryngitis  1.3 (0.87–1.96)  1.55 (1.13–2.12)  1.21 (0.87–1.67)  0.9 (0.59–1.37) 
Pneumonia  2.81 (1.22–6.45)  2.91 (1.43–5.95)  1.69 (0.76–3.79)  2.12 (0.95–4.72) 
Otitis media  2.01 (1.59–2.53)  1.82 (1.47–2.26)  1.41 (1.11–1.78)  1.51 (1.18–1.93) 
Common cold  1.09 (1.05–1.13)  1.03 (0.98–1.09)  1.01 (0.96–1.07)  1.02 (0.96–1.08) 
Recurrent wheezing  2.35 (1.54–3.59)  1.63 (1.05–2.52)  1.66 (1.12–2.48)  1.33 (0.83–2.15) 
Sinusitis  1.81 (0.91–3.58)  1.46 (0.77–2.76)  1.81 (1.05–3.09)  1.06 (0.51–2.21) 
Viral illness  2.65 (1.23–5.71)  1.09 (0.42–2.82)  1.93 (0.96–3.86)  2.63 (1.25–5.12) 
Influence of other variables on the behaviour of the diseases under study

We assessed the potential influence of other variables included in the study on the incidence of bronchiolitis, bronchitis, exanthematous viral illnesses, pneumonia, acute otitis media, recurrent wheezing, viral illnesses and acute gastroenteritis.

We found no association between gestational age, maternal or paternal smoking, and vaccination against pneumococcus and the incidence of these diseases. Table 4 presents the variables for which we found an association.

Table 4.

Relative risk (RR) of suffering the diseases for which we found an association with the different variables under study.

  Bronchiolitis(95% CI)  Bronchitis(95% CI)  Recurrent wheezing(95% CI)  Pneumonia(95% CI)  Gastroenteritis(95% CI) 
Neonatal morbidity  1.59 (1.24–2.06)         
Female sex  0.65 (0.53–0.85)  0.75 (0.62–0.89)  0.51 (0.38–0.7)    – 
Presence of siblings  1.25 (1.01–1.57)  –  1.52 (1.14–2.03)    0.77 (0.67–0.88) 
Maternal asthma  1.34 (1.04–1.72)    1.81 (1.28–2.57)     
Maternal allergies  1.35 (1.11–1.64)      1.81 (1.05–3.11)   

We found no association between breastfeeding and the incidence of the diseases under study.

Use of resources

Child care attendance was associated with a statistically significant increase in the number of visits to emergency services and paediatric clinics in every age group under study (Table 5).

Table 5.

Mean number of visits per month to emergency room and paediatrician before and after enrolment in child care for different age intervals.

Age intervals  Mean number of visits/month to emergency room by age interval and P valueMean number of visits/month to paediatrician by age interval and P value
  Before enrolment in child care  After enrolment in child care  P  Before enrolment in child care  After enrolment in child care  P 
6–110.09  0.16  <0.01  0.27  1.24  <0.01 
12–170.09  0.15  <0.01  0.55  0.83  <0.01 
18–240.03  0.49  <0.01  0.57  0.96  <0.01 

The RR of using medications (antibiotics, inhaled or oral corticosteroids and montelukast) was greater in children that had enrolled earlier in child care (Table 6).

Table 6.

Relative risk (RR) for medication use by age at first enrolment in child care.

Age at first child care enrolment  Antibiotics, RR (95% CI)  Oral corticosteroids, RR (95% CI)  Inhaled bronchodilators, RR (95% CI)  Oral bronchodilators, RR (95% CI)  Montelukast, RR (95% CI) 
Less than 61.48 (1.35–1.62)  2.15 (1.69–2.73)  2.01 (1.49–2.7)  1.72 (1.29–2.27)  3.69 (2.14–6.37) 
6–111.36 (1.23–1.5)  1.52 (1.17–1.97)  2.01 (1.56–2.6)  1.43 (1.09–1.88)  1.83 (0.98–3.43) 
12–171.31 (1.18–1.45)  1.08 (0.81–1.45)  1.39 (1.04–1.86)  0.96 (0.7–1.31)  2.99 (1.79–4.79) 
18–241.11 (0.96–1.27)  0.88 (0.61–1.26)  1.21 (0.86–1.7)  1.11 (0.8–1.51)  0.46 (0.14–1.47) 

The mean number of courses of antibiotics received in the two years of the study was lower in children that did not attend child care (1.71). The largest numbers corresponded to children that started attending child care at 1–6 months of age (3.35) and those that started at 7–11 months of age (3.64), with the number decreasing in children that started child care at 13–18 months (2.78) and at age 18 months and older (2.17).

Discussion

We conducted this study in the PC paediatric offices of the public health system, where 75% to 100% of the children receive care on a regular basis.11–13

The study was conducted by 33 paediatricians and 20 nurses on a voluntary basis. They collected the data in the course of regular paediatric visits to optimise the research capacity of PC paediatrics. The number of participating paediatricians allowed the recruitment of a large sample, but it carried a potential lack of uniformity in diagnostic criteria, which we tried to minimise by establishing definitions before the start of the study.

As for the methodology, the study started with two cohorts that were initially uniform, but exposure to the independent variable (child care attendance) could be associated with other potential confounding factors, so we controlled for all the variables included in the study. The comparison of the two cohorts only revealed significant differences (Table 1) in the history of vaccination against pneumococcus and rotavirus (probably because these vaccines are particularly recommended if children attend child care), in the level of education of fathers and mothers, and in maternal employment, with active employment of the mother being precisely the main reason why children were enrolled in child care.

When it came to the diseases that we analysed, in addition to infectious illnesses we studied the episodes of recurrent wheezing because they are a potentially severe condition with a high prevalence in Asturias (45.6% of children have at least one episode of wheezing in the first 36 months of life).14 Each episode of disease leading to a health visit and resulting in a specific diagnosis was documented a single time, even if the child visited health services more than once for the same episode.

Of all the children in our sample, 43.7% attended child care, similar to the figure reported in “Estadística de las enseñanzas no universitarias,”15 according to which 49.8% of children are enrolled in out-of-home care by 2 years. More than 90% of respondents in our study reported that the reason for sending their child to child care was “being employed and not having anyone to take care of them”.

Consistent with other published studies5,16,17 the incidence of infectious disease was higher in children that attended child care than in those that did not. The relative risks of suffering the different diseases increased in percentages similar to those observed in other studies,8 so that the risk of pneumonia increased by 131%, that of recurrent wheezing by 69%, that of bronchitis by 57% and that of otitis media by 64%. When we transformed the estimated risks to attributable proportions, we found that child care attendance could account for 36% of pneumonias, 23% of recurrent wheezing cases, 30% of viral illnesses, 25% of pharyngotonsillitis cases, and 20% of bronchitis cases.

Since early enrolment in child care increases the “exposure time” to it, and considering that one of the factors with the strongest influence on the incidence of infectious disease is the age at enrolment,18 we calculated the influence of this exposure factor for each age interval on each of the diseases under consideration. We observed that early enrolment in child care (before age 12 months) was associated with an increase in the number of episodes of disease overall (Fig. 2). The RR (Table 3) of suffering from the potentially most severe diseases (pneumonia, otitis media, bronchitis, bronchiolitis and recurrent wheezing) was between 1.5 and 2 times higher in children that started attending child care before age 6 months. The RR of suffering from recurrent wheezing was particularly noteworthy, as it was 1.69 for children that attended child care, and rose to 2.35 in children that started attending in the first 6 months of life.

The RR of contracting pneumonia was 2.31 times higher in children that attended child care, and it increased to 2.81 in children that started attending before age 6 months. Other published works have reported RRs that were higher by factors of 9.4919 and 5.1416; vaccination against pneumococcus, which reaches a coverage of 85% in our region, may play a significant role in this.

One limitation of the study is that we did not take into account the characteristics of the child care centres nor the time spent at the centre by each child; in this regard, a study of similar characteristics that was also conducted in a public health service16 did not find differences in disease incidence depending on the number of hours spent at the child care centre nor the child-to-caregiver ratio in the facility.

We recorded the prevalence of breastfeeding (BF) and the age at which it was discontinued; we did not document exclusive BF, but overall BF. Our analysis of the role of BF on infant morbidity did not reveal a significant protection against infectious diseases. While the protective effect of BF has been widely documented,17,20 our results are similar to those of other studies in developed countries.21,22 Still, the data of our study must be interpreted with caution, as the study was not designed to assess the influence of BF in the morbidity of the sample, which may result in various biases.20,23

The number of visits, both to paediatric clinics and to emergency services, includes every time that the children sought services, even if more than one visit was made for a single episode. The mean number of visits to the emergency room was higher in children that attended child care and increased if attendance started at an early age, with the mean number of visits per year to the emergency room being 1 in children that did not attend child care and 2.3 in children that were enrolled by age 6 months. The number of visits per year to the paediatrician ranged from a mean of 6.3 in children that did not attend child care to a mean of 9 in children that started attending before age 6 months. When it came to the use of medications, 85% of children that attended child care had taken antibiotics and 40% had used bronchodilators, compared to 68% and 22.7%, respectively, of children that were never enrolled in child care.

We feel that it is necessary that we continue to followup the two cohorts to assess their outcomes after school enrolment at 4 and 5 years of age.

Conclusions

Child care attendance is a risk factor for contracting infectious diseases. The risk is higher when children attend at earlier ages; and this is also true of the risk of using pharmacological agents and of the use of emergency room and paediatric services.

Some of these diseases, such as bronchiolitis, recurrent wheezing, pneumonia and otitis, may have a significant impact on the health of the affected children. The high frequency of episodes of disease suffered by children, even if the processes are mild, can affect their development.

Parents and guardians send children to child care mostly because they work and there is nobody else who can take care of them. They should be appropriately informed to be able to make the best choices for their children.

Considering these results, it seems advisable that alternative strategies are considered for taking care of the youngest children, and that public authorities grant parents the opportunity to choose the best type of care for their children, extending the duration of maternity, paternity and breastfeeding leaves, as has already been done in other countries in the European Union.

Funding

This study has been funded by the Oficina de Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias (Office of Biological Health research of the Principality of Asturias [OIB]) File AP10-11, Resolution of June 25, 2010.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful for the help received from the Unidad de Consultoría Estadística (Unit of Statistics Consulting) of the Servicios Científico-Técnicos (Scientific and Technical Services) of the Universidad de Oviedo, and in particular for the help of Tania Iglesias Cabo, and the contributions in the editing of this article of the family physician Ángel Comas Fuentes.

Annex 1
Informed consent

We are carrying out a research project called “Influence of child care attendance on the morbidity and use of health care resources in children 0 to 2 years of age”.

We are going to study children that attend child care and children that do not in order to compare the number of infections that they develop.

We will be collecting data on your child and any diseases that your child has in the first two years of life.

We will at no point perform diagnostic tests nor recommend treatments that are not indicated for whichever disease your child has.

The participation of your child is voluntary, and you can withdraw your child from the study whenever you so choose.

The personal data of your child will be kept confidential at all times, conforming to the law currently in force in Spain (Law 15/99 on the protection of personal data).

We hope that you will be interested in this initiative, and that we can count on your help and collaboration.

If you need further information, please ask your doctor.

I, ……………………………………………………………………………………… (first and last names)

As the………………………………………………………………………. (relationship with participant)of…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….(name of participant)

Agree for his/her participation in this study.

Signature of patient representative Signature of paediatrician

Name of signing party/date

Annex 2
Morbiguard research group

Aidé Aladro Antuña, Ana María Pérez López, Begoña Domínguez Aurrecoechea, Encarnación Díez Estrada, Francisco Javier Fernández López, José Ignacio Pérez Candás, Leonor Merino Ramos, María Fernández Francés, María Ángeles Ordóñez Alonso, Purificación López Vilar, Sonia Ballesteros García.

Collaborators in research: Isabel González-Posada Gómez; Sonia Alonso Álvarez; María Agustina Alonso Álvarez-Diana Solís; Diana Josefina Collao Alonso-Margot Morán Gutiérrez; Ángel Costales-Gloria Peláez; Mar Coto Fuente-Mónica Cudeiro Álvarez; José I. Pérez Candás-Beatriz Fernández López;Ana Mª Pérez López-Mª Pilar Flórez Rodríguez; Leonor Merino Ramos-Cruz Andrés Álvarez; Isolina Patallo Arias-Mónica Fernández Inestal; Ana Pérez Baquero-Carmen Díaz Fernández; Silvia Ruisanchez Díez; María Fernández Francés-Antonia Sordo-Sonia Ballesteros-Mª Antonia Castillo; Begoña Domínguez-Lidia González Guerra; Águeda García Merino; Encarnación Díez Estrada-Teresa García; Francisco J. Fernández López-M. Teresa Cañón del Cueto; Purificación López Vilar-Laura Tascón Delgado; Isabel Tamargo Fernández; Laura Lagunilla Herrero; Concepción Polo Mellado-Cruz Bustamante Perlado Susana Parrondo-Nevada Juanes Cuervo; Ana Arranz Velasco; Belén Aguirrezabalaga González; Mario Gutiérrez Fernández; Isabel Mora Gandarillas; Rosa Mª Rodríguez Posada; Isabel Fernández Álvarez Cascos; Isabel Carballo Castillo; Felipe González Rodríguez-Tatiana Álvarez González; Zoa Albina García Amorin; Aidé Aladro Antuña-Monserrat Fernández Revilla; Fernando Nuño Martín; Maria Ángeles Ordóñez Alonso.

References
[1]
El cuidado del niño en las guarderías.
Cuadernos de Salud Pública. N.° 24.
Organización Mundial de la Salud, (1965),
[2]
Real Decreto 295/2009, de 6 de marzo, por el que se regulan las prestaciones económicas del sistema de la Seguridad Social por maternidad, paternidad, riesgo durante el embarazo y riesgo durante la lactancia natural. BOE n.° 69, de 21 de marzo de 2009. p. 27936–27981.
[3]
Gámez C. Permisos de maternidad y paternidad en Europa. Legislación laboral 8-3-2011. Available from: http://graficos.lainformacion.com/mano-de-obra/legislacion-laboral/permisos-de-maternidad-y-paternidad-en-europa_x4LNpfYxYi00WPCKDrys31 [accessed 02.09.13].
[4]
Encuesta de población activa. Módulo de conciliación entre la vida laboral y familiar. Available from: http://www.ine.es/prensa/np417.pdf [accessed 28.08.13].
[5]
C. Ochoa Sangrador, M.V. Barajas Sánchez, B. Muñoz Martín.
Relación entre la asistencia a guarderías y enfermedades infecciosas agudas en la infancia. Una revisión sistemática.
Rev Esp Salud Pública, 81 (2007), pp. 113-129
[6]
B.C. Marshall, S.P. Adler.
The frequency of pregnancy and exposure to cytomegalovirus infections among women with a young child in day care.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 200 (2009), pp. 163
[7]
M. Van der Wielen, C. Giaquinto, L. Gothefors, REVEAL Study Group.
Impact of community-acquired paediatric rotavirus gastroenteritis on family life: data from the REVEAL study.
BMC Fam Pract, 11 (2010), pp. 22
[8]
C. Ochoa Sangrador.
Existen beneficios asociados a la asistencia a guarderías?.
Evid Pediatr, 7 (2011), pp. 1
[9]
G. Del Castillo Aguas, A. Gallego Iborra, J.M. Ledesma Albarrán, M. Gutiérrez Olid, G. Moreno Muñoz, R. Sánchez Tallón.
Influencia de la asistencia a las guarderías sobre la morbilidad y el consumo de recursos sanitarios en niños menores de 2 años.
Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria, 11 (2009), pp. 695-708
[10]
L.K. Pickering.
Cuidados infantiles y enfermedades transmisibles.
Nelson tratado de pediatría, 17.ª ed.,
[11]
Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2006 Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad-Instituto Nacional de Estadística. [accessed 20.07.13]. Available from: http://www.msps.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuesta2006.htm [accessed 02.10.13].
[12]
Actividad asistencial en Atención Primaria.
Informe estadístico. Sistema de Información de Atención Primaria (SIAP). Año 2012. Publicación en Internet.
Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, (2013),
[13]
B. Domínguez Aurrecoechea, D. Martín Rodríguez, R. García Mozo.
Morbilidad en pediatría de atención primaria en Asturias.
Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria, 8 (2006), pp. 21-37
[14]
A. Cano Garcinuño, I. Mora Gandarillas, S.L.A.M. Grupo.
Patrones de evolución temporal de las sibilancias en el lactante.
Bol Pediatr, 52 (2012), pp. 86-87
[15]
Estadística de las enseñanzas no universitarias. Subdireccion general de estadística y estudios del ministerio de educación, cultura y deporte. Available from: http://www.mecd.gob.es [accessed 02.10.13].
[16]
P. Lafuente Mesanza, M.A. Lizarraga Azparren, E. Ojembarrena Martínez, E. Gorostiza Garay, J.R. Hernaiz Barandiarán.
Escolarización precoz e incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas en niños menores de 3 años.
An Pediatr (Barc), 68 (2008), pp. 30-38
[17]
C. Ochoa Sangrador.
Cuánto aumenta el riesgo de otitis media aguda la asistencia a guardería?.
Evid Pediatr, 3 (2007), pp. 108
[18]
J. Robinson.
Infectious diseases in schools and child care facilities.
Pediatr Rev, 33 (2001), pp. 39-46
[19]
W.C. Huskins.
Transmission and control of infections in out-of-home child care.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 19 (2000), pp. S106-S110
[20]
J.C. Buñuel Álvarez, C. Vila Pablos, M. Puig Cojngost, S. Díez García, A. Corral Tomás, M. Pérez Oliveras.
Influencia del tipo de lactancia y otros factores sobre la incidencia de infecciones del tracto respiratorio en lactantes controlados en un centro de atención primaria.
Aten Primaria, 29 (2002), pp. 268-277
[21]
B. Juanes Toledo, J. Ruiz-Canela Cáceres.
La alimentación con lactancia materna podría reducir los costes al prevenir enfermedades, ingresos y muertes con una óptima cobertura.
Evid Pediatr, 6 (2010), pp. 36
[22]
M. Olivares Grohnert, J.C. Buñuel.
La lactancia materna reduce el riesgo de ingreso hospitalario por gastroenteritis e infección respiratoria de vías bajas en países desarrollados.
Evid Pediatr, 3 (2007), pp. 68
[23]
J.M. Paricio Talayero.
Papel protector de la lactancia materna en las infecciones en la infancia: análisis crítico de la metodología de estudio.
Evid Pediatr, 3 (2007), pp. 61

Please cite this article as: Domínguez Aurrecoechea B, Fernández Francés M, Ordóñez Alonso MÁ, López Vilar P, Pérez Candás JI, Merino Ramos L, et al. Enfermedad infecciosa y consumo de recursos sanitarios en menores de 2 años que acuden a guarderías. An Pediatr (Barc). 2015;83:149–159.

Previous presentation: This study was presented at the European Congress in Primary Care Paediatrics; July 2013; Tel Aviv, Israel.

Copyright © 2014. Asociación Española de Pediatría
Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?