Información de la revista
Vol. 52. Núm. 5.
Páginas 435-442 (mayo 2000)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 52. Núm. 5.
Páginas 435-442 (mayo 2000)
Acceso a texto completo
Propuesta de protocolo de estudio de las enfermedades cerebrovasculares de la infancia
Proposed protocol for the study of cerebrovascular disease in childhood
Visitas
7854
E. Cardo Jalóna, M. Pineda Marfàa, R. Artuch Iriberrib, M.A. Vilaseca Buscàb, J. Campistol Planaa,*
a Servei de Neuropediatria. Unitat Integrada. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Clínic.
b Servei de Bioquímica. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu. Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona.
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Objetivo

La etiología de la enfermedad cerebrovascular en la población pediátrica permanece sin aclarar hasta en un 40% de los casos. Recientes avances en el conocimiento de la etiopatogenia pueden mejorar este porcentaje. Pretendemos diseñar un protocolo de estudio estructurado con el objetivo de identificar los factores de riesgo de enfermedad cerebrovascular potencialmente modificables.

Pacientes y métodos

En nuestra base de datos constaban 141 pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular (desde enero de 1984 hasta diciembre de 1995); se invitó a los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular idiopática a completar el protocolo de investigación. También se incluyeron los nuevos casos que aparecieron desde enero de 1996 hasta julio de 1999.

Resultados

Se estudiaron en total 68 casos. Se realizó un diagnóstico en el 38% de los pacientes, y en el 76% de los casos se identificó algún factor de riesgo. El factor de riesgo vascular no estructural más frecuente fue la hiperhomocisteinemia (36 frente al 5% de los controles), entre ellos un lactante con infarto hemorrágico fatal que se diagnosticó de homocistinuria clásica. Un 31% de los pacientes tenían factores pretrombóticos (déficit de proteína S, C, antitrombina III, factor V de Leiden, etc.). El 17,6% padecía un proceso febril inespecífico en el momento del infarto y el 11,7% refería historia de traumatismo craneal menor previo al infarto.

Conclusiones

La aplicación de un protocolo para el estudio de la enfermedad cerebrovascular mejoró el porcentaje de casos diagnosticados, así como la identificación de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cerebrovascular potencialmentemodificables. El protocolo de investigación es tan importante como las estrategias de actuación en la fase aguda o la prevención de recurrencia, actualmente en estudio para la población adulta.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad cerebrovascular
Protocolo
Factores de riesgo
Hiperhomocisteinemia
Niños
Objectives

The etiology of cerebrovascular disease in the paediatric population, remains unknown in up to 40% of the cases (idiopathic), but recent advances could improve this percentage. We devised a comprehensive study protocol for such investigation aimed at the identification of potentially modifiable risk factors for paediatric stroke.

Patients and methods

From the 141 patients initially registered in our data base for stroke population (from January 1984 until December 1995), we invited all the patients with idiopathic cerebrovascular disease to complete the study protocol. New cases appeared from January 1996 until July 1999 were also included.

Results

A total of 68 cases were identified. We found an etiology in 38% and in 76% of the cases we found at least one risk factor for stroke. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia was the most frequent risk factor identified (36% of patients versus 5% of controls), one of them an infant with fatal haemorrhagic infarct with classic homocystinuria. 31% of the patients had thrombotic risk factors (protein S, protein C, antithrombine III deficiency, factor V Leiden, etc). 17.6% had unspecific febrile illness at the time of the cerebral infarction and 11.6% had minor head injuries before the stroke.

Conclusions

The use of the protocol improves the identification of potentially modifiable risk factors for stroke in childhood and may serve as a practical guideline for clinicians. The stroke protocol is as important as management strategies for acute stroke or for recurrence prevention, currently under consideration in the adult population.

Key words:
Cerebrovascular disease
Stroke
Protocol
Risk factors
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Children
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Biblografía
[1.]
A.R. Riela, E.S. Roach.
Etiology of stroke in children.
J ChildNeurol, 3 (1993), pp. 201-220
[2.]
B.S. Schoenberg, J.F. Mellinger, D.G. Schoenberg.
Cerebrovascular disease in infants and children: a study of incidence, clinical features and survival.
Neurol, 28 (1978), pp. 763-768
[3.]
W. Isler.
Stroke in childhood and adolescence.
Eur Neurol, 23 (1984), pp. 421-424
[4.]
J. Broderick, . Talbot, E. Prenger, A. Leach, T. Brott.
Stroke in children within a major metropolitan area: the surprising importance of intracerebral hemorrhage.
J Child Neurol, 8 (1993), pp. 250-255
[5.]
M. Giroud, M. Lemesle, J.B. Gouyon, J.L. Nivelon, C. Milan, R. Dumas.
Cerebrovascular disease in children under 16 years of age in the city of Dijon, France: a study of incidence and clinical features from 1985 to 1993.
J Clin Epidemiol, 48 (1995), pp. 1343-1348
[6.]
Kirkham FJ. Stroke in childhood. Curr Pediatr 1994; 208-215
[7.]
Cardo E, Pineda M, Vilaseca MA, Artuch R, Campistol J. Factores de riesgo en la enfermedad cerebrovascular en la infancia. Rev Neurol 1999 (en prensa).
[8.]
E. Cardo, J. Campistol, F. Kirkham.
Papel de la resistencia a la proteína C activada (R-PCA) en el ictus pediátrico.
Rev Neurol, 25 (1997), pp. 1589-1591
[9.]
E. Cardo, J. Campistol, J. Caritg, S. Ruiz, M.A. Vilaseca, F. Kirkham.
Fatal haemorrhagic infarct in a infant with homocystinuria.
Dev Med Child Neurol, 41 (1999), pp. 132-135
[10.]
M.A. Vilaseca, D. Moyano, I. Ferrer, R. Artuch.
Total homocysteine in pediatric patients.
Clin Chem, 43 (1997), pp. 690-692
[11.]
M.A. Vilaseca, D. Moyano, R. Artuch, I. Ferrer, M. Pineda, E. Cardo.
Selective screening for hyperhomocysteinemia in pediatric patients.
Clin Chem, 44 (1998), pp. 662-664
[12.]
E. Cardo, M.A. Vilaseca, J. Campistol, R. Artuch, C. Colomé, M. Pineda.
Evaluation of hyperhomocysteinemia in children with stroke.
Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 3 (1999), pp. 113-117
[13.]
S.I. Pascual Pascual, I. Pascual Castroviejo, A. Vélez.
Accidentes cerebrovasculares isquémicos en pediatría.
An Esp Pediatr, 28 (1988), pp. 279-285
[14.]
J. Benito-León, A.L. Guerrero, R. Simon, F. Mateos.
Accidentes vasculares isquémicos en niños.
Rev Neurol, 158 (1998), pp. 631-635
[15.]
G. deVeber, P. Monagle, A. Chan, D. MacGregor, R. Curtis, S. Lee.
Prothrombotic disorders in infants and children with cerebral thromboembolism.
Arch Neurol, 55 (1998), pp. 1539-1543
[16.]
R. Riikonen, P. Santavuori.
Hereditary and acquired risk factors for childhood stroke.
Neuropediatrics, 25 (1994), pp. 227-233
[17.]
A.J. Grau, F. Buggle, S. Heindl, C. Steichen-Wiehn, T. Banerjee, M. Maiwald.
Recent infection as a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischemia.
Stroke, 26 (1995), pp. 373-379
[18.]
B.P. Garg, M.K. Edwards-Brown.
Vertebral artery compression due to head rotation in thalamic stroke.
Pediatr Neurol, 12 (1995), pp. 162-164
[19.]
B.P. Garg, C.J. Ottinger, R.R. Smith, Fishman.
Strokes in children due to vertebral artery trauma.
Neurology, 43 (1993), pp. 2555-2558
[20.]
J. Rothrock, J. North, K. Madden, P. Lyden, P. Fleck, H. Dittrich.
Migraine and migrainous stroke: risk factors and prognosis.
Neurol, 43 (1993), pp. 2473-2476
[21.]
J.M. Dayno, S.D. Silberstein.
Migraine-related stroke versus migraine-induced stroke.
Headache, 37 (1997), pp. 463-464
[22.]
R. Niehues, M. Hasilik, G. Alton, C. Korner, M. Shiebe-Sukumar, H.G. Koch.
Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type Ib: phosphomannose isomerase deficiency and manose therapy.
J Clin Invest, 101 (1998), pp. 1414-1420
[23.]
A. Fiumara, R. Barone, P. Buttitta, R. Musso, L. Pavone, F. Nigro.
Hemostatic studies in carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type I.
Thromb Haemost, 76 (1996), pp. 502-504
[24.]
H.H. Freeze.
Disorders in protein glycosilation and potential therapy: Tip of an iceberg?.
J Pediatr, 133 (1998), pp. 593-600
[25.]
J. Artigas, E. Cardo, M. Pineda, R. Nosas, J. Jaeken.
Phosphomanomutase deficiency and normal pubertal development.
Inher Metab Dis, 21 (1998), pp. 78-79
[26.]
B. Kristiansson, H. Stibler, B. Hagberg, J. Walstrom.
CDGS-1a recently discovered hereditary metablic disease. Multiple organ manifestations, incidence 1/80,000, difficult to treat.
Lakartidningen, 95 (1998), pp. 5742-5748
[27.]
M.G. Hausler, V.T. Ramaekers, J. Reul, R. Meilicke, G. Heimann.
Early and late onset manifestations of cerebral vasculitis related to varicella zoster.
Neuropediatrics, 29 (1998), pp. 202-207
[28.]
V. Ganesan, F.J. Kirkham.
Mechanisms of ischaemic stroke after chickenpox.
Arch Dis Child, 76 (1997), pp. 522-525
[29.]
P. Nguyen, J. Reynaud, P. Pouzol, M. Munzer, O. Richard, P. Francois.
Varicella and thrombotic complications associated with transient protein C and protein S deficiencies in children.
Eur J Pediatr, 153 (1994), pp. 646-649
[30.]
F.J. Nieto, E. Adam, P. Sorlie, H. Farzadegan, J.L. Melnick, G.W. Comstock.
Cohort study of cytomegalovirus infection as a risk factor for carotid intimal-medial thickening, a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis.
Circulation, 94 (1996), pp. 922-927
[31.]
P.M. Ridker, C.H. Hennekens, M.J. Stampfer, F. Wang.
Prospective study of herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and the risk of future myocardial infarction and stroke.
Circulation, 98 (1998), pp. 2796-2799
[32.]
J. Takanashi, K. Sugita, S. Miyazato, Sakao Eiko, H. Miyamoto, H. Niimi.
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in childhood strokes.
Pediatr Neurol, 13 (1995), pp. 323-326
[33.]
L. Angelini, A. Ravelli, R. Caporali, V. Rumi, N. Nardocci, A. Martini.
High prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in children with idiopathic cerebral ischemia.
Pediatrics, 94 (1994), pp. 500-503
[34.]
P.J. Hallam, D.S. Millar, M. Krawczak, V.V. Kakkar, D.N. Cooper.
Population differences in the frequency of the factor V Leiden variant among people with clinically symptomatic protein C deficiency.
J Med Genet, 32 (1995), pp. 543-545
[35.]
M.I. Graham, L.E. Daly, H.M. Refsum, K Robinson, L.E. Brattotrom, P.M. Veland.
Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European concerted action project.
Jama, 277 (1997), pp. 1775-1781
[36.]
M.F. Bellamy, I.F. McDowell, M.W. Ramsey, M. Brownlee, R.G. Newcombe, M.J. Lewis.
Oral folate enhances endotelial function in hyperhomocysteinaemic subjects.
Eur J Clin Invest, 29 (1999), pp. 659-663
[37.]
M.C. Verhaar, R.M. Wever, J.J. Kastelein, D. Van Loon, S. Milstien, H.A. Koomans.
Effects of oral folic acid supplementation on endothelial function in familial hypercholesterolemia. A randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Circulation, 100 (1999), pp. 335-338
[38.]
The NINDS rt-PA stroke study group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke.
N Engl J Med, 333 (1989), pp. 1581-1587
[39.]
The International Stroke Trial. Preliminary results, Part I. Effects of aspirin and heparin separately and in combination. Sandercock P for the International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group.
Cerebrovasc Dis, 6 (1996), pp. 23
Copyright © 2000. Asociación Española de Pediatría
Descargar PDF
Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?