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Vol. 58. Núm. 2.
Páginas 128-135 (febrero 2003)
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Vol. 58. Núm. 2.
Páginas 128-135 (febrero 2003)
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Niños y adolescentes en acogimiento transitorio: problemas de salud y directrices para su cuidado
Children and adolescents in foster care:health problems and guidelines for their health care
Visitas
9436
G. Oliván Gonzalvo
Autor para correspondencia
drolivansant@ersupernet.com

Correspondencia: Servicios de Pediatría y Adolescencia.Avda. de las Torres, 93, 1.º F. 50007 Zaragoza. España.
Servicios de Pediatría y Adolescencia. Instituto Aragonés de Servicios Sociales.Departamento de Salud, Consumo y Servicios Sociales. Gobierno de Aragón. Zaragoza. España.
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En España, entre 8.000 y 10.000 niños y adolescentes entran en acogimiento transitorio residencial o familiar cada año. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una revision actualizada que sirva para mejorar el conocimiento sobre los problemas de salud que presentan los menores en acogimiento transitorio.De la bibliografía consultada, el 65 % de los estudios se han elaborado en Estados Unidos, el 25 % en España y el 10 % en otros países desarrollados e industrializados. En estos estudios se observa que un elevado porcentaje de estos menores presenta serios y complejos problemas de salud física, mental y/o del desarrollo. Sin embargo, no se aprecian diferencias cualitativas apreciables en los problemas de salud que con mayor frecuencia presentan estos menores, coincidiendo en que las necesidades sanitarias prioritarias son la provisión de servicios preventivos y/o terapéuticos psicopedagógicos, psiquiátricos, dermatológicos, odontológicos, nutricionales, oftalmológicos, neumológicos y de inmunización. El fracaso en la identificación e intervención precoz de las necesidades sanitarias de estos menores no sólo puede afectar adversamente su calidad de vida en el futuro desarrollo físico, emocional e intelectual, sino que también puede conducir a incrementar las dificultades de adaptación mientras dure el acogimiento y su futura adaptación social, pudiendo comprometer la unión permanente con la familia biológica o adoptiva cuando cese el acogimiento transitorio. Por tanto, todos los niños y adolescentes en acogimiento transitorio necesitan recibir cribados iniciales, evaluaciones completas y seguimiento de su estado de salud físico, mental y del desarrollo. Sobre esta base, se ofrecen unas directrices para el cuidado de la salud de estos menores que sean de utilidad para los profesionales sanitarios que los atienden mientras permanecen en acogimiento transitorio.

Palabras clave:
Acogimiento transitorio
Centros residenciales
Maltrato infantil
Estado de salud
Trastornos mentales
Discapacidades del desarrollo
Demanda y necesidades de servicios sanitarios
Bienestar infantil
Papel del médico
Directrices

In Spain, between 8,000 and 10,000 children and adolescents enter foster or residential care every year. This article aims to provide a review to increase knowledge of the health problems of minors in foster care. Sixty-five percent of the studies consulted were performed in the USA, 25 % in Spain and 10 % in other developed and industrialized countries. These studies report that a high percentage of these minors present complicated and serious physical, mental, and/or developmental problems. However, no appreciable qualitative differences in the most frequent health problems presented by these minors have been observed and there is general consensus that the high-priority health needs are the provision of preventive and/or therapeutic psychopedagogic, psychiatric, dermatologic, dental, nutritional, ophthalmologic, respiratory and immunization services.Failure to identify and provide early treatment of the health needs of these minors not only adversely affects their quality of life and future physical, emotional and intellectual development, but can also increase their difficulties in adaptation while in foster care and their future social adaptation. Their permanent relationship with the biological or adoptive family when foster care stops could also be jeopardized. Therefore, all children and adolescents in foster care should receive initial health screenings, comprehensive assessments and monitoring of their physical, mental health, and developmental status. We provide guidelines for the healthcare of these minors, which should be of use to healthcare professionals taking care of these children and adolescents while they remain in foster care.

Key words:
Foster care
Residential facilities
Child abuse
Health status
Mental disorders Developmental disabilities
Health services needs demand
Child welfare
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