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y 6-metilmercaptopurina &#40;6-MMP&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; El efecto terap&#233;utico es atribuido a la 6-TGN&#44; que al inhibir la enzima RAC1 induce apoptosis de linfocitos<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T y disminuci&#243;n de la inflamaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; al ser an&#225;logos de las purinas&#44; interfieren con la s&#237;ntesis de prote&#237;nas y &#225;cidos nucleicos&#46; Son considerados f&#225;rmacos inmunomoduladores que ejercen su acci&#243;n intracelularmente&#44; y su efecto es retardado&#44; consigui&#233;ndose el m&#225;ximo efecto a las 10-12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>semanas del inicio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; La acci&#243;n t&#243;xica es atribuida principalmente a la 6-MMP&#44; pero tambi&#233;n puede deberse a la 6-TGN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; La tiopurina-metiltransferasa &#40;TPMT&#41; es una enzima clave en cuanto a toxicidad se refiere&#44; puesto que degrada la 6-MP en 6-MMP&#44; y en funci&#243;n de su actividad habr&#225; mayor o menor cantidad de metabolito t&#243;xico presente&#46; La existencia de alelos de baja actividad en homocigosis se considera factor de riesgo&#44; y no se aconseja el uso de tiopurinas en estos casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; No obstante&#44; es posible desarrollar mielotoxicidad a pesar de presentar una actividad normal de TPMT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#44; y la cuantificaci&#243;n de su actividad &#250;nicamente nos ayudar&#237;a a determinar el mayor riesgo de mielosupresi&#243;n en los pacientes homocigotos de baja actividad para el alelo&#44; que en nuestro medio suponen una cifra inferior al 0&#44;5&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo relativo a los niveles &#243;ptimos de 6-TGN en eritrocitos &#40;o hemat&#237;es&#41;&#44; 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Los criterios para determinaci&#243;n de tiopur&#237;nicos en sangre fueron&#58; mal control de la enfermedad o sub&#243;ptimo en la remisi&#243;n&#44; aparici&#243;n de efectos adversos o dudas sobre su cumplimiento&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recogi&#243; mediante revisi&#243;n de historias cl&#237;nicas informaci&#243;n referente a variables demogr&#225;ficas y de la enfermedad &#40;fenotipo de enfermedad&#44; cl&#237;nica al inicio&#44; estudio al diagn&#243;stico e &#237;ndice de actividad&#41;&#44; as&#237; como determinaciones anal&#237;ticas &#40;serolog&#237;a&#44; hemograma&#44; PCR&#44; bioqu&#237;mica&#41; y valoraci&#243;n antropom&#233;trica&#46; Se obtuvieron valores de an&#225;lisis en plasma de niveles de 6-TGN&#44; 6-MMP&#44; cocientes 6-MMP&#47;6-TGN y 6-TGN&#47;6-MMP&#44; actividad de TPMT&#44; dosis de AZA o 6-MP que estuviera tomando el paciente por v&#237;a oral&#44; formulaciones utilizadas &#40;comprimidos principalmente&#44; en ocasiones soluciones seg&#250;n la edad&#41;&#44; medicaci&#243;n concomitante y actitud terap&#233;utica tras la monitorizaci&#243;n de los niveles &#40;aumento de dosis&#44; cambio de f&#225;rmaco&#44; retirada de medicaci&#243;n o actitud sin cambios&#41;&#46; Se defini&#243; remisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica si el &#237;ndice ponderado de actividad de la enfermedad de Crohn pedi&#225;trica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">weighted Paediatric Crohn&#39;s Disease Activity Index</span> &#91;wPCDAI&#93;&#41; era &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44;5 o si el &#237;ndice de actividad de la colitis ulcerosa pedi&#225;trica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index</span> &#91;PUCAI&#93;&#41; era &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 para EC y CU&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Determinaci&#243;n de metabolitos</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron los niveles de 6-TGN y 6-MMP &#40;pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos&#41; en plasma mediante cromatograf&#237;a l&#237;quida de alta eficacia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio descriptivo de la muestra y de las variables con valores medios&#44; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#44; mediana y rango intercuartil&#44; seg&#250;n se ajustase a un modelo normal o no&#46; Para variables cualitativas se us&#243; el test chi-cuadrado o de Fisher&#44; y se us&#243; el t de Student para muestras independientes para comparar medias&#44; una vez comprobada la normalidad de la muestra y la igualdad de varianzas&#59; en caso contrario&#44; se us&#243; el test de Mann-Whitney o el test de Welch&#46; Los modelos predictivos de respuesta se construyeron mediante pruebas de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica univariante y multivariante&#46; Las variables que presentaron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas o una tendencia &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;15&#41; en los an&#225;lisis univariantes entre los pacientes en actividad junto a las variables que&#44; por conocimientos te&#243;ricos o emp&#237;ricos&#44; se consider&#243; que pod&#237;an estar relacionadas con la variable dependiente se utilizaron para la construcci&#243;n del modelo&#46; La selecci&#243;n de las variables del modelo se realiz&#243; mediante un an&#225;lisis multivariado y se utiliz&#243; como m&#233;todo de inclusi&#243;n de las variables por pasos &#171;hacia atr&#225;s&#187;&#46; La magnitud de la asociaci&#243;n entre las variables predictivas del modelo y la variable dependiente se midi&#243; mediante las odds ratio &#40;OR&#41; y sus correspondientes IC del 95&#37;&#46; Se consider&#243; significativo un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Consentimiento informado</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio se ha llevado a cabo tras la aprobaci&#243;n del mismo por el CEIC del centro y siguiendo sus directrices&#46; Los autores declaran que han obtenido la informaci&#243;n mediante revisi&#243;n de historias cl&#237;nicas siguiendo los procesos determinados por el hospital&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Resultados</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realizaron un total de 140 determinaciones a los 72 pacientes incluidos en el estudio&#46; La media de determinaciones por paciente fue de 1&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;09&#46; No hubo diferencias entre las caracter&#237;sticas basales de los pacientes diagnosticados de CU y EC&#44; salvo la necesidad de biol&#243;gico durante el seguimiento &#40;mayor en EC&#41; y el tratamiento empleado durante el mismo&#44; que vari&#243; entre ambas&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes incluidos se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La dosis de AZA empleada para el tratamiento se ajust&#243; a las recomendaciones de la literatura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; aunque hasta el 61&#44;5&#37; de los pacientes presentaban niveles de 6-TGN por debajo de rango &#243;ptimo&#44; y en el 7&#44;4&#37; de las determinaciones los niveles de 6-MMP estaban en rango de toxicidad&#46; Los valores de los metabolitos obtenidos en plasma se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de casos se increment&#243; la dosis de tiopur&#237;nicos tras la determinaci&#243;n de niveles de los mismos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica no encontr&#243; relaci&#243;n entre la actividad&#47;remisi&#243;n de la enfermedad y los niveles de 6-TGN&#44; dosis de azatioprina &#40;mg&#47;kg o mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; diaria ni tampoco con los cocientes 6-TGN&#47;6-MMP y 6-MMP&#47;6-TGN&#46; Los niveles de metabolitos en funci&#243;n de la actividad de la enfermedad se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Adherencia terap&#233;utica</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La medici&#243;n de niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos permiti&#243; detectar 4 casos de no cumplimentaci&#243;n terap&#233;utica&#44; lo que supone una tasa de cumplimentaci&#243;n superior al 95&#37;&#46; Rehistoriando a estos pacientes y a sus familias se identificaron los factores responsables de la falta de cumplimiento&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Efectos secundarios</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 17 casos el paciente estaba sobredosificado &#40;6-TGN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos&#41; o metabolizaba por ruta metab&#243;lica alternativa &#40;6-TGN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>230 y 6-MMP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; en ninguno de los casos se constat&#243; hepatotoxicidad ni mielotoxicidad&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados de nuestro estudio ponen de manifiesto que un alto porcentaje de casos presentaban niveles de 6-TGN inferiores a los considerados terap&#233;uticos&#44; y hasta el 7&#44;4&#37; tuvieron en el momento del an&#225;lisis niveles de 6-MMP en rango t&#243;xico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un estudio reciente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> mostr&#243; resultados similares en cuanto a infradosificaci&#243;n de tiopur&#237;nicos en su serie &#40;45&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; demostrando que la monitorizaci&#243;n de niveles ayuda a detectar casos potenciales en los que el incremento de dosis de AZA pueda ayudar a mantener la remisi&#243;n sin necesidad de administrar nuevos f&#225;rmacos&#44; tal y como recomiendan las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15</span></a>&#44; ya que estudios previos describen tasas de remisi&#243;n mayores dependientes de la dosis de AZA y de 6-MMP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otra de las ventajas potenciales de la monitorizaci&#243;n de niveles es prevenir la toxicidad relacionada con los f&#225;rmacos&#44; ya que se comprueba que aproximadamente el 20-30&#37; de los pacientes tienen que abandonar el tratamiento por la aparici&#243;n de efectos adversos relacionados con &#233;l<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17-19</span></a>&#46; Cierto tipo de hepatotoxicidad est&#225; relacionada con los niveles de 6-MMP&#44; sugiri&#233;ndose la presencia de niveles mayores de 5&#46;700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos en sangre de 6-MMP como factor de riesgo de da&#241;o hep&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10</span></a>&#46; En nuestra serie&#44; 10 determinaciones de 6-MMP &#40;7&#44;4&#37;&#41; presentaban niveles en rango de hepatotoxicidad&#44; cifras similares a las encontradas en otros estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Respecto a la 6-TGN&#44; diversos trabajos apoyan la hip&#243;tesis de que sus niveles se correlacionan con el riesgo de presentar mielotoxicidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> incluso precozmente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> y&#44; por tanto&#44; su monitorizaci&#243;n y adecuaci&#243;n posterior podr&#237;an evitar cierto n&#250;mero de casos&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; hasta en el 5&#37; de las determinaciones de metabolitos se detectaron cifras superiores a lo recomendado&#44; similar a la incidencia global del 7&#37; descrita por Gisbert y Gomoll&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> en una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#218;nicamente 9 pacientes de 67 que estaban en monoterapia con AZA &#40;13&#44;4&#37;&#41; tuvieron que a&#241;adir biol&#243;gicos al tratamiento&#44; dato similar al 12&#37; reportado por Su&#225;rez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; El tiempo medio de seguimiento previo de enfermedad al inicio de biol&#243;gico fue de 4&#44;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; y 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses del tratamiento en monoterapia con AZA en pacientes con EC &#40;fenotipo mayoritario que precisa utilizaci&#243;n de biol&#243;gicos en nuestra serie&#44; siendo la diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa respecto a los pacientes con CU&#41;&#46; Con la monitorizaci&#243;n de niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos el paso a terapia con biol&#243;gicos u otros tratamientos podr&#237;a disminuir potencialmente&#44; aunque es cierto que en la actualidad estos f&#225;rmacos son cada vez m&#225;s utilizados en pacientes con EII&#46; En nuestra experiencia&#44; la serie de pacientes en tratamiento con biol&#243;gicos es cada vez mayor&#44; siendo m&#225;s estrictos con la aparici&#243;n de ciertos efectos adversos asociados a las tiopurinas&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; los f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos presentan mejor perfil de seguridad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; y es sabido que se consigue curaci&#243;n mucosa en mayor porcentaje de pacientes con estos &#250;ltimos y tambi&#233;n en comboterapia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No obstante&#44; desde una perspectiva econ&#243;mica creemos que la monitorizaci&#243;n de tiopur&#237;nicos puede resultar coste-efectiva&#44; situaci&#243;n evaluada por otros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; debido en parte al bajo coste en relaci&#243;n con otras opciones terap&#233;uticas&#44; como los f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#46; No obstante&#44; se precisan m&#225;s estudios de este tipo para poder realizar una recomendaci&#243;n clara al respecto&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acuerdo con estudios previos realizados en adultos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a> y en contra a lo reportado por otros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;30&#44;31</span></a>&#44; no encontramos relaci&#243;n entre los niveles de 6-TGN y la actividad de la enfermedad&#44; probablemente debido al alto n&#250;mero de p&#233;rdidas registrado&#44; al tratarse de un estudio retrospectivo y no disponer de puntuaci&#243;n exacta de wPCDAI o PUCAI en el momento de la visita del paciente&#44; motivado en la mayor&#237;a de los casos por ausencia de estudio anal&#237;tico concomitante con el momento de la extracci&#243;n de niveles&#46; A la hora de interpretar los resultados hay que tener en cuenta las caracter&#237;sticas basales de la poblaci&#243;n de estudio&#44; lo que puede limitar la validez externa&#46; As&#237;&#44; por ejemplo&#44; en el estudio de Lee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> los niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos fueron tomados en pacientes que tomaban azatioprina en comboterapia con mesalazina y no en monoterapia&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la dosis media de AZA en dicho estudio es muy inferior a la que tomaban los pacientes en nuestro estudio &#40;media de 1&#44;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a en dicho estudio frente a 2&#44;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a en nuestro centro&#41;&#44; lo que puede influir en los resultados&#44; ya que niveles superiores a dicha cifra se correlacionar&#225;n m&#225;s activamente con la remisi&#243;n&#44; a tenor de diversas gu&#237;as en las que se recomienda la utilizaci&#243;n de cifras superiores a 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a de AZA en la EII<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> en pacientes con actividad normal de TPMT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Otra explicaci&#243;n podr&#237;a ser que la poblaci&#243;n de dicho estudio es eminentemente de raza asi&#225;tica&#44; en tanto que nuestros pacientes son de raza mediterr&#225;nea o magreb&#237; en su mayor&#237;a&#44; y los niveles de AZA necesarios para mantener la remisi&#243;n pudieran diferir en funci&#243;n de la misma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; En una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica&#44; Konidari et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> concluyeron que los niveles de tiopurinas no ayudan a predecir la remisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica pero facilitan la optimizaci&#243;n del tratamiento y pueden prevenir casos de toxicidad&#44; mientras que un metaan&#225;lisis reciente concluy&#243; que los niveles de 6-TGN s&#237; presentan asociaci&#243;n con las tasas de remisi&#243;n&#44; atribuyendo los resultados controvertidos a la heterogeneidad de los estudios publicados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a las limitaciones&#44; la principal debilidad de nuestro estudio es su car&#225;cter retrospectivo&#46; Por el contrario&#44; el alto n&#250;mero de determinaciones y el elevado seguimiento realizado a los pacientes supone una de sus principales fortalezas&#44; as&#237; como la ausencia de estudios similares en nuestro medio&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A tenor de la experiencia en nuestro centro podemos concluir que la monitorizaci&#243;n de niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos en pacientes pedi&#225;tricos con EII supone un m&#233;todo eficaz para la adecuaci&#243;n terap&#233;utica&#44; que posiblemente ayude a optimizar la terapia y evite en muchos casos la escalada a otros tratamientos&#44; generalmente f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#46; Asimismo&#44; puede tratarse de una herramienta &#250;til a la hora de detectar niveles elevados del f&#225;rmaco que potencialmente pudiesen causar toxicidad&#44; consigui&#233;ndose con la determinaci&#243;n de los mismos la posibilidad de prevenir dicha toxicidad y siendo&#44; por tanto&#44; una buena opci&#243;n a la hora de optimizar el seguimiento m&#233;dico en dichos pacientes&#46; Creemos que dicha pr&#225;ctica se deber&#237;a implementar en la mayor&#237;a de los centros&#46; Se precisan m&#225;s estudios que ayuden a delimitar de forma clara el porcentaje de pacientes que se benefician de la monitorizaci&#243;n y las circunstancias para realizar la misma&#44; as&#237; como estudios farmacogen&#233;ticos que delimiten el riesgo individual de cada paciente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las tiopurinas son f&#225;rmacos muy empleados para el mantenimiento de la remisi&#243;n en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal&#46; Se conocen cu&#225;les son los niveles plasm&#225;ticos &#243;ptimos&#44; y existe controversia acerca de si reducen la necesidad de otros f&#225;rmacos o son coste-efectivos&#46; El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue describir el uso del tratamiento optimizado con tiopur&#237;nicos en pacientes pedi&#225;tricos con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal seguidos en nuestra unidad desde la implementaci&#243;n de la determinaci&#243;n de niveles de f&#225;rmaco&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en el que se analizaron valores en plasma mediante cromatograf&#237;a l&#237;quida de 6-tioguanina &#40;6-TGN&#41;&#44; 6-metilmercaptopurina &#40;6-MMP&#41; y sus cocientes&#44; as&#237; como estado cl&#237;nico y variables anal&#237;ticas y demogr&#225;ficas de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en seguimiento en nuestra unidad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 72 pacientes y se realizaron 140 determinaciones de metabolitos&#46; En el 61&#44;5&#37; de las determinaciones los niveles de 6-TGN se encontraban por debajo del rango terap&#233;utico &#40;en 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>casos debido a falta de adherencia terap&#233;utica&#41;&#44; y en el 7&#44;4&#37; de las de 6-MMP estaban en rango de toxicidad&#46; Tras la determinaci&#243;n de 77 muestras se tom&#243; alguna actitud derivada&#44; procedi&#233;ndose a la modificaci&#243;n de dosis&#44; al cambio de formulaci&#243;n o a la suspensi&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco&#46; &#218;nicamente 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pacientes escalaron a f&#225;rmaco biol&#243;gico &#40;13&#44;4&#37; del total que estaban en monoterapia&#41;&#46; No se encontr&#243; relaci&#243;n entre la actividad de la enfermedad y los niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En nuestra experiencia la monitorizaci&#243;n de niveles de tiopurinas ayud&#243; a modificar la dosis de f&#225;rmaco que recib&#237;a el paciente&#44; adecuando sus niveles terap&#233;uticos y evitando potencialmente la adici&#243;n de nuevos f&#225;rmacos&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n y objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thiopurines are drugs widely used in patients for the maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease&#46; The optimal plasma levels are known&#44; but there is controversy about whether the need for other drugs is reduced or is cost-effective&#46; The aim of this study is to describe the use of the optimised treatment with thiopurines in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease followed up in this Unit since the introduction of determining the drug levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive retrospective study was conducted in which the plasma values of 6-thioguanine &#40;6-TGN&#41;&#44; 6-methyl-mercapto-purine &#40;6-MMP&#41;&#44; and their ratios were analysed using liquid chromatography&#46; Other variables were collected&#44; such as clinical status&#44; analytical and demographic variables of patients with inflammatory bowel disease followed up in this Unit&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 72 patients were included&#44; and 149 determinations of metabolites were performed&#46; The 6-TGN levels were found to below the therapeutic range in 61&#46;5&#37; of patients &#40;in 7 cases due to lack of adherence to therapy&#41;&#44; and 6-MMP was in the toxicity range in 7&#46;4&#37;&#46; After the determination of 77 specimens&#44; some action was taken&#44; such as modifying the dose&#44; change of formula&#44; or withdrawing the drug&#46; Only 9 patients were scaled to a biological drug &#40;13&#46;4&#37; of the total on single therapy&#41;&#46; No association was found between the activity of the disease and the thiopurine levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In our experience&#44; the monitoring of thiopurine levels helped to modify the drug dose that the patient received&#44; adjusting their therapeutic levels&#44; and potentially avoiding the addition of new drugs&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Metabolismo de las tiopurinas&#46;</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">6-MMP&#58; 6-metilmercaptopurina&#59; 6-MP&#58; 6-mercaptopurina&#59; 6-TGDP&#58; 6-tioguanina difosfato&#59; 6-TGMP&#58; 6-tioguanina monofosfato&#59; 6-TGTP&#58; 6-tioguanina trifosfato&#59; 6-TIMP&#58; 6-metiltioinosinato&#59; 6-TU&#58; 6-&#225;cido tio&#250;rico&#59; 6-TXMP&#58; 6-&#225;cido tioxantilico&#59; AZA&#58; azatioprina&#59; GMPS&#58; guanosina monofosfato sintetasa&#59; HPRT&#58; hipoxantina-guanina-fosforribosil-transferasa&#59; IMPDH&#58; inosina 5&#8217;-monofosfato deshidrogenasa&#59;TPMT&#58; tiopurina-metiltransfersa&#59; XO&#58; xantina oxidasa&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DE&#58; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#59; RBC&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">red blood cell</span>&#59; RIQ&#58; rango intercuartil&#59; TPMT&#58; tiopurina-metiltransferasa&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad al diagn&#243;stico &#40;media</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Raza &#40;mediterr&#225;nea&#47;magreb&#237;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antropometr&#237;a al diagn&#243;stico &#40;&#62;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#241;os&#41; &#40;media</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Talla &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Z-score IMC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;228&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Historia familiar &#40;S&#237;&#47;No&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;931&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actividad TPMT &#40;U&#47;ml RBC&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5-13&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 13&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo seguimiento&#44; a&#241;os &#40;mediana&#47;RIQ&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;95&#47;1&#44;81&#58;3&#44;20-5&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;30&#47;3&#44;79&#58;2&#44;28-6&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;762&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Necesidad de biol&#243;gico &#40;S&#237;&#47;No&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32&#47;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#47;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo hasta inicio biol&#243;gico en pacientes en monoterapia&#44; meses &#40;mediana&#47;RIQ&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&#44;16&#47;19&#44;29&#58;7&#44;74-27&#44;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31&#44;57&#47;44&#44;36&#58;1&#44;82-46&#44;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;425&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Otros f&#225;rmacos empleados durante el seguimiento &#40;n&#250;mero de pacientes&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tacrolimus oral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tacrolimus rectal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;282&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Esteroides&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;159&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nutrici&#243;n enteral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5-ASA oral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5-ASA rectal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes incluidos</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Por encima de rango&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Por debajo de rango&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6-TGN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">211&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">140 &#40;141-281&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;33&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;61&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6-MMP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;321&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;299&#44;39 &#40;490&#44;1-2&#46;789&#44;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">126 &#40;92&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;7&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6-MMP&#47;6-TGN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;05 &#40;2&#44;67-41&#44;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6-TGN&#47;6-MMP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;30 &#40;0&#44;06-0&#44;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dosis empleada AZA &#40;mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;53 &#40;2&#44;25-2&#44;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos medidos en pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos en sangre y dosis de AZA empleada v&#237;a oral</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Ninguna actitud&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">77 &#40;55&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aumento de dosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;45&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disminuci&#243;n de dosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Suspensi&#243;n de f&#225;rmaco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;5&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cambio de formulaci&#243;n &#40;paso de soluci&#243;n a comprimido o viceversa&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inicio de otro f&#225;rmaco &#40;metrotexato&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#44;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inicio de biol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#47;67 &#40;13&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos medidos en pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos en sangre en pacientes en monoterapia en funci&#243;n de la actividad de la enfermedad</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "Recomendaciones del Grupo Espa&#241;ol de Trabajo en Enfermedad de Crohn y Colitis Ulcerosa &#40;GETECCU&#41; sobre el uso de tiopurinas en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal"
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Análisis de la determinación de niveles de tiopurínicos en pacientes pediátricos con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal
Laboratory determination of thiopurine levels in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Rafael Martín-Masot, María Pilar Ortiz Pérez, Natalia Ramos Rueda, Juliana Serrano Nieto, Javier Blasco-Alonso, Víctor Manuel Navas-López
Autor para correspondencia
victor.navas@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Hospital Materno Infantil, Málaga, España
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Metabolismo de las tiopurinas&#46;</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">6-MMP&#58; 6-metilmercaptopurina&#59; 6-MP&#58; 6-mercaptopurina&#59; 6-TGDP&#58; 6-tioguanina difosfato&#59; 6-TGMP&#58; 6-tioguanina monofosfato&#59; 6-TGTP&#58; 6-tioguanina trifosfato&#59; 6-TIMP&#58; 6-metiltioinosinato&#59; 6-TU&#58; 6-&#225;cido tio&#250;rico&#59; 6-TXMP&#58; 6-&#225;cido tioxantilico&#59; AZA&#58; azatioprina&#59; GMPS&#58; guanosina monofosfato sintetasa&#59; HPRT&#58; hipoxantina-guanina-fosforribosil-transferasa&#59; IMPDH&#58; inosina 5&#8217;-monofosfato deshidrogenasa&#59;TPMT&#58; tiopurina-metiltransfersa&#59; XO&#58; xantina oxidasa&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las tiopurinas son an&#225;logos de las purinas que se usan frecuentemente en el mantenimiento de la remisi&#243;n de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal &#40;EII&#41;&#44; tanto en la colitis ulcerosa &#40;CU&#41; como en la enfermedad de Crohn &#40;EC&#41;&#46; Se incluyen en ellas la azatioprina &#40;AZA&#41; y la 6-mercaptopurina &#40;6-MP&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; La AZA y la 6-MP no presentan efecto terap&#233;utico <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span>&#44; ya que son considerados prof&#225;rmacos&#46; La AZA es convertida&#44; mediante la enzima glutati&#243;n S-transferasa&#44; a 6-MP&#44; que genera los metabolitos 6-tioguanina &#40;6-TGN&#41; y 6-metilmercaptopurina &#40;6-MMP&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; El efecto terap&#233;utico es atribuido a la 6-TGN&#44; que al inhibir la enzima RAC1 induce apoptosis de linfocitos<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T y disminuci&#243;n de la inflamaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; al ser an&#225;logos de las purinas&#44; interfieren con la s&#237;ntesis de prote&#237;nas y &#225;cidos nucleicos&#46; Son considerados f&#225;rmacos inmunomoduladores que ejercen su acci&#243;n intracelularmente&#44; y su efecto es retardado&#44; consigui&#233;ndose el m&#225;ximo efecto a las 10-12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>semanas del inicio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; La acci&#243;n t&#243;xica es atribuida principalmente a la 6-MMP&#44; pero tambi&#233;n puede deberse a la 6-TGN<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; La tiopurina-metiltransferasa &#40;TPMT&#41; es una enzima clave en cuanto a toxicidad se refiere&#44; puesto que degrada la 6-MP en 6-MMP&#44; y en funci&#243;n de su actividad habr&#225; mayor o menor cantidad de metabolito t&#243;xico presente&#46; La existencia de alelos de baja actividad en homocigosis se considera factor de riesgo&#44; y no se aconseja el uso de tiopurinas en estos casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; No obstante&#44; es posible desarrollar mielotoxicidad a pesar de presentar una actividad normal de TPMT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a>&#44; y la cuantificaci&#243;n de su actividad &#250;nicamente nos ayudar&#237;a a determinar el mayor riesgo de mielosupresi&#243;n en los pacientes homocigotos de baja actividad para el alelo&#44; que en nuestro medio suponen una cifra inferior al 0&#44;5&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo relativo a los niveles &#243;ptimos de 6-TGN en eritrocitos &#40;o hemat&#237;es&#41;&#44; se considera normal entre 235-450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos&#44; relacion&#225;ndose con la remisi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; Niveles por debajo ser&#237;an deficientes&#44; en tanto que por encima de 450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos se considera que podr&#237;a aumentar el riesgo de mielotoxicidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; En cuanto a la 6-MMP&#44; niveles por debajo de 5&#46;700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos se consideran &#243;ptimos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se est&#225; llevando a cabo cada vez en m&#225;s centros la monitorizaci&#243;n de tiopur&#237;nicos&#46; Se pretende con la medici&#243;n en sangre de 6-MMP y 6-TGN reducir la mielosupresi&#243;n&#44; refiriendo algunos estudios que podr&#237;a evitar hasta una cuarta parte de los casos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como de hepatotoxicidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#44; y mejorar la eficacia de los f&#225;rmacos con mayor remisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; otros estudios han demostrado que la monitorizaci&#243;n mejora la adherencia a los f&#225;rmacos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; No obstante&#44; en otros ensayos no se demuestra una clara mejor&#237;a con la pr&#225;ctica de monitorizaci&#243;n de tiopur&#237;nicos frente a no realizarla<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue describir el uso del tratamiento optimizado con tiopur&#237;nicos en pacientes pedi&#225;tricos con EII seguidos en nuestra unidad desde la implementaci&#243;n de la determinaci&#243;n de niveles de f&#225;rmaco&#44; as&#237; como analizar las posibles ventajas derivadas de su monitorizaci&#243;n&#44; como el ajuste de dosis&#44; la disminuci&#243;n del riesgo de toxicidad o la optimizaci&#243;n de tratamiento sin necesidad de escalar terap&#233;uticamente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Pacientes&#44; material y m&#233;todos</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Poblaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron de forma retrospectiva pacientes entre 0 y 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os seguidos en nuestra unidad diagnosticados previamente de EII y que hubiesen precisado durante su seguimiento determinaci&#243;n de niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos&#46; Los pacientes tomaban el f&#225;rmaco desde&#44; al menos&#44; 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>semanas antes&#46; Los criterios para determinaci&#243;n de tiopur&#237;nicos en sangre fueron&#58; mal control de la enfermedad o sub&#243;ptimo en la remisi&#243;n&#44; aparici&#243;n de efectos adversos o dudas sobre su cumplimiento&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recogi&#243; mediante revisi&#243;n de historias cl&#237;nicas informaci&#243;n referente a variables demogr&#225;ficas y de la enfermedad &#40;fenotipo de enfermedad&#44; cl&#237;nica al inicio&#44; estudio al diagn&#243;stico e &#237;ndice de actividad&#41;&#44; as&#237; como determinaciones anal&#237;ticas &#40;serolog&#237;a&#44; hemograma&#44; PCR&#44; bioqu&#237;mica&#41; y valoraci&#243;n antropom&#233;trica&#46; Se obtuvieron valores de an&#225;lisis en plasma de niveles de 6-TGN&#44; 6-MMP&#44; cocientes 6-MMP&#47;6-TGN y 6-TGN&#47;6-MMP&#44; actividad de TPMT&#44; dosis de AZA o 6-MP que estuviera tomando el paciente por v&#237;a oral&#44; formulaciones utilizadas &#40;comprimidos principalmente&#44; en ocasiones soluciones seg&#250;n la edad&#41;&#44; medicaci&#243;n concomitante y actitud terap&#233;utica tras la monitorizaci&#243;n de los niveles &#40;aumento de dosis&#44; cambio de f&#225;rmaco&#44; retirada de medicaci&#243;n o actitud sin cambios&#41;&#46; Se defini&#243; remisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica si el &#237;ndice ponderado de actividad de la enfermedad de Crohn pedi&#225;trica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">weighted Paediatric Crohn&#39;s Disease Activity Index</span> &#91;wPCDAI&#93;&#41; era &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44;5 o si el &#237;ndice de actividad de la colitis ulcerosa pedi&#225;trica &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index</span> &#91;PUCAI&#93;&#41; era &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10 para EC y CU&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Determinaci&#243;n de metabolitos</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se analizaron los niveles de 6-TGN y 6-MMP &#40;pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos&#41; en plasma mediante cromatograf&#237;a l&#237;quida de alta eficacia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio descriptivo de la muestra y de las variables con valores medios&#44; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#44; mediana y rango intercuartil&#44; seg&#250;n se ajustase a un modelo normal o no&#46; Para variables cualitativas se us&#243; el test chi-cuadrado o de Fisher&#44; y se us&#243; el t de Student para muestras independientes para comparar medias&#44; una vez comprobada la normalidad de la muestra y la igualdad de varianzas&#59; en caso contrario&#44; se us&#243; el test de Mann-Whitney o el test de Welch&#46; Los modelos predictivos de respuesta se construyeron mediante pruebas de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica univariante y multivariante&#46; Las variables que presentaron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas o una tendencia &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;15&#41; en los an&#225;lisis univariantes entre los pacientes en actividad junto a las variables que&#44; por conocimientos te&#243;ricos o emp&#237;ricos&#44; se consider&#243; que pod&#237;an estar relacionadas con la variable dependiente se utilizaron para la construcci&#243;n del modelo&#46; La selecci&#243;n de las variables del modelo se realiz&#243; mediante un an&#225;lisis multivariado y se utiliz&#243; como m&#233;todo de inclusi&#243;n de las variables por pasos &#171;hacia atr&#225;s&#187;&#46; La magnitud de la asociaci&#243;n entre las variables predictivas del modelo y la variable dependiente se midi&#243; mediante las odds ratio &#40;OR&#41; y sus correspondientes IC del 95&#37;&#46; Se consider&#243; significativo un valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Consentimiento informado</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio se ha llevado a cabo tras la aprobaci&#243;n del mismo por el CEIC del centro y siguiendo sus directrices&#46; Los autores declaran que han obtenido la informaci&#243;n mediante revisi&#243;n de historias cl&#237;nicas siguiendo los procesos determinados por el hospital&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Resultados</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realizaron un total de 140 determinaciones a los 72 pacientes incluidos en el estudio&#46; La media de determinaciones por paciente fue de 1&#44;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;09&#46; No hubo diferencias entre las caracter&#237;sticas basales de los pacientes diagnosticados de CU y EC&#44; salvo la necesidad de biol&#243;gico durante el seguimiento &#40;mayor en EC&#41; y el tratamiento empleado durante el mismo&#44; que vari&#243; entre ambas&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes incluidos se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La dosis de AZA empleada para el tratamiento se ajust&#243; a las recomendaciones de la literatura<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; aunque hasta el 61&#44;5&#37; de los pacientes presentaban niveles de 6-TGN por debajo de rango &#243;ptimo&#44; y en el 7&#44;4&#37; de las determinaciones los niveles de 6-MMP estaban en rango de toxicidad&#46; Los valores de los metabolitos obtenidos en plasma se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#46; En la mayor&#237;a de casos se increment&#243; la dosis de tiopur&#237;nicos tras la determinaci&#243;n de niveles de los mismos &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica no encontr&#243; relaci&#243;n entre la actividad&#47;remisi&#243;n de la enfermedad y los niveles de 6-TGN&#44; dosis de azatioprina &#40;mg&#47;kg o mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; diaria ni tampoco con los cocientes 6-TGN&#47;6-MMP y 6-MMP&#47;6-TGN&#46; Los niveles de metabolitos en funci&#243;n de la actividad de la enfermedad se muestran en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Adherencia terap&#233;utica</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La medici&#243;n de niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos permiti&#243; detectar 4 casos de no cumplimentaci&#243;n terap&#233;utica&#44; lo que supone una tasa de cumplimentaci&#243;n superior al 95&#37;&#46; Rehistoriando a estos pacientes y a sus familias se identificaron los factores responsables de la falta de cumplimiento&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Efectos secundarios</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 17 casos el paciente estaba sobredosificado &#40;6-TGN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos&#41; o metabolizaba por ruta metab&#243;lica alternativa &#40;6-TGN<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>230 y 6-MMP<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos&#41;&#46; No obstante&#44; en ninguno de los casos se constat&#243; hepatotoxicidad ni mielotoxicidad&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados de nuestro estudio ponen de manifiesto que un alto porcentaje de casos presentaban niveles de 6-TGN inferiores a los considerados terap&#233;uticos&#44; y hasta el 7&#44;4&#37; tuvieron en el momento del an&#225;lisis niveles de 6-MMP en rango t&#243;xico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un estudio reciente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> mostr&#243; resultados similares en cuanto a infradosificaci&#243;n de tiopur&#237;nicos en su serie &#40;45&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; demostrando que la monitorizaci&#243;n de niveles ayuda a detectar casos potenciales en los que el incremento de dosis de AZA pueda ayudar a mantener la remisi&#243;n sin necesidad de administrar nuevos f&#225;rmacos&#44; tal y como recomiendan las gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15</span></a>&#44; ya que estudios previos describen tasas de remisi&#243;n mayores dependientes de la dosis de AZA y de 6-MMP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otra de las ventajas potenciales de la monitorizaci&#243;n de niveles es prevenir la toxicidad relacionada con los f&#225;rmacos&#44; ya que se comprueba que aproximadamente el 20-30&#37; de los pacientes tienen que abandonar el tratamiento por la aparici&#243;n de efectos adversos relacionados con &#233;l<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17-19</span></a>&#46; Cierto tipo de hepatotoxicidad est&#225; relacionada con los niveles de 6-MMP&#44; sugiri&#233;ndose la presencia de niveles mayores de 5&#46;700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos en sangre de 6-MMP como factor de riesgo de da&#241;o hep&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10</span></a>&#46; En nuestra serie&#44; 10 determinaciones de 6-MMP &#40;7&#44;4&#37;&#41; presentaban niveles en rango de hepatotoxicidad&#44; cifras similares a las encontradas en otros estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Respecto a la 6-TGN&#44; diversos trabajos apoyan la hip&#243;tesis de que sus niveles se correlacionan con el riesgo de presentar mielotoxicidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> incluso precozmente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> y&#44; por tanto&#44; su monitorizaci&#243;n y adecuaci&#243;n posterior podr&#237;an evitar cierto n&#250;mero de casos&#46; En nuestro estudio&#44; hasta en el 5&#37; de las determinaciones de metabolitos se detectaron cifras superiores a lo recomendado&#44; similar a la incidencia global del 7&#37; descrita por Gisbert y Gomoll&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> en una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#218;nicamente 9 pacientes de 67 que estaban en monoterapia con AZA &#40;13&#44;4&#37;&#41; tuvieron que a&#241;adir biol&#243;gicos al tratamiento&#44; dato similar al 12&#37; reportado por Su&#225;rez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; El tiempo medio de seguimiento previo de enfermedad al inicio de biol&#243;gico fue de 4&#44;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; y 18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>meses del tratamiento en monoterapia con AZA en pacientes con EC &#40;fenotipo mayoritario que precisa utilizaci&#243;n de biol&#243;gicos en nuestra serie&#44; siendo la diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa respecto a los pacientes con CU&#41;&#46; Con la monitorizaci&#243;n de niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos el paso a terapia con biol&#243;gicos u otros tratamientos podr&#237;a disminuir potencialmente&#44; aunque es cierto que en la actualidad estos f&#225;rmacos son cada vez m&#225;s utilizados en pacientes con EII&#46; En nuestra experiencia&#44; la serie de pacientes en tratamiento con biol&#243;gicos es cada vez mayor&#44; siendo m&#225;s estrictos con la aparici&#243;n de ciertos efectos adversos asociados a las tiopurinas&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; los f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos presentan mejor perfil de seguridad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#44; y es sabido que se consigue curaci&#243;n mucosa en mayor porcentaje de pacientes con estos &#250;ltimos y tambi&#233;n en comboterapia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No obstante&#44; desde una perspectiva econ&#243;mica creemos que la monitorizaci&#243;n de tiopur&#237;nicos puede resultar coste-efectiva&#44; situaci&#243;n evaluada por otros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#44; debido en parte al bajo coste en relaci&#243;n con otras opciones terap&#233;uticas&#44; como los f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#46; No obstante&#44; se precisan m&#225;s estudios de este tipo para poder realizar una recomendaci&#243;n clara al respecto&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acuerdo con estudios previos realizados en adultos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a> y en contra a lo reportado por otros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;30&#44;31</span></a>&#44; no encontramos relaci&#243;n entre los niveles de 6-TGN y la actividad de la enfermedad&#44; probablemente debido al alto n&#250;mero de p&#233;rdidas registrado&#44; al tratarse de un estudio retrospectivo y no disponer de puntuaci&#243;n exacta de wPCDAI o PUCAI en el momento de la visita del paciente&#44; motivado en la mayor&#237;a de los casos por ausencia de estudio anal&#237;tico concomitante con el momento de la extracci&#243;n de niveles&#46; A la hora de interpretar los resultados hay que tener en cuenta las caracter&#237;sticas basales de la poblaci&#243;n de estudio&#44; lo que puede limitar la validez externa&#46; As&#237;&#44; por ejemplo&#44; en el estudio de Lee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> los niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos fueron tomados en pacientes que tomaban azatioprina en comboterapia con mesalazina y no en monoterapia&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la dosis media de AZA en dicho estudio es muy inferior a la que tomaban los pacientes en nuestro estudio &#40;media de 1&#44;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a en dicho estudio frente a 2&#44;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a en nuestro centro&#41;&#44; lo que puede influir en los resultados&#44; ya que niveles superiores a dicha cifra se correlacionar&#225;n m&#225;s activamente con la remisi&#243;n&#44; a tenor de diversas gu&#237;as en las que se recomienda la utilizaci&#243;n de cifras superiores a 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a de AZA en la EII<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> en pacientes con actividad normal de TPMT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Otra explicaci&#243;n podr&#237;a ser que la poblaci&#243;n de dicho estudio es eminentemente de raza asi&#225;tica&#44; en tanto que nuestros pacientes son de raza mediterr&#225;nea o magreb&#237; en su mayor&#237;a&#44; y los niveles de AZA necesarios para mantener la remisi&#243;n pudieran diferir en funci&#243;n de la misma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; En una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica&#44; Konidari et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> concluyeron que los niveles de tiopurinas no ayudan a predecir la remisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica pero facilitan la optimizaci&#243;n del tratamiento y pueden prevenir casos de toxicidad&#44; mientras que un metaan&#225;lisis reciente concluy&#243; que los niveles de 6-TGN s&#237; presentan asociaci&#243;n con las tasas de remisi&#243;n&#44; atribuyendo los resultados controvertidos a la heterogeneidad de los estudios publicados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a las limitaciones&#44; la principal debilidad de nuestro estudio es su car&#225;cter retrospectivo&#46; Por el contrario&#44; el alto n&#250;mero de determinaciones y el elevado seguimiento realizado a los pacientes supone una de sus principales fortalezas&#44; as&#237; como la ausencia de estudios similares en nuestro medio&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A tenor de la experiencia en nuestro centro podemos concluir que la monitorizaci&#243;n de niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos en pacientes pedi&#225;tricos con EII supone un m&#233;todo eficaz para la adecuaci&#243;n terap&#233;utica&#44; que posiblemente ayude a optimizar la terapia y evite en muchos casos la escalada a otros tratamientos&#44; generalmente f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#46; Asimismo&#44; puede tratarse de una herramienta &#250;til a la hora de detectar niveles elevados del f&#225;rmaco que potencialmente pudiesen causar toxicidad&#44; consigui&#233;ndose con la determinaci&#243;n de los mismos la posibilidad de prevenir dicha toxicidad y siendo&#44; por tanto&#44; una buena opci&#243;n a la hora de optimizar el seguimiento m&#233;dico en dichos pacientes&#46; Creemos que dicha pr&#225;ctica se deber&#237;a implementar en la mayor&#237;a de los centros&#46; Se precisan m&#225;s estudios que ayuden a delimitar de forma clara el porcentaje de pacientes que se benefician de la monitorizaci&#243;n y las circunstancias para realizar la misma&#44; as&#237; como estudios farmacogen&#233;ticos que delimiten el riesgo individual de cada paciente&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Poblaci&#243;n"
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            1 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Determinaci&#243;n de metabolitos"
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              "titulo" => "Adherencia terap&#233;utica"
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              "titulo" => "Efectos secundarios"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-07-26"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-10-11"
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            1 => "Tiopurinas"
            2 => "Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal"
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            1 => "Thiopurines"
            2 => "Inflammatory bowel disease"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las tiopurinas son f&#225;rmacos muy empleados para el mantenimiento de la remisi&#243;n en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal&#46; Se conocen cu&#225;les son los niveles plasm&#225;ticos &#243;ptimos&#44; y existe controversia acerca de si reducen la necesidad de otros f&#225;rmacos o son coste-efectivos&#46; El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue describir el uso del tratamiento optimizado con tiopur&#237;nicos en pacientes pedi&#225;tricos con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal seguidos en nuestra unidad desde la implementaci&#243;n de la determinaci&#243;n de niveles de f&#225;rmaco&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en el que se analizaron valores en plasma mediante cromatograf&#237;a l&#237;quida de 6-tioguanina &#40;6-TGN&#41;&#44; 6-metilmercaptopurina &#40;6-MMP&#41; y sus cocientes&#44; as&#237; como estado cl&#237;nico y variables anal&#237;ticas y demogr&#225;ficas de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en seguimiento en nuestra unidad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 72 pacientes y se realizaron 140 determinaciones de metabolitos&#46; En el 61&#44;5&#37; de las determinaciones los niveles de 6-TGN se encontraban por debajo del rango terap&#233;utico &#40;en 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>casos debido a falta de adherencia terap&#233;utica&#41;&#44; y en el 7&#44;4&#37; de las de 6-MMP estaban en rango de toxicidad&#46; Tras la determinaci&#243;n de 77 muestras se tom&#243; alguna actitud derivada&#44; procedi&#233;ndose a la modificaci&#243;n de dosis&#44; al cambio de formulaci&#243;n o a la suspensi&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco&#46; &#218;nicamente 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pacientes escalaron a f&#225;rmaco biol&#243;gico &#40;13&#44;4&#37; del total que estaban en monoterapia&#41;&#46; No se encontr&#243; relaci&#243;n entre la actividad de la enfermedad y los niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En nuestra experiencia la monitorizaci&#243;n de niveles de tiopurinas ayud&#243; a modificar la dosis de f&#225;rmaco que recib&#237;a el paciente&#44; adecuando sus niveles terap&#233;uticos y evitando potencialmente la adici&#243;n de nuevos f&#225;rmacos&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thiopurines are drugs widely used in patients for the maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease&#46; The optimal plasma levels are known&#44; but there is controversy about whether the need for other drugs is reduced or is cost-effective&#46; The aim of this study is to describe the use of the optimised treatment with thiopurines in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease followed up in this Unit since the introduction of determining the drug levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive retrospective study was conducted in which the plasma values of 6-thioguanine &#40;6-TGN&#41;&#44; 6-methyl-mercapto-purine &#40;6-MMP&#41;&#44; and their ratios were analysed using liquid chromatography&#46; Other variables were collected&#44; such as clinical status&#44; analytical and demographic variables of patients with inflammatory bowel disease followed up in this Unit&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 72 patients were included&#44; and 149 determinations of metabolites were performed&#46; The 6-TGN levels were found to below the therapeutic range in 61&#46;5&#37; of patients &#40;in 7 cases due to lack of adherence to therapy&#41;&#44; and 6-MMP was in the toxicity range in 7&#46;4&#37;&#46; After the determination of 77 specimens&#44; some action was taken&#44; such as modifying the dose&#44; change of formula&#44; or withdrawing the drug&#46; Only 9 patients were scaled to a biological drug &#40;13&#46;4&#37; of the total on single therapy&#41;&#46; No association was found between the activity of the disease and the thiopurine levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In our experience&#44; the monitoring of thiopurine levels helped to modify the drug dose that the patient received&#44; adjusting their therapeutic levels&#44; and potentially avoiding the addition of new drugs&#46;</p></span>"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Metabolismo de las tiopurinas&#46;</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">6-MMP&#58; 6-metilmercaptopurina&#59; 6-MP&#58; 6-mercaptopurina&#59; 6-TGDP&#58; 6-tioguanina difosfato&#59; 6-TGMP&#58; 6-tioguanina monofosfato&#59; 6-TGTP&#58; 6-tioguanina trifosfato&#59; 6-TIMP&#58; 6-metiltioinosinato&#59; 6-TU&#58; 6-&#225;cido tio&#250;rico&#59; 6-TXMP&#58; 6-&#225;cido tioxantilico&#59; AZA&#58; azatioprina&#59; GMPS&#58; guanosina monofosfato sintetasa&#59; HPRT&#58; hipoxantina-guanina-fosforribosil-transferasa&#59; IMPDH&#58; inosina 5&#8217;-monofosfato deshidrogenasa&#59;TPMT&#58; tiopurina-metiltransfersa&#59; XO&#58; xantina oxidasa&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&#47;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;458&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad al diagn&#243;stico &#40;media</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#44;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;069&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Raza &#40;mediterr&#225;nea&#47;magreb&#237;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">41&#47;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#47;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;417&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Antropometr&#237;a al diagn&#243;stico &#40;&#62;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#241;os&#41; &#40;media</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DE&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peso &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36&#44;41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31&#44;26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#44;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;183&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Z-score peso&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;298&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Talla &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">144&#44;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#44;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">137&#44;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;208&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Z-score talla&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;633&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IMC &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;107&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Z-score IMC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;228&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Historia familiar &#40;S&#237;&#47;No&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#47;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#47;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;931&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actividad TPMT &#40;U&#47;ml RBC&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5-13&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 13&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo seguimiento&#44; a&#241;os &#40;mediana&#47;RIQ&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;95&#47;1&#44;81&#58;3&#44;20-5&#44;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;30&#47;3&#44;79&#58;2&#44;28-6&#44;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;762&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Necesidad de biol&#243;gico &#40;S&#237;&#47;No&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#47;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#47;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tiempo hasta inicio biol&#243;gico en pacientes en monoterapia&#44; meses &#40;mediana&#47;RIQ&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&#44;16&#47;19&#44;29&#58;7&#44;74-27&#44;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31&#44;57&#47;44&#44;36&#58;1&#44;82-46&#44;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;425&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Otros f&#225;rmacos empleados durante el seguimiento &#40;n&#250;mero de pacientes&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tacrolimus rectal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nutrici&#243;n enteral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5-ASA oral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Valor en rango&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Por encima de rango&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Por debajo de rango&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6-TGN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">140 &#40;141-281&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;33&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">85 &#40;61&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6-MMP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;321&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;299&#44;39 &#40;490&#44;1-2&#46;789&#44;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">126 &#40;92&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;7&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6-MMP&#47;6-TGN&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;05 &#40;2&#44;67-41&#44;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6-TGN&#47;6-MMP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;30 &#40;0&#44;06-0&#44;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dosis empleada AZA &#40;mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#237;a&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;53 &#40;2&#44;25-2&#44;77&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos medidos en pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos en sangre y dosis de AZA empleada v&#237;a oral</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ninguna actitud&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57 &#40;40&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Modificaci&#243;n del tratamiento</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77 &#40;55&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aumento de dosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;45&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disminuci&#243;n de dosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Suspensi&#243;n de f&#225;rmaco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;5&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cambio de formulaci&#243;n &#40;paso de soluci&#243;n a comprimido o viceversa&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Inicio de otro f&#225;rmaco &#40;metrotexato&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#44;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Inicio de biol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#47;67 &#40;13&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6-TGN&#47;6-MMP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes en remisi&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mediana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">246&#44;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;235&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RIQ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">228&#44;5 &#40;130&#44;4-358&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;409&#44;55 &#40;581&#44;45-3&#46;991&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#44;46 &#40;2&#44;84-15&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;28 &#40;0&#44;07-0&#44;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pacientes en actividad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mediana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">210&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;321&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RIQ&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">124&#44;58 &#40;141&#44;32-265&#44;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;853&#44;34 &#40;702&#44;91-2&#46;556&#44;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;26 &#40;3&#44;42-12&#44;68&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;21 &#40;0&#44;07-0&#44;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab2339218.png"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Niveles de tiopur&#237;nicos medidos en pmol&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> eritrocitos en sangre en pacientes en monoterapia en funci&#243;n de la actividad de la enfermedad</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:33 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Update on thiopurine pharmacogenetics in inflammatory bowel disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46;L&#46; Roberts"
                            1 => "M&#46;L&#46; Barclay"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 16954033
Idioma original: Español
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2020 Agosto 102 44 146
2020 Julio 402 101 503
2020 Junio 67 12 79
2020 Mayo 72 19 91
2020 Abril 46 12 58
2020 Marzo 59 21 80
2020 Febrero 54 15 69
2020 Enero 60 13 73
2019 Diciembre 294 69 363
2019 Noviembre 28 14 42
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Anales de Pediatría
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¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?