array:23 [
  "pii" => "S169540330078622X"
  "issn" => "16954033"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S1695-4033(00)78622-X"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2000-11-01"
  "aid" => "78622"
  "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Pediatría"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2000"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "An Pediatr (Barc). 2000;53:412-7"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 1017
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 64
      "HTML" => 574
      "PDF" => 379
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1695403300786231"
    "issn" => "16954033"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S1695-4033(00)78623-1"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2000-11-01"
    "aid" => "78623"
    "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Pediatría"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "An Pediatr (Barc). 2000;53:418-21"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 12321
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 78
        "HTML" => 8475
        "PDF" => 3768
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Parotiditis crónica recurrente juvenil"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "418"
          "paginaFinal" => "421"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Chronic recurrent parotitis in childhood"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "A. Concheiro Guisán, E. Bellver Castañón, R. Garrido Romero, S. García-Tornel Florensa"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "A."
              "apellidos" => "Concheiro Guisán"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "E."
              "apellidos" => "Bellver Castañón"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "R."
              "apellidos" => "Garrido Romero"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "S."
              "apellidos" => "García-Tornel Florensa"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1695403300786231?idApp=UINPBA00005H"
    "url" => "/16954033/0000005300000005/v1_201307051525/S1695403300786231/v1_201307051525/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1695403300786218"
    "issn" => "16954033"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S1695-4033(00)78621-8"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2000-11-01"
    "aid" => "78621"
    "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Pediatría"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "An Pediatr (Barc). 2000;53:409-10"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 5309
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 55
        "HTML" => 4465
        "PDF" => 789
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:7 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Niño de 12 años con parálisis ascendente"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "409"
          "paginaFinal" => "410"
        ]
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "M. Pumarada Prieto, J.A. Concha Torre, C. Rey Galán, A. Medina Villanueva, S. Menéndez Cuervo"
          "autores" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M."
              "apellidos" => "Pumarada Prieto"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J.A."
              "apellidos" => "Concha Torre"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "C."
              "apellidos" => "Rey Galán"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "A."
              "apellidos" => "Medina Villanueva"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "S."
              "apellidos" => "Menéndez Cuervo"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1695403300786218?idApp=UINPBA00005H"
    "url" => "/16954033/0000005300000005/v1_201307051525/S1695403300786218/v1_201307051525/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "es" => array:14 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Control de un brote escolar de enfermedad meningocócica serogrupo B mediante quimioprofilaxis con azitromicina y ciprofloxacino"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "412"
        "paginaFinal" => "417"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "A. González de Aledo Linos, J. García Merino"
        "autores" => array:2 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "A."
            "apellidos" => "González de Aledo Linos"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "aaledo@cantabria.org"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "J&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a Merino"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:1 [
            "entidad" => "Secci&#243;n de Promoci&#243;n de la Salud&#46; Direcci&#243;n General de Sanidad de Cantabria&#46; Santander"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#42;&#46;"
            "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Correspondencia</span></span>&#58; Valdenoja&#44; 46&#44; 7&#46;&#176; 39012 Santander &#40;Cantabria&#41;&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Control of a school outbreak of meningococcal b infection through chemoprophylaxis with azithromycin and ciprofloxacin"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2000-01-01"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2000-07-01"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec186499"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meningococcus</span>"
            1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chemoprophylaxis</span>"
            2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Azithromycin</span>"
            3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ciprofloxacin</span>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec186498"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Meningococo</span>"
            1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quimioprofilaxis</span>"
            2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Azitromicina</span>"
            3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ciprofloxacino</span>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comprobar la efectividad de la azitromicina como medicamento quimioprofil&#225;ctico de la enfermedad meningoc&#243;cica en preescolares&#44; y la seguridad del ciprofloxacino en ni&#241;os de 6 a 16 a&#241;os&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En un brote escolar de enfermedad meningoc&#243;cica&#44; ante el fallo previo de la rifampicina&#44; se realiz&#243; un segundo ciclo de quimioprofilaxis con azitromicina en educaci&#243;n infantil &#40;99 ni&#241;os de 3 a 5 a&#241;os&#41; y con ciprofloxacino en educaci&#243;n primaria y secundaria &#40;795 ni&#241;os de 6 a 16 a&#241;os&#41; y en los 58 adultos del centro&#46; La eficacia de la quimioprofilaxis se comprob&#243; mediante los registros de ingresos por enfermedad meningoc&#243;cica&#44; el sistema EDO y las bajas escolares&#44; y la seguridad del ciprofloxacino mediante encuestas dirigidas a los padres y a los pediatras de la zona de influencia del colegio&#44; destinadas a recoger la incidencia de efectos adversos osteoarticulares&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El brote se control&#243; con la quimioprofilaxis establecida&#46; Se recogieron 764 encuestas &#40;tasa de respuesta&#44; 89&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; La incidencia de artralgias tras ciprofloxacino fue del 0&#44;9&#37; en los ni&#241;os y del 3&#44;3&#37; en adultos&#46; Todas fueron leves y autolimitadas sin tratamiento&#44; menos un caso &#40;en el grupo de adultos&#41; en que persist&#237;an un mes tras la quimioprofilaxis pero de naturaleza tan leve que no hab&#237;a consultado a su m&#233;dico&#46; S&#243;lo 3 ni&#241;os hab&#237;an realizado consulta m&#233;dica por las artralgias&#44; por lo que la incidencia detectada por el sistema habitual de farmacovigilancia hubiera sido de 0&#44;4&#37; en los ni&#241;os y 0&#37; en los adultos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La azitromicina fue eficaz en el control del brote en los ni&#241;os de 3-5 a&#241;os&#46; El ciprofloxacino fue seguro y eficaz&#44; sin ning&#250;n efecto osteoarticular grave o persistente en ni&#241;os&#44; y con una incidencia de artralgias menor que en los adultos&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the efficacy of azithromycin as a chemoprophylactic agent in meningococcal disease in pre-school aged children&#44; and the safety of ciprofloxacin in children aged 6-16 years old&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">After classic chemoprophylaxis with rifampicin failed to control a school outbreak of meningococcal disease in Cantabria &#40;Spain&#41;&#44; a second cycle of chemoprophylaxis was administered in the school&#46; Azithromycin was administered in the nursery level &#40;99 children&#44; aged 3-5 years old&#41; and ciprofloxacin was administered in the primary and secondary levels &#40;795 children&#44; aged 6-16 years old&#41; and in the school&#39;s adult personnel &#40;58 persons&#41;&#46; The efficacy of chemoprophylaxis was studied through records of cases of meningococcal disease&#44; the mandatory disease reporting system&#44; and the school&#39;s absences&#46; The safety of ciprofloxacin was studied using a questionnaire designed to determine the incidence of adverse osteoarticular effects&#44; which was distributed to parents&#44; school personnel and pediatricians within the school&#39;s area&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The chemoprophylaxis administered controlled the outbreak&#46; We collected 764 questionnaires &#40;response rate&#58; 89&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; The incidence of arthralgia after ciprofloxacin was 0&#46;9&#37; in children and 3&#46;3&#37; in adults&#46; All were mild and self-limiting without specific treatment&#44; except in one patient &#40;in the adult group&#41; in whom arthralgia was present 1 month after prophylactic treatment&#46; However&#44; the arthralgia was so mild that the patient had not consulted her physician&#46; Only three children had sought medical advice for arthralgia&#46; Consequently&#44; the incidence that would have been detected by the Spanish pharmacovigilance system would have been 0&#46;4&#37; in children and 0&#37; in adults&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Azithromycin was effective in controlling the outbreak in children aged between 3 and 5 years&#46; Ciprofloxacin was safe and effective&#44; with no serious or persistent osteoarticular effects in children&#46; The incidence of arthralgia was lower in children that in adults&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:33 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Azithromycin compared with rifampin for eradication of nasopharyngeal colonization by Neisseria Meningitidis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Girgis"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Sultan"
                            2 => "R&#46;W&#46; Frenck"
                            3 => "A&#46; El-Gendy"
                            4 => "Z&#46; Farid"
                            5 => "A&#46; Mateczun"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Infect Dis J"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "816"
                        "paginaFinal" => "819"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9779768"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Meningococcal disease prevention and control strategies for practice-based physicians"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "American Academy of Pediatrics"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "97"
                        "paginaInicial" => "404"
                        "paginaFinal" => "411"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8604281"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Comit&#233; Asesor de vacunas de la Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a&#46; Manual de vacunas en Pediatr&#237;a&#46; Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a&#44; 1996&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Seroprevalencia de anticuerpos bactericidas frente al Meningococo C en Cantabria 10 meses despu&#233;s de la campa&#241;a de vacunaci&#243;n"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Gonz&#225;lez de Aledo Linos"
                            1 => "J&#46; Garc&#237;a Merino"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Salud P&#250;blica"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "72"
                        "paginaInicial" => "365"
                        "paginaFinal" => "374"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9810841"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Efectos de la vacuna de la enfermedad meningoc&#243;cica en Cantabria"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Gonz&#225;lez de Aledo Linos"
                            1 => "J&#46; Garc&#237;a Merino"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Salud P&#250;blica"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "72"
                        "paginaInicial" => "415"
                        "paginaFinal" => "418"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9951334"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evoluci&#243;n epidemiol&#243;gica de la meningitis C y finalizaci&#243;n de la campa&#241;a de vacunaci&#243;n"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Gonz&#225;lez de Aledo Linos"
                            1 => "J&#46; Garc&#237;a Merino"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bol Epidemiol Cantabria"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "4"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Direcci&#243;n General de Prevenci&#243;n y Promoci&#243;n de la Salud&#46; Protocolo de actuaci&#243;n ante las meningitis&#46; Comunidad de Madrid&#44; 1993&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Control and prevention of meningococcal disease and Control and prevention of serogroup C meningococcal disease&#58; evaluation and management of suspected outbreaks&#58; recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices &#40;ACIP&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Centers For Disease Control And Prevention"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "MMWR"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "numero" => "No&#46; RR-5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "21"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9427216"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Comit&#233; de Enfermedades Infecciosas&#46; Academia Americana de Pediatr&#237;a&#46; Red Book de enfermedades infecciosas en Pediatr&#237;a &#40;ed&#46; esp&#46;&#41;&#44; 24&#46;&#170; ed&#46; Buenos Aires&#58; M&#233;dica Panamericana&#44; 1999&#59; 389-394&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Bitar CN&#44; Steele RW&#46; Use of prophylactic antibiotics in children&#46; En&#58; Adv Pediatr Infect Dis&#44; eds&#46; Mosby 1995&#59; 10&#58; 227-245&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Guidelines for control of meningococcal disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Advisory Committee on Epidemiology"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can Dis Weekly Rep"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "245"
                        "paginaFinal" => "249"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epidemiology and prevention of meningococcal disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "F&#46;X&#46; Riedo"
                            1 => "B&#46;D&#46; Plikaytis"
                            2 => "C&#46;V&#46; Broome"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Infect Dis J"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "643"
                        "paginaFinal" => "657"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8532420"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The epidemiology and control of meningococcal disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "PHLS&#46;&#44; Meningococcal Infections Working Party"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Communicable Disease Report"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3"
                        "paginaFinal" => "6"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Preventive strategies on meningococcal disease"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46;T&#46; Mayon-White"
                            1 => "P&#46;T&#46; Heath"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dis Child"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "75"
                        "paginaInicial" => "178"
                        "paginaFinal" => "181"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "15&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Bacterial meningitis&#44; practical guidelines for management"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Rockowitz"
                            1 => "A&#46;R&#46; Tunkel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Drugs"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "50"
                        "paginaInicial" => "838"
                        "paginaFinal" => "853"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8586029"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "16&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparaci&#243;n de la eficacia de la ceftriaxona y la rifampicina en la erradicaci&#243;n del estado de portador far&#237;ngeo de Neisseria meningitidis grupo A"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Schwartz"
                            1 => "A&#46; Al-Ruwais"
                            2 => "J&#46; A&#8217;Ashi"
                            3 => "C&#46;V&#46; Broome"
                            4 => "A&#46; Al-Tobaiqi"
                            5 => "R&#46;E&#46; Fontaine"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet &#40;ed&#46; esp&#46;&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1239"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1242"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "17&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Use of single-dose ofloxacin to eradicate tonsillopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "O&#46;H&#46; Gilja"
                            1 => "A&#46; Halstensen"
                            2 => "A&#46; Digranes"
                            3 => "H&#46; Mylvaganam"
                            4 => "A&#46; Aksnes"
                            5 => "E&#46;A&#46; Hoiby"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Antimicrob Agents Chemoter"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "37"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2024"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2026"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "18&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Distribution of Azithromycin into brain tissue&#44; cerebrospinal fluid&#44; and aqueous humor of the eye"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Jaruratanasirikul"
                            1 => "R&#46; Hortiwakul"
                            2 => "T&#46; Tantisarasart"
                            3 => "N&#46; Phuenpathom"
                            4 => "S&#46; Tussanasunthornwong"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Antimicrob Agents Chemoter"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "825"
                        "paginaFinal" => "826"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "19&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Meningitis meningoc&#243;cica&#58; puesta al d&#237;a"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "An&#243;nimo"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bol Ter Andaluz"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "4"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "20&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Potential quinoloneinduced cartilage toxicity in children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "K&#46;A&#46; Camp"
                            1 => "S&#46;L&#46; Miyagi"
                            2 => "D&#46;J&#46; Schroeder"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Pharmacother"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "paginaInicial" => "336"
                        "paginaFinal" => "338"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8193422"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "21&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Rheumatologic aspects of pediatric cystic fibrosis patients treated with fluoroquinolones"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46;W&#46; Warren"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Infect Dis J"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "118"
                        "paginaFinal" => "122"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9002121"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "22&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ciprofloxacin as antipseudomonal treatment in patients with cystic fibrosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "U&#46;B&#46; Schaad"
                            1 => "J&#46; Wedgwood"
                            2 => "A&#46; Ruedeberg"
                            3 => "R&#46; Kraemer"
                            4 => "B&#46; Hampel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Infect Dis J"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "106"
                        "paginaFinal" => "111"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9002119"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "23&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of pseudomonas exacerbations of pediatric cystic fibrosis&#58; clinical efficacy and safety evaluation using magnetic resonance image scanning"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Redmond"
                            1 => "L&#46; Sweeney"
                            2 => "M&#46; MacFarland"
                            3 => "M&#46; Mitchell"
                            4 => "S&#46; Daggett"
                            5 => "R&#46; Kubin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Int Med Res"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "304"
                        "paginaFinal" => "312"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10399112"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "24&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tolerance and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the chick&#46; Preliminary experience in subjects of pediatric age with urinary tract infections &#40;UTI&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Naccari"
                            1 => "D&#46;C&#46; Salpietro"
                            2 => "A&#46; De Sarro"
                            3 => "A&#46; Masaracchio"
                            4 => "I&#46; Barbieri"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "99"
                        "paginaInicial" => "187"
                        "paginaFinal" => "192"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9583092"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "25&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Use of Ciprofloxacin in developing countries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Green"
                            1 => "G&#46; Tillotson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Infect Dis J"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "150"
                        "paginaFinal" => "159"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9002127"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "26&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Use of fluoroquinolones in pediatrics&#58; consensus report of an International Society of Chemotherapy Commission"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "U&#46;B&#46; Schaad"
                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46; Salam"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Aujard"
                            3 => "R&#46; Dagan"
                            4 => "S&#46;D&#46;R&#46; Green"
                            5 => "H&#46; Peltola"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Infect Dis J"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "9"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7715981"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "27&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Outpatient treatment of fever and neutropenia for low risk pediatric cancer patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46;A&#46; Mullen"
                            1 => "D&#46; Petropoulos"
                            2 => "W&#46;M&#46; Roberts"
                            3 => "M&#46; Rytting"
                            4 => "T&#46; Zipf"
                            5 => "K&#46;V&#46; Chan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cancer"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "86"
                        "paginaInicial" => "126"
                        "paginaFinal" => "134"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10391572"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "28&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Use of fluoroquinolones for empirical management of febrile neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Freifeld"
                            1 => "P&#46; Pizzo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Infect Dis J"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "140"
                        "paginaFinal" => "145"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9002125"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "29&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Randomised comparison of ciprofloxacin suspension and pivmecillinam for childhood shigellosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46;A&#46; Salam"
                            1 => "U&#46; Dhar"
                            2 => "W&#46;A&#46; Khan"
                            3 => "M&#46;L&#46; Bennish"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11457-X"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "352"
                        "paginaInicial" => "522"
                        "paginaFinal" => "527"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9716056"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "30&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Treatment with ciprofloxacin in children with typhoid fever"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "L&#46;L&#46; Thomsen"
                            1 => "A&#46; Paerregaard"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Scand J Infect Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "355"
                        "paginaFinal" => "357"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9817514"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "31&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ciprofloxacin as a therapeutic modality in pediatric burn wound infections&#58; efficacious or contraindicated&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;P&#46; Heggers"
                            1 => "C&#46; Villarreal"
                            2 => "P&#46; Edgar"
                            3 => "S&#46; Wolf"
                            4 => "G&#46;L&#46; Klein"
                            5 => "S&#46;D&#46; John"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "133"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1247"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1250"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9820358"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "32&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Eradication of nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria Meningitidis in children and adults in rural Africa&#58; a comparison of ciprofloxacin and rifampin"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "L&#46;E&#46; Cuevas"
                            1 => "P&#46; Kazembe"
                            2 => "G&#46;K&#46; Mughogho"
                            3 => "G&#46;S&#46; Tillotson"
                            4 => "C&#46;A&#46; Hart"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Infect Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "171"
                        "paginaInicial" => "728"
                        "paginaFinal" => "731"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7876629"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "33&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Failure of mass antibiotic prophylaxis to control a prolonged outbreak of meningococcal disease in an Israel village"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Shehab"
                            1 => "N&#46; Keller"
                            2 => "A&#46; Barkay"
                            3 => "L&#46; Leitner"
                            4 => "A&#46; Leventhal"
                            5 => "C&#46; Block"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "749"
                        "paginaFinal" => "753"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  "url" => "/16954033/0000005300000005/v1_201307051525/S169540330078622X/v1_201307051525/es/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "14282"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "es" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Originales"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/16954033/0000005300000005/v1_201307051525/S169540330078622X/v1_201307051525/es/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00005H&text.app=https://analesdepediatria.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S169540330078622X?idApp=UINPBA00005H"
]
Compartir
Información de la revista
Vol. 53. Núm. 5.
Páginas 412-417 (noviembre 2000)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 53. Núm. 5.
Páginas 412-417 (noviembre 2000)
Acceso a texto completo
Control de un brote escolar de enfermedad meningocócica serogrupo B mediante quimioprofilaxis con azitromicina y ciprofloxacino
Control of a school outbreak of meningococcal b infection through chemoprophylaxis with azithromycin and ciprofloxacin
Visitas
4423
A. González de Aledo Linos
Autor para correspondencia
aaledo@cantabria.org

Correspondencia: Valdenoja, 46, 7.° 39012 Santander (Cantabria).
, J. García Merino
Sección de Promoción de la Salud. Dirección General de Sanidad de Cantabria. Santander
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Abstract
Objetivos

Comprobar la efectividad de la azitromicina como medicamento quimioprofiláctico de la enfermedad meningocócica en preescolares, y la seguridad del ciprofloxacino en niños de 6 a 16 años.

Material y métodos

En un brote escolar de enfermedad meningocócica, ante el fallo previo de la rifampicina, se realizó un segundo ciclo de quimioprofilaxis con azitromicina en educación infantil (99 niños de 3 a 5 años) y con ciprofloxacino en educación primaria y secundaria (795 niños de 6 a 16 años) y en los 58 adultos del centro. La eficacia de la quimioprofilaxis se comprobó mediante los registros de ingresos por enfermedad meningocócica, el sistema EDO y las bajas escolares, y la seguridad del ciprofloxacino mediante encuestas dirigidas a los padres y a los pediatras de la zona de influencia del colegio, destinadas a recoger la incidencia de efectos adversos osteoarticulares.

Resultados

El brote se controló con la quimioprofilaxis establecida. Se recogieron 764 encuestas (tasa de respuesta, 89,5%). La incidencia de artralgias tras ciprofloxacino fue del 0,9% en los niños y del 3,3% en adultos. Todas fueron leves y autolimitadas sin tratamiento, menos un caso (en el grupo de adultos) en que persistían un mes tras la quimioprofilaxis pero de naturaleza tan leve que no había consultado a su médico. Sólo 3 niños habían realizado consulta médica por las artralgias, por lo que la incidencia detectada por el sistema habitual de farmacovigilancia hubiera sido de 0,4% en los niños y 0% en los adultos.

Conclusiones

La azitromicina fue eficaz en el control del brote en los niños de 3-5 años. El ciprofloxacino fue seguro y eficaz, sin ningún efecto osteoarticular grave o persistente en niños, y con una incidencia de artralgias menor que en los adultos.

Key words:
Meningococcus
Chemoprophylaxis
Azithromycin
Ciprofloxacin
Resumen
Objective

To assess the efficacy of azithromycin as a chemoprophylactic agent in meningococcal disease in pre-school aged children, and the safety of ciprofloxacin in children aged 6-16 years old.

Methods

After classic chemoprophylaxis with rifampicin failed to control a school outbreak of meningococcal disease in Cantabria (Spain), a second cycle of chemoprophylaxis was administered in the school. Azithromycin was administered in the nursery level (99 children, aged 3-5 years old) and ciprofloxacin was administered in the primary and secondary levels (795 children, aged 6-16 years old) and in the school's adult personnel (58 persons). The efficacy of chemoprophylaxis was studied through records of cases of meningococcal disease, the mandatory disease reporting system, and the school's absences. The safety of ciprofloxacin was studied using a questionnaire designed to determine the incidence of adverse osteoarticular effects, which was distributed to parents, school personnel and pediatricians within the school's area.

Results

The chemoprophylaxis administered controlled the outbreak. We collected 764 questionnaires (response rate: 89.5%). The incidence of arthralgia after ciprofloxacin was 0.9% in children and 3.3% in adults. All were mild and self-limiting without specific treatment, except in one patient (in the adult group) in whom arthralgia was present 1 month after prophylactic treatment. However, the arthralgia was so mild that the patient had not consulted her physician. Only three children had sought medical advice for arthralgia. Consequently, the incidence that would have been detected by the Spanish pharmacovigilance system would have been 0.4% in children and 0% in adults.

Conclusions

Azithromycin was effective in controlling the outbreak in children aged between 3 and 5 years. Ciprofloxacin was safe and effective, with no serious or persistent osteoarticular effects in children. The incidence of arthralgia was lower in children that in adults.

Palabras clave:
Meningococo
Quimioprofilaxis
Azitromicina
Ciprofloxacino
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
N. Girgis, Y. Sultan, R.W. Frenck, A. El-Gendy, Z. Farid, A. Mateczun.
Azithromycin compared with rifampin for eradication of nasopharyngeal colonization by Neisseria Meningitidis.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 17 (1998), pp. 816-819
[2.]
American Academy of Pediatrics.
Meningococcal disease prevention and control strategies for practice-based physicians.
Pediatrics, 97 (1996), pp. 404-411
[3.]
Comité Asesor de vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría. Manual de vacunas en Pediatría. Asociación Española de Pediatría, 1996.
[4.]
A. González de Aledo Linos, J. García Merino.
Seroprevalencia de anticuerpos bactericidas frente al Meningococo C en Cantabria 10 meses después de la campaña de vacunación.
Rev Esp Salud Pública, 72 (1998), pp. 365-374
[5.]
A. González de Aledo Linos, J. García Merino.
Efectos de la vacuna de la enfermedad meningocócica en Cantabria.
Rev Esp Salud Pública, 72 (1998), pp. 415-418
[6.]
A. González de Aledo Linos, J. García Merino.
Evolución epidemiológica de la meningitis C y finalización de la campaña de vacunación.
Bol Epidemiol Cantabria, 3 (1999), pp. 1-4
[7.]
Dirección General de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud. Protocolo de actuación ante las meningitis. Comunidad de Madrid, 1993.
[8.]
Centers For Disease Control And Prevention.
Control and prevention of meningococcal disease and Control and prevention of serogroup C meningococcal disease: evaluation and management of suspected outbreaks: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
MMWR, 46 (1997), pp. 1-21
[9.]
Comité de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Academia Americana de Pediatría. Red Book de enfermedades infecciosas en Pediatría (ed. esp.), 24.ª ed. Buenos Aires: Médica Panamericana, 1999; 389-394.
[10.]
Bitar CN, Steele RW. Use of prophylactic antibiotics in children. En: Adv Pediatr Infect Dis, eds. Mosby 1995; 10: 227-245.
[11.]
Advisory Committee on Epidemiology.
Guidelines for control of meningococcal disease.
Can Dis Weekly Rep, 17 (1991), pp. 245-249
[12.]
F.X. Riedo, B.D. Plikaytis, C.V. Broome.
Epidemiology and prevention of meningococcal disease.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 14 (1995), pp. 643-657
[13.]
PHLS., Meningococcal Infections Working Party.
The epidemiology and control of meningococcal disease.
Communicable Disease Report, 8 (1989), pp. 3-6
[14.]
R.T. Mayon-White, P.T. Heath.
Preventive strategies on meningococcal disease.
Arch Dis Child, 75 (1997), pp. 178-181
[15.]
J. Rockowitz, A.R. Tunkel.
Bacterial meningitis, practical guidelines for management.
Drugs, 50 (1995), pp. 838-853
[16.]
B. Schwartz, A. Al-Ruwais, J. A’Ashi, C.V. Broome, A. Al-Tobaiqi, R.E. Fontaine, et al.
Comparación de la eficacia de la ceftriaxona y la rifampicina en la erradicación del estado de portador faríngeo de Neisseria meningitidis grupo A.
Lancet (ed. esp.), 1 (1988), pp. 1239-1242
[17.]
O.H. Gilja, A. Halstensen, A. Digranes, H. Mylvaganam, A. Aksnes, E.A. Hoiby.
Use of single-dose ofloxacin to eradicate tonsillopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis.
Antimicrob Agents Chemoter, 37 (1993), pp. 2024-2026
[18.]
S. Jaruratanasirikul, R. Hortiwakul, T. Tantisarasart, N. Phuenpathom, S. Tussanasunthornwong.
Distribution of Azithromycin into brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and aqueous humor of the eye.
Antimicrob Agents Chemoter, 40 (1996), pp. 825-826
[19.]
Anónimo.
Meningitis meningocócica: puesta al día.
Bol Ter Andaluz, 14 (1998), pp. 1-4
[20.]
K.A. Camp, S.L. Miyagi, D.J. Schroeder.
Potential quinoloneinduced cartilage toxicity in children.
Ann Pharmacother, 28 (1994), pp. 336-338
[21.]
R.W. Warren.
Rheumatologic aspects of pediatric cystic fibrosis patients treated with fluoroquinolones.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 16 (1997), pp. 118-122
[22.]
U.B. Schaad, J. Wedgwood, A. Ruedeberg, R. Kraemer, B. Hampel.
Ciprofloxacin as antipseudomonal treatment in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 16 (1997), pp. 106-111
[23.]
A. Redmond, L. Sweeney, M. MacFarland, M. Mitchell, S. Daggett, R. Kubin.
Oral ciprofloxacin in the treatment of pseudomonas exacerbations of pediatric cystic fibrosis: clinical efficacy and safety evaluation using magnetic resonance image scanning.
J Int Med Res, 26 (1998), pp. 304-312
[24.]
F. Naccari, D.C. Salpietro, A. De Sarro, A. Masaracchio, I. Barbieri.
Tolerance and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in the chick. Preliminary experience in subjects of pediatric age with urinary tract infections (UTI).
Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol, 99 (1998), pp. 187-192
[25.]
S. Green, G. Tillotson.
Use of Ciprofloxacin in developing countries.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 16 (1997), pp. 150-159
[26.]
U.B. Schaad, M.A. Salam, Y. Aujard, R. Dagan, S.D.R. Green, H. Peltola, et al.
Use of fluoroquinolones in pediatrics: consensus report of an International Society of Chemotherapy Commission.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 14 (1995), pp. 1-9
[27.]
C.A. Mullen, D. Petropoulos, W.M. Roberts, M. Rytting, T. Zipf, K.V. Chan, et al.
Outpatient treatment of fever and neutropenia for low risk pediatric cancer patients.
Cancer, 86 (1999), pp. 126-134
[28.]
A. Freifeld, P. Pizzo.
Use of fluoroquinolones for empirical management of febrile neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 16 (1997), pp. 140-145
[29.]
M.A. Salam, U. Dhar, W.A. Khan, M.L. Bennish.
Randomised comparison of ciprofloxacin suspension and pivmecillinam for childhood shigellosis.
[30.]
L.L. Thomsen, A. Paerregaard.
Treatment with ciprofloxacin in children with typhoid fever.
Scand J Infect Dis, 30 (1998), pp. 355-357
[31.]
J.P. Heggers, C. Villarreal, P. Edgar, S. Wolf, G.L. Klein, S.D. John, et al.
Ciprofloxacin as a therapeutic modality in pediatric burn wound infections: efficacious or contraindicated?.
Arch Surg, 133 (1998), pp. 1247-1250
[32.]
L.E. Cuevas, P. Kazembe, G.K. Mughogho, G.S. Tillotson, C.A. Hart.
Eradication of nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria Meningitidis in children and adults in rural Africa: a comparison of ciprofloxacin and rifampin.
J Infect Dis, 171 (1995), pp. 728-731
[33.]
S. Shehab, N. Keller, A. Barkay, L. Leitner, A. Leventhal, C. Block.
Failure of mass antibiotic prophylaxis to control a prolonged outbreak of meningococcal disease in an Israel village.
Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis, 17 (1998), pp. 749-753
Copyright © 2000. Asociación Española de Pediatría
Descargar PDF
Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?