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Vol. 59. Issue 6.
Pages 541-547 (1 December 2003)
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Vol. 59. Issue 6.
Pages 541-547 (1 December 2003)
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Tabaco, lactancia y sibilantes en los primeros tres años
Tobacco, Infant Feeding, And Wheezing In The First Three Years Of Life
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A. Cano Garcinuñoa,
Corresponding author
acanog@compalencia.org

Correspondencia: Dr. A. Cano Garcinuño. Centro de Salud de Villamuriel de Cerrato. 34190 Palencia. España
, I. Pérez Garcíab, J. García Puertasa, P. Casas Rodrígueza
a Centros de Salud de Villamuriel de Cerrato Palencia. España
b Centros de Salud de Jardinillos. Palencia. España
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Antecedentes

Las enfermedades del tracto respiratorio inferior con sibilantes son frecuentes y problemáticas en los niños pequeños. Los únicos factores de riesgo evitables son la exposición al tabaco y el tipo de lactancia.

Objetivo

Medir la influencia de esos factores de riesgo evitables sobre el riesgo de aparición de sibilantes en los primeros 3 años de vida.

Métodos

Estudio poblacional, con todos los niños nacidos entre enero de 1998 y noviembre de 2002, y atendidos desde el nacimiento en un centro de salud de Palencia. Precozmente tras el nacimiento, se recogió información sobre historia familiar, gestación, parto y hábito de fumar. La pauta de alimentación se identificó en visitas mensuales. Un pediatra identificó los episodios de sibilantes en los primeros 3 años.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 234 niños, y 43 de ellos tuvieron al menos un episodio de sibilantes. Tras ajustar por sexo, historia familiar de alergia, tener hermanos mayores, edad materna y mes de nacimiento, no hubo asociación de la aparición de sibilantes con la lactancia materna exclusiva 3 meses (razón de riesgos [HR] = 0,83; intervalo de confianza del 95 % [IC 95 %], 0,42-1,64), ni con la exposición al tabaco sólo tras el nacimiento (HR = 1,2; IC 95 %, 0,45-2,34). La exposición al tabaco durante la gestación se asociaba a mayor riesgo de sibilantes: HR = 2,54 (IC 95 %, 1,18-5,48).

Conclusiones

La exposición prenatal al tabaco es el principal factor de riesgo modificable para la aparición de sibilantes en los primeros 3 años.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedades del tracto respiratorio
Sibilantes
Tabaco
Lactancia materna
Factores de riesgo
Asma
Background

Wheezing lower respiratory tract diseases are frequent and troublesome in young children. However, the only avoidable risk factors for them are tobacco smoke exposure and feeding practices.

Objective

To measure the influence of these avoidable factors on the risk of wheeze in the first 3 years of life.

Methods

We performed a population study including all the children born between January 1998 and November 2002 who were attended in the same primary health center in Palencia (Spain) from birth. Information on family history, pregnancy, delivery, and smoking was obtained soon after birth. Feeding practices were recorded on monthly visits. Wheezing episodes in the first 3 years of life were identified by a pediatrician.

Results

Two hundred thirty-four children were included and 43 had at least one episode of wheezing. The results were adjusted by sex, prematurity, a family history of allergy, having older siblings, maternal age, and month of birth. No association was found between wheezing and exclusive breast feeding for 3months (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.42-1.64), or with postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke (HR = 1.2, 95 % CI: 0.45-2.34). Tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of wheezing: HR = 2.54 (95 % CI: 1.18-5.48).

Conclusions

Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is the main modifiable risk factor for wheezing diseases in the first 3 years of life.

Key words:
Respiratory tract diseases
Respiratory sounds (wheezing)
Tobacco
Breast feeding
Risk factors
Asthma
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Copyright © 2003. Asociación Española de Pediatría
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