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La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha calificado a la obesidad de epidemia mundial del siglo XX, convirtiéndose en el primer problema de salud pública. En España, el estudio enKid realizado en la población entre los 2 y 24 años de edad, muestra unas cifras de prevalencia del 13,9 % para la obesidad y del 12,4% para el sobrepeso.
Estudios longitudinales sugieren que la obesidad infantil después de los 3 años de edad se asocia a un mayor riesgo de obesidad en la edad adulta, con un aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad debido a la persistencia de los trastornos metabólicos asociados, entre los que se encuentran el síndrome metabólico, definido como la asociación de varios factores de riesgo precursores de enfermedad cardiovascular arterioesclerótica y de diabetes tipo 2 en el adulto y en cuya fisiopatología desempeña un papel fundamental la insulinorresistencia.
A pesar de su trascendencia, no existe aún una definición pediátrica del mismo universalmente aceptada, lo que dificulta el conocimiento exacto de su magnitud, si bien la prevalencia hallada en numerosos estudios realizados en pacientes pediátricos obesos oscila entre el 20-30%.
Palabras clave:
Obesidad
Síndrome metabólico
Insulinorresistencia
Key words:
Obesity
Metabolic syndrome
Insulin resistance
The World Health Organization has described obesity as the world epidemic of the twentieth century, ranking as the main problem in public health. In Spain, the enKid study, undertaken in a population aged between 2 and 24 years, shows prevalences of 13.9% for obesity and 12.4% for overweight.
Longitudinal studies suggest that childhood obesity after the age of 3 years correlates with a greater risk of obesity in adulthood, with an increase in morbility and mortality due to the persistence of associated metabolic disorders. Among these disorders is the metabolic syndrome, defined as the association of several risk factors that herald arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in adulthood, with insulin resistance playing a major role in its pathophysiology.
Despite its importance, there is still no universally accepted pediatric definition of this syndrome, hampering exact knowledge of its scope, although the prevalence observed in numerous studies performed in obese pediatric patients ranges from 20-30%.
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