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Vol. 53. Issue 2.
Pages 94-99 (1 August 2000)
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Vol. 53. Issue 2.
Pages 94-99 (1 August 2000)
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Meningitis neumocócica en la infancia. Revisión de 28 casos
Pneumococcal meningitis in children. review of 28 cases
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S. Mencía Bartolomé, J. Casado Flores*, C. Marín Barba, M. González-Vicent, M.J. Ruiz López
Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Hospital Universitario del Niño Jesús.Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
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Objetivo

Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y los indicadores pronóstico de las meningitis neumocóci-cas ingresadas en un hospital pediátrico de Madrid.

Pacientes y método

Estudio retrospectivo de 28 niños que ingresaron en el hospital por meningitis neumocócica diagnosticados mediante la identificación de Streptococcus pneumoniae en sangre o LCR, en el período comprendido entre 1990 y 1999. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con la evolu-ción. Ningún paciente tenía déficit inmunológico previo, ninguno había recibido vacuna antineumocócica.

Resultados

La edad de los pacientes fue 2,7 ± 2,9 años (rango de 2 meses a 11 años). El 82% (23 casos) de los niños eran menores de 5 años. La relación niño-niña fue de 1:1. Los signos más frecuentes al ingreso fueron fiebre (100%), vómitos (57%), cefalea-irritabilidad (53%) y alteraciones hemo-dinámicas (10%). Los hallazgos neurológicos fueron: disminución del nivel de conciencia en 22 casos (escala de coma de Glasgow medio de 9,9 ± 3,9); convulsiones en 15 casos (53%); signos meníngeos positivos en 12 casos (42%) y midriasis arreactiva en 9 casos (32%). Precisaron ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos 20 pacientes (71%). Al alta no presentaban secuelas 15 casos (53%); sordera 8 casos (28%); hemiparesia 4 casos (14%); hidrocefalia intensa 2 casos (7%), y retraso mental un caso (3,5%). Cuatro pacientes (14%) fallecieron. La baja puntuación en la escala de coma de Glasgow al ingreso y la TC craneal alterada se asociaron de forma significativa a mayor mortalidad y sordera (p < 0,05). La presencia de convulsiones, el electroencefalograma (EEG) alterado y la hipoglucorraquia también se asociaron a la sordera (p < 0,05).

Conclusiones

Las meningitis producidas por Streptococcus pneumo-niae tienen una alta morbimortalidad en la infancia. La sordera neurosensorial es la secuela más frecuente secundaria a esta patología. La baja puntuación en la escala de coma de Glasgow al ingreso, la TC y el EEG alterados, así como las convulsiones y la hipoglucorraquia se relacionaron con un peor pronóstico. La nueva vacuna conjugada antineumocócica permitirá una prevención eficaz desde los dos meses de edad y el descenso drástico de esta grave infección.

Palabras clave:
Meningitis
S
pneumoniae
Sordera
Coma
Pediatría
Objective

To describe the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features and prognostic indicators of pneumococcal meningitis in children admitted to a children's hospital in Madrid.

Patients and method

We retrospectively studied 28 children with a diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis based on identification of S. pneumoniae in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid between 1990 and 1999. None of the children had previous immunological deficit or had received antipneumococ-cal vaccine.

Results

The mean age of patients was 2.7 ± 2.9 years (range: 2 months to 11 years). Eighty-two percent of the children were younger than 5 years old. Male to female ratio was 1:1. The most frequent signs on admission were fever (100%), vomiting (57%), headache and irritability (53%), and shock (10%). Neurologic findings were lowered level of consciousness in 22 patients (mean Glasgow Coma Scale score 9.9 ± 3.9); seizures in 15 (53%); neck stiffness in 12 patients (42%) and arreactive mydriasis in 9 patients (32%). Twenty patients (71%) required admission to the intensive care unit. On discharge 15 patients (53%) had no sequelae; 8 patients (28%) suffered deafness; 4 (14%) had hemiparesis; 2 (7%) had severe hydrocephalus and 1 patient (3.5%) had mental retardation. Four patients (14%) died. Findings with the strongest predictive value for death or deafness (p > 0.05) were coma and alterations in cranial computer tomography (CT). Seizures, alterations in electroencephalogram (EEG) and hypogly-corrhachia were also prognostic indicators for deafness (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Meningitis caused by S. pneumoniae is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Deafness is one of the most common and serious sequelae of pneu-mococcal meningitis. Sequelae were asociated with coma, alterations in CT scan, seizures and hypoglycorrhachia. The new, antipneumococcal conjugated vaccine will confer effective prevention from the age of 2 months and will produce a dramatic decrease in the incidence of this serious infection.

Key words:
Meningitis
S
pneumoniae
Deafness
Coma
Children
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