Journal Information
Vol. 55. Issue 2.
Pages 101-107 (1 August 2001)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 55. Issue 2.
Pages 101-107 (1 August 2001)
Full text access
Infecciones virales de vías respiratorias inferiores en lactantes hospitalizados: etiología, características clínicas y factores de riesgo
Viral Infection Of The Lower Respiratory Tract In Hospitalized Infants: Etiology, Clinical Features And Risk Factors
Visits
13242
M.aL. García Garcíaa,
Corresponding author
med002943@nacom.es

Correspondencia: Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Severo Ochoa. Avda. Orellana, s/n. Leganés. 28911 Madrid.
, M. Ordobás Gabinb, C. Calvo Reya, M.I González Álvareza, J. Aguilar Ruizc, A. Arregui Sierraa, P. Pérez Breñac
a Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Severo Ochoa. Madrid.
b Servicio de Epidemiología. Comunidad de Madrid.
c Centro Nacional de Virología. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Majadahonda. Madrid.
This item has received
Article information
Objetivos

Analizar las características clínicas y virológicas de las infecciones del tracto respiratorio inferior (ITRI) de los lactantes hospitalizados en nuestro medio y encontrar parámetros clínicos, analíticos o radiológicos que se relacionen, en el momento del ingreso, con una evolución más grave.

Pacientes y métodos

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de los niños menores de 24 meses ingresados por ITRI durante seis temporadas epidemiológicas consecutivas.

Resultados

Se estudiaron 617 lactantes de los cuales el 64% presentaba bronquiolitis; el 24,6%, bronquitis espástica el 4,4%, laringitis, y el 6,8%, neumonía. La edad media fue de 269 ± 188 días, la razón varón/mujer de 1,6 y la estancia media 6,6 ± 3,5 días. Se aisló al menos un agente viral en el 55,6% de los episodios, que en el 83,6% correspondió al virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS). Otros virus aislados con menor frecuencia fueron: parainfluenza (7%), adenovirus (4,3%) e influenza (4%). Se detectaron coinfecciones en el 6,2 % de los casos VRS(+). Los niños VRS(+) tuvieron menor edad (p < 0,005), mayor puntuación de la escala clínica RDAI (Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument) (p < 0,002) y mayor duración de la hospitalización (p < 0,001) que el resto. Se realizó radiografía de tórax al 94,3% de los pacientes, en la que se encontró infiltrado y/o atelectasia pulmonar en el 39,5%, lo que se relacionó de manera significativa con fiebre > 38,5 °C y concentraciones de proteína C reactiva > 30 mg/l (p < 0,001 y p < 0,002), pero no con puntuaciones elevadas de la escala clínica, ni con saturación de oxígeno (SaO2) < 90 %, ni con ingreso prolongado. La hospitalización de más de 5 días se relacionó en el análisis bruto con menor edad (p < 0,01), escala clínica > 6(p < 0,003), SaO2 ≤ 87% (p < 0,01) y aislamiento de VRS (p < 0,001). En el análisis multivariado sólo la SaO2 ≤ 87% y la presencia de VRS se asociaron con hospitalización de más de 5 días.

Conclusión

Las ITRI más frecuentes del lactante hospitalizado en nuestro medio son las bronquiolitis VRS(+), con características clínicas similares a las descritas en otros países. La hipoxia al ingreso y el aislamiento de VRS en aspirado nasofaríngeo son los factores de riesgo más importantes de hospitalización prolongada.

Palabras clave:
Infección respiratoria de vías respiratorias inferiores
Lactantes
Virus respiratorio sincitial
Adenovirus
Virus parainfluenza
Virus influenza
Hospitalización
Bronquiolitis
Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and viro-logical characteristics of lower respiratory tract (LRT) infection in hospitalized infants in Spain and to identify clinical, radiological or laboratory parameters that could, on admission, be associated with a more severe clinical course.

Patients and methods

A prospective study of infants less than 24 months old hospitalized for LRT infection during six consecutive seasons was performed.

Results

A total of 617 infants were included in the study. Diagnosis was bronchiolitis in 64 %, wheezy bronchitis in 24.6%, laryngitis in 4.4% and pneumonia in 6.8%. The mean age was 269 ± 188 days, the male/female ratio was 1:6 and the mean hospital stay was 6.6 ± 3.5 days. At least one viral agent was identified in 55.6% of the episodes, of which 83.6 % were due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Other less frequently identified viruses were parainfluenza in 7%, adenovirus in 4.3% and influenza in 4%. Coinfection was identified in 6.2 % of RSV-positive infants. These infants were younger (p < 0.005), had higher respiratory distress assessment instrument (RDAI) scores and longer hospital stay than infants in the other etiologic groups. Chest radiographs were performed in 94.3 % of the infants and 39.5 % showed infiltrate or atelectasis. This radiological alteration was significantly associated with a fever of more than 38.5 °C and reactive C protein concentrations of more than 30 mg/L (p < 0.001 and p < 0.002), but not with higher RDAI score, SaO2 equal to or less than 87%, or longer hospital stay. In the crude analysis, hospitalization for more than 5 days was associated with lower age (p < 0.01), a mean RDAI score of more than 6 (p < 0.003), SaO2 equal to or less than 87% (p < 0.01) and RSV infection (p < 0.001). However, in the multivariate analysis only SaO2 equal to or less than 87 % and RSV infection were significantly associated with prolonged hospitalization.

Conclusion

The most common lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized infants in Spain are the various types of RSV-positive bronchiolitis, which have a clinical pattern similar to that described in other countries. Hypoxia on admission and RSV infection are the most important risk factors for prolonged hospitalization.

Key words:
Lower respiratory tract infection
Infants
Respiratory syncytial virus
Adenoviruses
Parainfluenza viruses
Influenza viruses
Hospitalization
Bronchiolitis
Full text is only aviable in PDF
BibliografÍa
[1.]
F.W. Denny, W.A. Clyde.
Acute lower respiratory tract infections in nonhospitalized children.
J Pediatr, 108 (1986), pp. 635-646
[2.]
W.P. Glezen, F.W. Denny.
Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract disease in children.
N Engl J Med, 288 (1973), pp. 498-505
[3.]
G. Ray, C. Holberg, Z. Shehab, A. Wright, L. Taussig.
Acute lower respiratory illnesses during the first three years of life: potential roles for various etiologic agents.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 12 (1993), pp. 10-14
[4.]
T. Klasen.
Recents advances in the treatment of bronchiolitis and laryngitis.
Pediatr Clin North Am, 44 (1997), pp. 249-261
[5.]
V. Hemming.
Viral respiratory diseases in children: classification, etiology, epidemiology and risk factors.
J Pediatr, 124 (1994), pp. 13-16
[6.]
K.M. Ahn, S.H. Chung, E.H. Chung, Y.J. Koh, S.Y. Nam, J.H. Kim, et al.
Clinical characteristics of acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in Seoul, 1996-1998.
J Korean Med Sci, 14 (1999), pp. 405-411
[7.]
T.M. Bakir, M. Halawani, S. Ramia.
Viral aetiology and epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized saudi children.
J Trop Pediatr, 44 (1998), pp. 100-103
[8.]
B. Yun, M. Kim, Y. Park, E. Choi, H. Lee, C.H. Yun.
Viral etiology and epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in korean children.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 14 (1995), pp. 1054-1059
[9.]
E. Simoes.
Respiratory syncytial virus.
[10.]
G. Cabrera, F. Domínguez, B. Lafarga, J. Calvo.
Estudio clinicoepidemiológico de la infección por virus respiratorio sincitial en el lactante.
An Esp Pediatr, 46 (1997), pp. 576-580
[11.]
J. Colinas, C. Rodríguez del Corral, P. Gómez, A. Fierro, J.M. Muro, E. Jiménez.
Bonquiolitis. Revisión de 153 casos y estudio comparative del tratamiento con ribavirina.
An Esp Pediatr, 46 (1997), pp. 143-147
[12.]
M.J. Gellida, J. Maixé, X. Allué, R. Closa.
Análisis epidemiológico de la bronquiolitis en la región sanitaria de Tarragona.
An Esp Pediatr, 50 (1999), pp. 21-24
[13.]
K. McConnochie.
Bronchiolitis. What’s in the name?.
Am J Dis Child, 137 (1983), pp. 11-13
[14.]
D.I. Lowell, G. Lister, H. Von Koss, P. McCarthy.
Wheezing in infants: the response to epinephrine.
Pediatrics, 79 (1987), pp. 939-945
[15.]
J. Mcmillan, D. Tristam, L. Weiner, A. Higgins, C. Sandstrom, R. Brandon.
Prediction of the duration of hospitalization in patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection: use of clinical parameters.
Pediatrics, 81 (1988), pp. 22-26
[16.]
J. Fortea, A. González-Cuevas, T. Juncosa, M.T. García-Fructuoso, F. Martínez, C. Muñoz, et al.
Estudio de la etiología viral de las infecciones del tracto respiratorio inferior en una unidad de lactantes.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 16 (1998), pp. 453-455
[17.]
P. Adcock, G. Stout, M. Hauck, G. Marshall.
Effect of rapid viral diagnosis on the management of children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 16 (1997), pp. 842-846
[18.]
G. Yilmaz, N. Üzel, I.K. Is, S. Baysal.
Viral lower respiratory tract infections in children in Istanbul, Turkey.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 18 (1999), pp. 173
[19.]
V. Bedoya, V. Abad, H. Trujillo.
Frequency of respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized infants with lower acute respiratory tract infection in Colombia.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 15 (1996), pp. 1123-1124
[20.]
C.B. Hall, R.G. Douglas.
RSV and influenza.
Am J Dis Child, 130 (1976), pp. 615-620
[21.]
T.F. Murphy, F.W. Henderson, W.A. Clyde, A.M. Collier, F.W. Denny.
Pneumonia: an eleven year study in a pediatric practice.
Am J Epidemiol, 113 (1981), pp. 12-21
[22.]
C.G. Ray, L.L. Minnich, C.J. Holberg, Z.M. Shehab, A.L. Wright, L.L. Barton, et al.
RSV-associated lower respiratory illnesses: possible influence of other agents. The Group Health Medical Associates.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 12 (1993), pp. 15-19
[23.]
H. Trujillo, J. Robledo, F.J. Díaz.
Pruebas de laboratorio rápidas para orientar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la infección respiratoria aguda baja.
Rev Enf Infect Pediatr, 26 (1993), pp. 145-151
[24.]
M. Navarro, A. Garrocho, G. Pérez.
Bronquiolitis: hiperreactividad bronquial-asma.
An Esp Pediatr, 98 (1997), pp. 200-203
[25.]
E. Wang, R. Milner, U. Allen, H. Maj.
Bronchodilators for treatment of mild bronchiolitis: a factorial randomised trial.
Arch Dis Child, 67 (1992), pp. 289-293
[26.]
M. Green, A. Brayer, K. Schenkman, E. Wald.
Duration of hospitalization in previously well infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 8 (1989), pp. 601-605
[27.]
E. Wang, B. Law, D. Stephens.
Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada (PICNIC) prospective study of risk factors and outcomes in patients hospitalized with respiratory syncytial viral lower respiratory tract infection.
J Pediatr, 126 (1995), pp. 212-219
[28.]
W.W. La Via, M.I. Marks, H.R. Stutman.
Respiratory syncytial virus puzzle: clinical features, pathophysiology, treatment and prevention.
J Pediatr, 121 (1992), pp. 503-510
[29.]
A. Sahib El-Radhi, W. Barry, S. Patel.
Association of fever and severe clinical course in bronchiolitis.
Arch Dis Child, 81 (1999), pp. 231-234
[30.]
J.M. Paricio, M. Ferriol, A. Fernández, L. Santos, B. Beseler, M. Sánchez.
Bronquiolitis, datos epidemiológicos y revisión analítica del tratamiento utilizado.
Rev Esp Pediatr, 55 (1999), pp. 497-503
[31.]
M. Roback, D. Dreittein.
Chest radiograph in the evaluation of first time wheezing episodes: review of current clinical practice and efficacy.
Pediatr Emerg Care, 14 (1998), pp. 181-184
[32.]
E. Mahabee-Gittens, D. Bachman, E. Shapiro, M. Dowd.
Chest radiographs in the pediatric emergency department for children ≤18 months of age with wheezing.
Clin Pediatr, 38 (1999), pp. 395-399
[33.]
S. Berman, M.B. Shanks, D. Feiten, J.G. Horgan, C. Rumack.
Acute respiratory infections during the first three months of life.
Pediatr Emerg Care, 6 (1990), pp. 179-182
[34.]
E.K. Mulholand, A. Olinsky, F.A. Shamm.
Clinical findings and severity of acute bronchiolitis.
Lancet, 338 (1990), pp. 1259-1261

Este estudio ha sido financiado parcialmente por el Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS) expediente n.° 95/0387. Caracterización de la circulación del virus respiratorio sincitial en población infantil hospitalizada de Madrid.

Copyright © 2001. Asociación Española de Pediatría
Download PDF
Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
Article options
Tools