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Vol. 52. Issue 6.
Pages 516-522 (1 June 2000)
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Vol. 52. Issue 6.
Pages 516-522 (1 June 2000)
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Función respiratoria en niños supervivientes de neoplasia maligna
Pulmonary function in pediatric survivors of malignant neoplasty
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A. Sacristána,*, P. García de Miguelb, C. Anteloc, F. Ruzad, S. García García yd, J.M. Pino Garcíac
a Centro de Salud Pintor Oliva. Palencia.
b Servicio de Oncología. Hospital Infantil La Paz. Madrid.
c Servicio de Neumología. Hospital Infantil La Paz. Madrid.
d Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Infantil La Paz. Madrid
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Objetivo

Valorar la función pulmonar postratamiento, en pacientes que padecen neoplasias malignas extrapulmona-res y su relación con la edad, tipo de tumor y tratamiento recibido

Métodos

Estudio de una cohorte de 95 pacientes pediátricos tras recibir tratamiento quimioterápico con o sin cirugía o radioterapia torácica extrapulmonar, en fase de remisión sin tratamiento, y capaces de colaborar en la realización de las pruebas de función respiratoria.

Se valoraron antecedentes personales y de exposición a factores o hábitos nocivos. Se realizaron controles clínicos, radiografía de tórax, gammagrafía pulmonar, pul-xiosimetría basal y de esfuerzo, espirometría forzada, plestimografía corporal total y transferencia de CO (TLCO).

Resultados

Los pacientes presentaron una edad media al diagnóstico de 5 ± 3,3 años, duración del tratamiento de 2,4 ± 1,3 años y un tiempo sin tratamiento de 4,3 ± 3,3 años; 36 de ellos fueron revisados dos años y medio después del primer control; 39 correspondieron a leucemia linfoblástica aguda y 57 a tumores sólidos. El 60% de los que fueron sometidos a cirugía torácica presentaron deformidad responsable de restricción funcional. La asociación de ésta con radioterapia (6 pacientes) no condicionó peores resultados funcionales. El 43% presentaron inicialmente alteración de la TLCO, el 19 % SatO2 basal inferior al 93% y el 16% un descenso de ésta con el ejercicio. Estas alteraciones mejoraron con el tiempo. Por el contrario, la alteración restrictiva que estuvo presente inicialmente en el 11,5% persistió en el segundo control. Los pacientes exclusivamente irradiados no presentaron alteración restrictiva con más frecuencia. Los menores de 8 años y los que sufrieron tratamientos más prolongados tendieron a presentar peores valores de TLCO. Los neuroblastomas presentaron mayor alteración restrictiva, mientras que la alteración de la TLCO fue más frecuente en los linfo-mas tipo Burkitt y en otros pacientes tratados con ciclo-fosfamida.

Conclusiones

Ni los antecedentes personales, los antecedentes familiares de enfermedad respiratoria ni la presencia de síntomas como la tos sirvieron para identificar el riesgo de alteración funcional. Los pacientes sometidos a cirugía torácica presentaron patología restrictiva; su asociación con tratamiento radioterápico no pareció influir negativamente. Los neuroblastomas presentaron los peores resultados respecto a otro tipo de tumores. Es necesario hacer un seguimiento respiratorio funcional en estos niños a fin de prever posibles secuelas restrictivas.

Palabras clave:
Neoplasias
Toxicidad pulmonar
Tratamiento antineo-plásico
Función pulmonar
Niños
Objetivo

To evaluate post-treatment pulmonary function in patients with malignant extrapulmonary neoplasia and its relationship with age, type of neoplasty and treatment received.

Methods

Cohort study of 95 pediatric patients after chemotherapy with or without surgery or extrapulmonary thoracic radiotherapy. The patients were in remission without treatment and able to undergo pulmonary function testing. Personal history and exposure to risk factors or toxic habits were evaluated. Clinical examination, chest radiographs, pulmonary gammography, basal and stress pulmometry, forced spirometry, whole body phletismography and car-bonmonoxide transfer test were performed.

Results

Mean age at diagnosis was 5 ± 3.3 years. Treatment duration was 2.4 ± 1.3 years and time without treatment 4.3 ± 3.3 years. Thirty-six patients were reviewed two and a half years after the first control. Thirty-nine patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 57 had solid tumors. Sixty percent showed functional restriction due to chest deformity after undergoing chest surgery. The association between functional restriction and radiotherapy (6 patients) did not produce poorer functional results. Forty-three percent showed initial change in TLCO. Nineteen percent showed basal hemoglobin saturation under 93% which in 16% fell after physical exercise. These alterations improved with time. However, restrictive change initially present in 11.5% persisted at the second evaluation. Thoracic surgery was the main cause of thoracic deformity and therefore of restrictive change. The children under 8 years old and those who received longer treatments tended to show the worst TLCO values. The patients with neuroblastoma showed greater restrictive change while the change in TLCO was more frequent in patients with Burkitt's lymphoma and in those treated with cyclophosphamide.

Conclusions

Neither personal or family history of respiratory disease nor the presence of symptoms such as cough served to identify risk of functional change. Restrictive change in pulmonary function was greater in patients who had undergone thoracic surgery. Functional values were worse in patients with neuroblastoma. Pulmonary function should be followed up in pediatric survivors of malignant neoplasia in order to prevent restrictive alterations

Key words:
Neoplasia
Pulmonary toxicity
Antineoplastic treatment
Pulmonary function
Children
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Copyright © 2000. Asociación Española de Pediatría
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