Article information
Objetivo
Divulgar entre los pediatras los factores de riesgo asociados a los linfomas no hodgkinianos (LNH) durante las épocas pediátrica y adulta.
MétodosRevisión bibliográfica de los últimos 25 años obtenida principalmente del Medline, IAR Cancer y Cancerlit, sobre los factores de riesgo para los LNH.
Se han seleccionado los trabajos más interesantes y de sus referencias se han recuperado los más relevantes de los años previos a la búsqueda.
ResultadosLos diversos factores de riesgo asociados con mayor o menor consistencia al desarrollo de LNH son los siguientes: nivel socioeconómico, factores familiares, déficit inmunológicos, infecciones virales y bacterianas, vacunas y medicamentos, radiaciones, ocupaciones profesionales, exposiciones a animales, factores dietéticos y otros factores relacionados con el estilo de vida.
ConclusionesLa etiología de la mayoría de los LNH es desconocida. Los factores de riesgo convincentemente asociados a un mayor riesgo de LNH son: a) inmunodeficiencias congénitas y adquiridas; b) infecciones virales (virus de la leucemia humana T tipo I, virus de Epstein-Barr [VEB] y virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana [VIH]) y bacterianas (Helicobacter pylori); c) administración de difenilhidantoína y quimioterapia antineoplásica, y d) exposiciones ocupacionales a pesticidas y solventes orgánicos.
Palabras clave:
Factores de riesgo
Linfomas no hodgkinianos
Inmunodeficiencias
Virus de Epstein-Barr
Objective
To divulge the risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) in children and adults among pediatricians.
MethodsWe performed a literature review of articles published in the last 25 years through the Medline, IAR Cancer and Cancerlit databases. The search profile was “NHL risk factors”. The most interesting papers, as well as the most relevant articles cited and published more than 25 years prior to the search, were selected.
ResultsThe following risk factors for the development of NHL were reported with greater or lesser evidence: socioeconomic status, family factors, immunodeficiencies, bacterial and viral infections, vaccinations and drugs, radiation, occupational exposure, exposure to animals, diet, and lifestyle.
ConclusionsThe etiology of most NHLs is unknown. The most important risk factors are: a) congenital and acquired immunodeficiency; b) viral (human T-cell leukemia virus type-I, Epstein-Barr virus, AIDS virus), and bacterial (Helicobacter pylori) infections; c) therapy with diphenylhydantoin and antineoplastic drugs, and d) exposure to pesticides and organic solvents.
Key words:
Risk factors
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas
Immunodeficiencies
Epstein-Barr virus
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
Ries LAG, Smith MA, Gurney JG, Linet M, Tamra T, Young JL et al, eds. Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescent: United States SEER Program 1975–1995. National Cancer Institute, SEER Program. Bethesda, NIH, 1999; Publ. n.° 99–4649.
[2.]
A. Shad, I.T. Magrath.
Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in children.
Principles and practice of pediatric oncology, 3.ª ed, pp. 545-587
[3.]
J.T. Sandlund, J.R. Downing, W.M. Crist.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood.
N Engl J Med, 334 (1996), pp. 1238-1248
[4.]
A.S. Freedman, L.M. Nadler.
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Cancer Medicine, 4.ª ed, pp. 2757-2795
[5.]
N.J. Bunin, M.D. Meadows.
Lymphoma in children.
Cancer Medicine, 4.ª ed, pp. 3035-3045
[6.]
R.E. Goldsby, W.L. Carroll.
The molecular biology of pediatric lymphomas.
J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 20 (1998), pp. 282-296
[7.]
M.S. Linet, L.A.G. Ries, M.A. Smith, R.E. Tarone, S.S. Devesa.
Cancer Survillance Series: recents trends in childhood cancer incidence and mortality in the United States.
J Natl Cancer Int, 91 (1999), pp. 1051-1058
[8.]
J. Little.
Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer. World Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
IARC, (1999),
[9.]
A. Harras, B.K. Edwards, W.S. Blot, L.A.G. Ries.
Cancer Rates and Risks. National Institutes of Health. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda.
NIH, (1996),
[10.]
P. Hartge.
Quantification of the impact of known risk factors on time trends in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas incidence.
Cancer Res, 52 (1992), pp. 5566-5569
[11.]
D. Baris, S.H. Zahm.
Epidemiology of lymphomas.
Curr Op Oncol, 12 (2000), pp. 383-394
[12.]
P.A. Scherr, N.E. Mueller.
Non-Hodking Lymphomas.
Cancer epidemiology and prevention, 2.ª ed, pp. 920-945
[13.]
K.P. Cantor, J.F. Fraumeni.
Distribution of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in United States betwen 1950 and 1975.
Cancer Res, 40 (1980), pp. 2645-2652
[14.]
R.R. Williams, N.L. Stegens, J.R. Goldsmith.
Associations of cancer site and type with occupation and industry from the third National Cancer Survey Interview.
J Natl Cancer Inst, 59 (1977), pp. 1147-1185
[15.]
M.S. Linet, L.M. Pottern.
Familial aggregation of hematopoietic malignancies and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Cancer Res, 52 (1992), pp. 5468-5473
[16.]
C. Potzsch, H.E. Schaefer, M. Lubbert.
Familial and metachronous malignant lymphoma: asence of constitucional p-53 mutations.
Am J Hematol, 62 (1999), pp. 144-149
[17.]
K. Zhu, R.S. Levine, Y. Gu, E.A. Brann, I. Hall, L.S. Caplan, et al.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and family history of malignant tumor in a case -control study (United States).
Cancer Causes Control, 9 (1998), pp. 77-82
[18.]
N. Mueller.
Overview of the epidemiology of malignancy in inmune deficiency.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 21 (1999), pp. 5-10
[19.]
D.M. Knowles.
Inmunodeficiency -associated lymphoproliferative disorders.
Mod Pathol, 12 (1999), pp. 200-217
[20.]
L.J. Kinlen.
Immunologic factors, including AIDS.
Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, 2.ª ed, pp. 532-545
[21.]
G. Opelz, R. Henderson.
Incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in kidney and heart transplant recipients.
Lancet, 342 (1993), pp. 1514-1516
[22.]
M. Schwab, M. Boswald, K. Korn, H. Ruder.
Epstein-Barr virus in pediatric patients after renal transplantion.
Clin Nephrol, 53 (2000), pp. 132-139
[23.]
A.J. Swerdlow, L.D. Giggins, B.J. Hunt, J.A. Thomas, M.M. Burke, D.H. Crawford, et al.
Risk of lymphoid neoplasia after cardiothoracic transplantation: a cohort study of the relation to Epstein-Barr virus.
Transplation, 69 (2000), pp. 897-904
[24.]
R.E. Curtis, L.B. Travis, P.A. Rowlings, G. Socie, D.W. Kingma, P.M. Banks, et al.
Risk of lymphoproliferative disorders after bone marrow transplantation: a multi-institutional study.
Blood, 94 (1999), pp. 2208-2216
[25.]
H.J. Deeg, G. Socié.
Malignancies after hematopoyetic stem cell transplantation: many questions, some answers.
Blood, 91 (1998), pp. 1833-1844
[26.]
L.J. Kinlen, A.G. Sheil, J. Peto, R. Doll.
Collaborative United Kingdom-Australasian study of cancer in patients treated with inmunossupressive drugs.
Br Med J, 2 (1979), pp. 1461-1466
[27.]
G. Gridley, J.K. Mc Loughlin, A. Ekbom, L. Klareskog, H.O. Adami, D.G. Hacker, et al.
Incidence of cancer among patients with rheumatoid arthiritis.
J Natl Cancer Inst, 85 (1993), pp. 307-311
[28.]
A.J. Silman, J. Petrie, B. Hazleman, S.J.W. Evans.
Lympho-proliferative cancer and other malignancy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with azathioprine: a 20 years follow-up study.
Ann Rheum Dis, 47 (1988), pp. 988-992
[29.]
A.H. Filipovich, A. Mathur, D. Kamat, R.S. Shapiro.
Primary inmunodeficiencies: genetic risk factors for lymphoma.
Cancer Res, 52 (1992), pp. 5465-5467
[30.]
K. Seidemann, G. Henze, J.D. Beck, A. Sauerbrey, J. Kauhl, G. Mann, et al.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in pediatric patients with chromosomal breakage sindromes (AT ans NBS): experience from the BFM trials.
Ann Oncol, 11 (2000), pp. 141-145
[31.]
C. Cunningham-Rundles, C. Bodian.
Common variable inmudeficiency: clinical and inmunological features of 248 patients.
Clin Immunol, 92 (1999), pp. 34-48
[32.]
A. Tulpule, A. Levine.
AIDS-related lymphoma.
Blood Rev, 13 (1999), pp. 147-150
[33.]
R.J. Biggar, C.S. Rabkin.
The epidemiology of AIDS-related neoplasms.
Hematol Oncol Clin N Am, 10 (1996), pp. 997-998
[34.]
T.R. Cote, R.J. Biggar, P.S. Rosenberg, S.S. Devesa, C. Percy, F.J. Yellin, et al.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among people with AIDS: incidence presentation and public health burden. AIDS/Cancer Study Group.
Int J Cancer, 73 (1997), pp. 645-650
[35.]
R.J. Biggar, M. Frisch, J.J. Goedert.
Risk of cancer in children with AIDS.
JAMA, 284 (2000), pp. 205-209
[36.]
A.E. Grulich.
AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 21 (1999), pp. 27-30
[37.]
L.J. Kinlen, J.B. Eastwood, D.N. Kerr, J.F. Moorhead, D.O. Oliver, B.H. Robinson, et al.
Cancer in patients receiving dialysis.
Br Med J, 1 (1980), pp. 1401-1403
[38.]
S.S. Kassan, T.L. Thomas, H.M. Moutsopoulos, R. Hoover, R.P. Kimberly, D.R. Budman, et al.
Increased risk of lymphoma in Sicca síndrome.
Ann Intern Med, 89 (1978), pp. 888-892
[39.]
T. Petterson, E. Pukkala, L. Teppo, C. Friman.
Increased risk of cancer in patients with systemic lupus erythematous.
Ann Rheum Dis, 51 (1992), pp. 437-439
[40.]
G.K.T. Holmes, P.L. Stokes, T.M. Sorahan, et al.
Celiac disease, gluten-free diet, and malignancy.
Gut, 17 (1976), pp. 612-619
[41.]
J.N. Leonard, W.F. Tucker, J.S. Fry, C.A. Coulter, A.W. Boylston, R.M. McMinn, et al.
Increased incidence of malignency in dermatitis herpetiformis.
Br Med J, 1 (1983), pp. 16-18
[42.]
O.L. Zinzani, M. Magagnoli, P. Galieni, M. Martelli, V. Poletti, F. Zaja, et al.
Nongastrointestinal low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: analysis of 75 patients.
J Clin Oncol, 17 (1999), pp. 1254-1258
[43.]
W.A. Blattner.
Human retroviruses and their role in cancer.
Proc Assoc Am Physicians, 111 (1999), pp. 563-572
[44.]
N. Mueller.
The epidemiology of HTLV-I infection.
Cancer Causes Control, 2 (1991), pp. 37-52
[45.]
J. Ferrís Tortajada, J. García Castell, J.A. López Andreu.
Virus oncógenos. La prevención pediátrica (parte II).
Rev Esp Pediatr, 52 (1996), pp. 446-452
[46.]
J.I. Cohen.
Epstein-Barr virus infection.
N Engl J Med, 343 (2000), pp. 481-492
[47.]
J.L. Hsu, S.L. Glaser.
Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies: epidemiologic patterns and etiologic implications.
Rev Oncol Hematol, 34 (2000), pp. 27-53
[48.]
T. Philip, L. Bergeron.
Le lymphome de Burkitt: un modèle pour la cancérologie pédiatrique.
Arch Pediatr, 7 (2000), pp. 924-926
[49.]
I.T. Magrath.
African Burkitt's lymphoma: History, biology, clinical features, and treatment.
Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 13 (1991), pp. 222-246
[50.]
J.L. Hecht, J.L. Aster.
Molecular biology of Burkitt's lymphoma.
J Clin Oncol, 18 (2000), pp. 3707-3721
[51.]
G. Inghirami, F. Grignani, L. Sternas, L. Lombardi, D.M. Knowles, R. Dalla-Favera.
Down-regulation of LFA -1 adhesion receptors by c-myc oncogene in human B lymphoblastoid cells.
Science, 250 (1990), pp. 682-686
[52.]
P. Hausfater, P. Cacoub, E. Rosenthal, N. Bernard, V. Loustaud-Ratti, Z. Le Lostec, et al.
Hepatitis C virus infection and lymphoproliferative diseases in France: a national study.
Am J Hematol, 64 (2000), pp. 107-111
[53.]
M. Ohsawa, N. Shingu, H. Miwa, H. Yoshihara, M. Kubo, H. Tsukuma, et al.
Risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection.
Int J Cancer, 80 (1999), pp. 237-239
[54.]
F. Dammacco, P. Gatti, D. Sansonno.
Hepatitis C virus infection mixed cryoglobulinemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymhoma: an emerging picture.
Leuk Lymphoma, 31 (1998), pp. 463-476
[55.]
A. Carbone, A.M. Cilia, A. Gloghini, D. Capello, T. Perin, D. Bontempo, et al.
Primary effusion lymphoma cell lines harbouring human herpesvirus type 8 associated.
Leuk Lymphoma, 36 (2000), pp. 447-456
[56.]
S. Ariad, D. Benharroch, L. Lupu, et al.
Early peripheral lymph node involvement of human herpesvirus 8 associated, body cavity-based lymphoma in a human inmunodeficiency virusnegative patient.
Arch Pathol Lab Med, 124 (2000), pp. 753-755
[57.]
A. Morgner, A. Bayerdorffer, A. Neubauer, M. Stolte.
Gastric MALT lymphoma and its relationship to Helicobacter pylori infection: management and pathogenesis of the disease.
Microsc Res Tech, 48 (2000), pp. 349-356
[58.]
J. Ferrís Tortajada, J. García Castell, J. López Andreu.
Oncogénesis microbiana. La prevención pediátrica.
Acta Pediatr Esp, 56 (1998), pp. 212-217
[59.]
P. Vineis, P. Crosignani, C. Sacerdote, A. Fontana, G. Masala, L. Miligi, et al.
Hematopoietic cancer and peptic ulcer: a multicenter case-control study.
Carcinogenesis, 20 (1999), pp. 1459-1463
[60.]
A. Takagi, S. Watanabe, M. Igarashi, J. Koike, K. Hasumi, R. Deguchi, et al.
The effect of Helicobacter pylori on cell proliferation and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cell lines.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 14 (2000), pp. 188-192
[61.]
M.A. Kendrich, G.W. Lomstock.
BCG vaccunation and the subsequent development of cancer in humans.
J Natl Cancer Int, 66 (1981), pp. 431-437
[62.]
F.P. Li, D.R. Willard, R. Goodman, G. Vawter.
Malignant lymphoma after diphenylhydantoin (dilantin) therapy.
Cancer, 36 (1975), pp. 1359-1362
[63.]
Y.A. Mekori, G.L. Weitzman, S.J. Galli.
Reevaluation of reserpine induced supresión of contact sensitivity.
J Exp Med, 162 (1985), pp. 1935-1953
[64.]
E.A. Holly, C. Lele, P.M. Bracci, M.S. McGrath.
Case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among women and heterosexual men in the San Francisco Bay Area, California.
Am J Epidemiol, 150 (1999), pp. 375-389
[65.]
M. Henry-Amar.
Second cancer after the treatment of Hodgkin's disease: a report from the International Database on Hodgkin's Disease.
Ann Oncol, 4 (1992), pp. 117-128
[66.]
J.M. Kaldor, N.E. Day, P. Band, N.W. Choi, E.A. Clarke, M.P. Coleman, et al.
Second malignancies following testicular cancer, ovarian cancer and Hodgkin's disease: an international collaborative study among cancer registries.
Int J Cancer, 39 (1987), pp. 571-585
[67.]
J. Blomberg, T. Moller, H. Olsson, H. Anderson, M. Jonsson.
Cancer morbidity in blood recipients. Results of a cohort study.
Eur J Cancer, 29 (1993), pp. 2101-2105
[68.]
J.D. Boice.
Radiation and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Cancer Res, 52 (1992), pp. 5489-5491
[69.]
C. Burnett, C. Robinson, J. Walker.
Cancer mortality in health and science technicians.
Am J Ind Med, 36 (1999), pp. 155-158
[70.]
D.A. Savitz, H. Wachtel, F.A. Barnes, E.M. John, J.G. Tvrdik.
Case-control study of childhood cancer and exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields.
Am J Epidemiol, 128 (1988), pp. 21-38
[71.]
S. Milham.
Increased mortality in amateur radio operators due to lymphatic and hematopoietic malignancies.
Am J Epidemiol, 127 (1988), pp. 50-54
[72.]
L. Hardell, M. Eriksson.
A case-control study of non- Hodgkin lymphoma and exposure to pesticides.
Cancer, 85 (1999), pp. 1353-4360
[73.]
S.H. Zahm, A. Blair.
Pesticides and non- Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Cancer Res, 52 (1992), pp. 5485-5488
[74.]
A. Blair, K.P. Cantor, S.H. Zahm.
Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma and agricultural use of the insecticide lindane.
Am J Ind Med, 33 (1998), pp. 82-87
[75.]
A. Georgellis, B. Kolmodin-Hedman, D. Kouretas.
Can traditional epidemiology detect cancer risk caused by occupational exposure to pesticides?.
J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 18 (1999), pp. 159-166
[76.]
B. Persson, M. Fredrikson.
Some risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 12 (1999), pp. 135-142
[77.]
L. Miligi, L.A. Seniori, P. Crosignani, A. Fontana, G. Masala, O. Nanni, et al.
Occupational, enviromental, and life-style factors associated with the risk of hematolymphopoietic malignancies in women.
Am J Ind Med, 36 (1999), pp. 60-69
[78.]
A. Knutsson, L. Damber, B. Jarvholm.
Cancers in concrete workers: results of a cohort study of 33.668 workers.
Occup Environ Med, 57 (2000), pp. 264-267
[79.]
C.F. Robinson, J.T. Walker.
Cancer mortality among women employed in fact-growing US occupations.
Am J Ind Med, 36 (1999), pp. 186-192
[80.]
S.S. Donham, M.J. Van der Maaten, J.M. Miller, B.C. Kruse, M.J. Rubino.
Seroepidemiologic studies on the possible relationships of human and bovine leukemia: brief communication.
J Natl Cancer Int, 59 (1977), pp. 851-853
[81.]
R. Schneider.
Human cancer in households containing cats with malignant lymphoma.
Int J Cancer, 10 (1972), pp. 338-344
[82.]
A. Blair, H.M. Hayes.
Cancer and other causes of death among U.S. veterinarians, 1966-1977.
Int J Cancer, 25 (1980), pp. 181-185
[83.]
F.D. Norris, E.W. Jackson, E. Aaron.
Prospective study of dog bite and childhood cancer.
Cancer Res, 31 (1971), pp. 383-386
[84.]
J.A. Mc Donald, F.P. Li, C.R. Mehta.
Cancer mortality among beekeepers.
J Occup Med, 21 (1979), pp. 811-813
[86.]
A. Tavani, A. Pregnolato, E. Negri, S. Franceschi, D. Serraino, A. Carbone, et al.
Diet and risk of lymphoid neoplasms and soft tissues sarcomas.
Nutr Cancer, 27 (1997), pp. 256-260
[87.]
S. Zhang, D.J. Hunter, B.A. Rosner, G.A. Colditz, C.S. Fuchs, F.E. Speizer, et al.
Dietary fat and protein in relation to risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among women.
J Natl Cancer Inst, 91 (1999), pp. 1751-1758
[88.]
L.M. Brown, R. Gibson, L.F. Burmeister, L.M. Schuman, G.D. Everett, A. Blair.
Alcohol-consumption and risk of leukemia non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and multiple-myeloma.
Leuk Res, 16 (1992), pp. 979-984
[89.]
B.C.H. Chiu, J.R. Cerhan, S.M. Gapstur, T.A. Sellers, W. Zheng, C.T. Lutz, et al.
Alcohol consumption and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a cohort of older woman.
Br J Cancer, 80 (1999), pp. 1476-1482
[90.]
M.H. Ward, S.D. Mark, K.P. Cantor, D.D. Weisenburger, A. Correa-Villasenor, S.H. Zahm.
Drinking water nitrate and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Epidemiology, 7 (1996), pp. 465-471
[91.]
G. Law, R. Parslow, P. Mckinney, et al.
Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma and nitrate in drinking water: a study in Yorkshire. United Kingdom.
J Epidemiol Comm Health, 53 (1999), pp. 383-384
[92.]
M.S. Linet, J.K. Mc Laughlin, A.W. Hing, S. Wacholder, H.T. Co Chien, L.M. Schuman, et al.
Is a cigarette smoking a risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myleloma: results from the lutheran brotherhood cohort study.
Leuk Res, 16 (1992), pp. 621-624
[93.]
D.S. Freedman, P.E. Tolbert, R. Coates, E.A. Brann, C.R. Kjeldsberg.
Relation of cigarette smoking to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among middle-aged men.
Am J Epidemiol, 148 (1998), pp. 833-841
[94.]
M.J. Thun, S.F. Altekruse, M.M. Namboodiri, E.E. Calle, D.G. Myers, C.E. Heath Jr..
Hair dye use and risk of fatal cancer in Unites States women.
J Natl Cancer Int, 86 (1994), pp. 210-215
[95.]
E.A. Holly, L. Lele, P.M. Bracci.
Hair-color products and risk for non- Hodgkin's lymphoma: a population-based study in the San Francisco Bay area.
Am J Public Health, 88 (1998), pp. 1767-1773
[96.]
S.F. Altekruse, S.J. Henley, M.J. Thun.
Deaths from hematopoietic and other cancer in relation to permanent hair dye use in a large prospective study (United States).
Cancer Causes Control, 10 (1999), pp. 617-625
[97.]
J. Adami, G. Gridley, O. Nyren, M. Dosemeci, M. Linet, B. Glimelius, et al.
Sunlight and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a population- based cohort study in Sweden.
Int J Cancer, 80 (1999), pp. 641-645
[98.]
D.M. Freedman, S.H. Zahm, M. Dosemeci.
Residential and occupational exposure to sunlight and mortality from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: composite (threefold) case-control study.
Br Med J, 314 (1997), pp. 1451-1455
[99.]
S.H. Zahm, L. Hoffman-Goetz, M. Dosemeci, K.P. Cantor, A. Blair.
Occupational physical activity and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Med Sci Sports Exer, 31 (1999), pp. 566-571
Copyright © 2001. Asociación Española de Pediatría
