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Vol. 54. Issue 2.
Pages 165-173 (1 February 2001)
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Vol. 54. Issue 2.
Pages 165-173 (1 February 2001)
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Estudio clínico epidemiológico de los defectos del tubo neural clasificados por los cinco puntos de cierre del mismo
Clinic-epidemiological study of neural tube defects classified according to the five sites of closure
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A. Sanchis Calvoa,
Corresponding author
mcsanchis@digitel.es

Correspondencia: Dra. A. Sanchis Calvo. Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset. Valencia 46017.
, M.aL. Martínez-Fríasb
a Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset. Valencia
b Estudio Colaborativo Español de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECEMC). Departamento de Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Complutense. Madrid
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Objetivos

Determinar la prevalencia al nacimiento de los defectos del tubo neural (DTN) en población española, tanto en su conjunto como clasificados según el fallo de los distintos puntos de cierre, aplicando la teoría del cierre múltiple del tubo neural. Analizar las características epidemiológicas de éstos.

Material y métodos

Se han utilizado los datos del Estudio Colaborativo Español de Defectos Congénitos (ECEMC) correspondientes al período comprendido entre abril de 1976 y marzo de 1995, en el que se han detectado 784 recién nacidos con un DTN entre un total de 1.222.698 recién nacidos vivos.

Resultados

Nuestra población tiene una prevalencia de DTN de 1,01 por 1.000 nacimientos. Solamente el 5,74 % de los DTN diagnosticados tienen una etiología conocida, génica (2,17%), cromosómica (1,27 %) y ambiental (2,29 %). Una vez excluidos los DTN de origen génico y cromosómico, los restantes se presentan clínicamente como DTN aislados (propiamente multifactoriales) en su mayoría y en menor proporción (16,78 %) como polimalformados. El punto 1, el inicio del cierre del tubo neural es el que causa más DTN por fallo en el propio cierre, casi la cuarta parte del total. Sin embargo, más de la mitad de los DTN se producen en la zona donde dos cierres confluyen.

Conclusiones

Al igual que en otras poblaciones con baja prevalencia de DTN de nacimiento, se ha observado una disminución al nacimiento de estos defectos, coincidente con la posibilidad de aborto tras diagnóstico prenatal. Todos los DTN se han podido clasificar aplicando la teoría del cierre múltiple del tubo neural, incluidos 13 pacientes con DTN por afectación de varios puntos de cierre no contiguos. Se observan dos distribuciones de los DTN, una en la que el fallo de cierre se produce propiamente en el área del punto de cierre, y otra resultante del fallo de dos cierres para encontrarse.

Palabras clave:
Defectos del tubo neural
Múltiples puntos de cierre del tubo neural
Epidemiología
Objectives

To identify the frequency at birth of neural tube defects (NTD) in the Spanish population. NTDs were considered as a whole as well as according to the different sites of closure failure, following the theory of multi-site closure of the neural tube. To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the different sites.

Methods

Data derived from the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC), from April 1976 to March 1995. Among the 1,222,698 live births during this period, 784 infants had NTD were controlled. Among these, 784 infants had NTD.

Results

The prevalence of NTD in our population was 1.01 per 1,000 births, a frequency which is considered mediumto-low. Only 5.74 % of the NTD were of known etiology: 2.17 % were genic, 1.27 % were chromosomic and 2.29% were environmental. Excluding NTD of genetic etiology, whether genic or chromosomic, most of the remaining were isolated defects (multifactorial) and 16.78 % multiple malformations. Site 1, where the closure of the neural tube starts, represented 24 % of all the affected sites. However, more than 50 % of the NTDs corresponded to closure failure at the junction of two sites.

Conclusions

As in other populations with a low prevalence of NTD at birth, the prevalence of these defects in our population showed a trend to decrease with time, due to the possibility of interrupting gestation after prenatal diagnosis. All the NTD could be classified according to the theory of multi-site closure of the neural tube, including 13 cases with several non-contiguous affected sites. Two types of NTD were observed: in the first, closure failed to occur and in the second, two closures failed to meet.

Key words:
Neural tube defects
Multi-site closure of the neural tube
Epidemiology
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