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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: relationship between defect size and outcome. Experience in a reference centre
Hernia diafragmática congénita: relación entre el tamaño del defecto y evolución. Experiencia en un centro de referencia
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Experience in a reference centre" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "29" "paginaFinal" => "35" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Jesica Cecilia Otaño, Victoria Murua, Julieta Rugilo, Aixa Reusmann, Camila Gonzalez Ruhrnschopf, Diana Fariña, Gisela Lujan Salas" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jesica Cecilia" "apellidos" => "Otaño" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Victoria" "apellidos" => "Murua" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Julieta" "apellidos" => "Rugilo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Aixa" "apellidos" => "Reusmann" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Camila Gonzalez" "apellidos" => "Ruhrnschopf" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Diana" "apellidos" => "Fariña" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Gisela Lujan" "apellidos" => "Salas" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "gsalasenator@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Área de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales, Área de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, Hospital de Pediatria Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Cirugía General, Área de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, Hospital de Pediatria Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Hernia diafragmática congénita: relación entre el tamaño del defecto y evolución. Experiencia en un centro de referencia" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 1 "multimedia" => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 823 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 158821 ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is an anomaly characterised by a defect in the diaphragm leading to protrusion of abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity and pulmonary hypoplasia. Its approximate incidence is of 1 per 3000 live births. In 85% of cases, the defect is on the left side, in 13% on the right side and only in 2% of cases bilateral. The upward protrusion of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity causes compression of the lungs and heart, which complicates the development of these organs. The presence of pulmonary hypertension, resulting from the decreased pulmonary vascular bed secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia, causes severe haemodynamic complications and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Survival is variable and depends on patient-related factors, the severity of pulmonary hypoplasia, the presence of additional malformations, prematurity, the Apgar score or the presence of genetic syndromes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–10</span></a> Some of the factors that affect outcomes in these patients are an appropriate perinatal care and management in a facility with the necessary expertise and resources for the level of complexity that can provide high-quality care.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,11</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Large defects are associated with an increased mortality compared to small defects. The morbidity and complications observed in patients that survive surgery are heterogeneous. Their association with defect size continues to be an area of interest in this complex condition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of our study was to describe and compare the morbidity at discharge in infants operated for CDH in the Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan (a children’s hospital) based on the surgical defect staging system proposed by the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group (CDHSG).</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a retrospective, descriptive and inferential study. The sample included all patients operated for correction of CDH admitted to the department of neonatal intensive care of the Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2020.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Department of Neonatal Intensive Care of the Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan is a level IIIb reference unit for newborns with CDH. Since 2012, it provides data to the CDHSG. It admits between 25 and 30 patients a year, some of whom are referred from other facilities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We excluded patients who were not operated, operated patients who died before discharge and operated patients who were not classified according to the CDHSG staging system.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CDHSG is a collaborative, multicentre register of patients with CHD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> This group proposed a staging system based on the size of the defect observed by the surgeon during the procedure, classifying defects as type A, B, C or D, which reflect increasing size, based on direct observation. Type A defects are the smallest, with more than 90% of the diaphragm tissue present and involving less than 10% of the chest wall. Type B defects involve at least 50% of the chest wall with absence of 50%–75% of the diaphragm tissue. Type C defects involve more than 50% of the chest wall with absence of more than 50% of diaphragm tissue. Type D defects are the largest, involving more than 90% of the chest wall with less than 10% of the normal diaphragm tissue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The descriptive variables were the birth weight (BW), gestational age, sex, side of the defect (right/left), prenatal/postnatal diagnosis, referral from another centre, presence of a genetic syndrome or associated malformations.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The outcome variables were the presence of chronic pulmonary disease (CPD), defined as need of respiratory support for more than 30 days, the duration (days) of parenteral nutrition (PN), the length of stay (days) and the need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We analysed the presence of complications, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), diagnosed by means of Doppler ultrasound, gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) defined based on clinical or radiological features, pneumothorax diagnosed by imaging, chylothorax diagnosed based on the presence of chyle in the pleural space requiring drainage and dietary modification, and the presence of pathological lesions on the brain ultrasound. Patients were followed up through discharge from hospital.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the descriptive statistical analysis, we calculated measures of central tendency and dispersion for quantitative variables and percentages for categorical variables. We used the Wilcoxon test to compare numerical variables, the Kruskal–Wallis test to compare multiple variables and the χ<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test to compare categorical variables. We established a dichotomous classification of the sample by defect size: small (types A–B) and large (types C–D). We performed a bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression fitted with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. We considered <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> values of less than 0.05 statistically significant. The statistical analysis was performed with the software STATA SE 12 (StataCorp LP, USA). The study was approved by the Board of Education and Research and the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the period under study, a total of 230 patients with a diagnosis of CDH were admitted to the Department of Neonatal Intensive Care of the Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan. We excluded 72 patients, of who 40 died before surgery, 25 following surgical repair, and 7 who were operated but for whom the CDHSG stage had not been documented. Thus, the analysis included 158 patients (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarises the demographic characteristics of the patients.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the CDHSG staging system, we found that the most frequent types of defect were B and C, and defects with extreme sizes (A or D) amounted to less than 10% of the sample (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>)</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> presents the results for the variables under study based on the size of the defect.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We were only able to analyse the association of mortality with defect size in 25 patients, who died after surgery. Of these patients, 95% had defects graded as C or D.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We analysed the morbidity that developed during the hospital stay in relation to the size of the defect. We found a significant association between defect size and CPD, chylothorax and the need of ECMO (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The size of the defect was also associated with the length of stay and the duration of PN in days (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0020">Figs. 4 and 5</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The remaining outcomes (GOR, DVT, pneumothorax and pathological brain ultrasound) were not significantly associated with defect size.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the bivariate analysis, we found that defect types C and D were associated with an increased risk of CPD (odds ratio [OR], 5.3; 95% CI, 2.2–13,4; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.0000), needing ECMO (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.3–12.8; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.005) and chylothorax (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 0.8–6.4; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.10).</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the multivariate analysis, including the variables CPD, ECMO and chylothorax in the model, we found that large defects (C or D) were independently and significantly associated with CPD (OR, 4.19; 95% CI, 1.76–9.95). The model exhibited an adequate fit and discrimination (Hosmer–Lemeshow test: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.1).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Congenital diaphragmatic hernia continues to pose a therapeutic challenge. In recent years, the increase in survival of patients with this disease has been associated with an increase in long-term morbidity, including undernutrition, chronic pulmonary disease and neurodevelopmental disorders, conditions that have an impact on quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Our study found an association between defect size and morbidity in the short and medium term. The larger the defect, the greater the probability of chylothorax, needing ECMO and CPD. This association was found irrespective of where the defect was located (left or right side). This was consistent with the reports of other authors, who found that the morbidity associated with large defects was not affected by laterality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The staging system proposed by the CDHSG is an anatomical classification that allows the homogenization of surgical severity criteria and is strongly associated with mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Lally et al. reported that applying this staging system with 4 categories (A, B, C and D), subdivided based on whether or not there is also a congenital heart defect, each category is associated with survival rates that go from 99% to 39%, in decreasing order, and a survival of 0% in patients who do not undergo surgical repair. The authors concluded that the purpose of staging the defect is simply to allow standardised reporting, and that this classification should not be used as a prognostic factor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In our study, the association with congenital heart defects was infrequent, as only 2 of the patients had a congenital heart defect requiring surgical repair, both of who died before discharge and therefore were excluded from the analysis.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Morini et al. observed that defect size correlated to the magnitude of developmental defects in the patient, such as the presence of the liver in the chest, cardiac anomalies and other associated malformations, and concluded that defect size could be a marker of the severity of developmental abnormality, explaining its association with patient outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A systematic review found that pulmonary complications were more frequent in patients who underwent patch repair of the hernia or who had been admitted on ECMO. Patients with patch repairs are often the patients with the largest defects, which is why patch repair could serve as a surrogate marker of severity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Defect size has been found to be strongly associated with specific forms of morbidity. Guglielmetti et al. found that defect size was the strongest predictor of requiring an oesophageal fundoplication (Nissen fundoplication) due to severe GOR in the multivariate analysis (OR, 6.93; 95% CI, 3.17–17.07; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.0001). We did not observe this association in our study. Although the incidence of GOR was similar in our sample, none of the patients underwent fundoplication in the period under study, and they were instead managed with pharmacotherapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Putnam et al., in a cohort of 3665 patients registered in the CDHSG database, found an association between defect size and length of stay (type A defect A, 22 days vs. type D defect, 89 days) and a greater probability of respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurologic morbidity. The multivariate analysis showed that defect size was the strongest predictor of morbidity at discharge. The authors also conducted a longitudinal analysis between 2007 and 2014, reporting that morbidity had improved in patients with small defects but remained stable in patients with larger defects. Some of our findings were consistent with those of Putnam et al; for instance, respiratory morbidity at discharge was the variable associated most strongly to defect size in the multivariate analysis. In our study, we did not find a statistically significant association with any of the other variables, probably due to the sample size.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When we analysed the distribution of patients in our hospital by defect size, we found differences compared to the CDHSG report. For instance, in our hospital type D defects amounted to 5% of the total, whereas in the CDHSG study they amounted to 13%. The same occurred with type C defects, which corresponded to 37% of cases in our study versus 30% in the CDHSG study. This could be attributed to the subjectivity of the rater, as in our hospital only complete diaphragm agenesis is considered a type D defect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,22</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the strengths of the study, we may mention that, since it was conducted in a single centre, the therapeutic approach remained homogeneous throughout the follow-up, following the same protocol in all cases, and that a single surgical team determined the defect size.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the limitations, we should highlight that we only analysed morbidity at the time of discharge, without considering the development of additional morbidity in the long term. We ought to mention that all of these patients are assessed during childhood by the follow-up care team of our hospital.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusion</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, defect size was significantly associated with the presence of CPD, the need of ECMO, chylothorax, the length of stay in days and the days of PN.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Grading the defect size using the CDHSG staging system helps homogenize care delivery and predict patient outcomes during the hospital stay. The long-term follow-up and outcomes in these patients will provide evidence on the predictive value of defect size.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Funding</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any external funding.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2205417" "titulo" => "Graphical abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2205416" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1850294" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2205418" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1850293" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2024-02-01" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-04-29" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1850294" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia" 1 => "Defect size" 2 => "Outcomes" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1850293" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Hernia diafragmática congénita" 1 => "Tamaño del defecto" 2 => "Evolución" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains a therapeutic challenge. The surgical classification recommended by the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia study group (CDHSG), based on the size of the defect, is used for staging in reference centres. Larger defects are associated with poorer outcomes. Our aim was to describe and compare the morbidity at hospital discharge of newborns who underwent surgical correction of CDH at the Juan P. Garrahan, according to the surgical staging of the defect proposed by the CDHSG.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included patients with CDH admitted to the Juan P. Garrahan Hospital between 2012 and 2020, and we analysed the distribution, morbidity and mortality associated with the size of the defect. We carried out a descriptive analysis, calculating measures of central tendency and dispersion, and bivariate and multivariate analyses.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 230 patients with CDH were admitted and 158 underwent surgery. We found that defect sizes C and D sizes were associated with an increased risk of chronic pulmonary disease (CPD) (OR, 5.3; 95% CI, 2.2–13.4; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.0000), need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OR 3.9; 95% CI, 1.3–12.8; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.005) and chylothorax (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 0.8–6.4; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.10]. The multivariate analysis revealed that a large defect size (C–D) was independently and significantly associated with CPD (OR 4.19; 95% CI, 1.76–9.95).</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Staging the defect according to de CDHSG classification during surgery allows the application of uniform management criteria and the prediction of patient outcomes and complications during the hospital stay.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducción</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La Hernia Diafragmática Congénita (HDC) continúa siendo un desafío terapéutico en el periodo neonatal. La clasificación quirúrgica según el tamaño del defecto, recomendado por el Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group (CDHSG), se utiliza para estadificar en los centros de referencia. Los defectos de mayor tamaño se asocian con peores resultados. El objetivo de este estudio, es describir y comparar la morbilidad al egreso hospitalario de recién nacidos operados de HDC, según la estadificación quirúrgica del defecto propuesta por el CDHSG.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Material y métodos</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionó una población de pacientes con HDC que ingresaron al Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan entre el año 2012 y 2020 y se analizó la distribución, morbilidad y mortalidad asociadas al tamaño del defecto. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, análisis bivariado y multivariado.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ingresaron 230 pacientes con diagnóstico de HDC, 158 pacientes fueron operados. Se evidenció que los defectos clasificados como C y D presentaron mayor riesgo de Enfermedad Pulmonar Crónica (EPC) [OR 5.3 (IC 95% 2.2–13.4) p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0000], mayor requerimiento de ECMO [OR 3.9 (IC 95% 1.3–12.8) p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.005] y aumento en la incidencia de quilotórax [OR 2.1 (IC 95% 0.8–6.4), p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.10], con respecto a los defectos de menor tamaño, A y B. En el análisis multivariado, se observó que los defectos de mayor tamaño (C–D), se asocian con EPC de forma independiente y estadísticamente significativa [OR 4.19 (IC 95% 1.76–9.95)].</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estadificar el tamaño del defecto, según la clasificación del CDHSG en el acto quirúrgico, unifica criterios de atención y predice la evolución y complicaciones de estos pacientes durante la internación.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Material y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2267 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 243041 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0035" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow diagram of the study.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1043 "Ancho" => 1658 "Tamanyo" => 74117 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0040" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of patients by observed defect size, expressed as absolute frequency.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1661 "Ancho" => 2675 "Tamanyo" => 173105 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0045" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Morbidity, complications and need of ECMO by defect size.</p> <p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ChT, chylothorax; CLD, chronic lung disease; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; GOR, gastro-oesophageal reflux; PnT, pneumothorax; US, ultrasound.</p> <p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">* <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1860 "Ancho" => 1633 "Tamanyo" => 96608 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0050" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Days of parenteral nutrition (PN) based on defect size.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1612 "Ancho" => 1650 "Tamanyo" => 94175 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0055" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Length of stay (days) based on defect size.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0060" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CDH, N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>158 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Birth weight (g) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2952 (SD, 490) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gestational age (weeks) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37.3 (SD, 1.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male sex (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Left side (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Prenatal diagnosis (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Referred patients (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Need of ECMO (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Genetic syndrome (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3598397.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic characteristics of patients with chronic diaphragmatic hernia.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0065" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CLD, chronic lung disease; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; GOR, gastro-oesophageal reflux; BW, parenteral nutrition.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">GOR (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CLD (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">714 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DVT (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chylothorax (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pneumothorax (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Abnormal head ultrasound (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ECMO (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duration of BW (days)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (14−18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (12−29) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 (19−36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54 (23−56) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Length of stay (days)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 (21−45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45 (27−67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79 (47−104) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82 (52−147) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.0000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3598396.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Results expressed as median and interquartile range.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of outcomes based on size defect.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg" "Alto" => 823 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 158821 ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the modern era of management" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. 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| 2024 October | 153 | 67 | 220 |
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| 2024 July | 274 | 62 | 336 |
