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in the field of obstetrics&#44; it is mainly used for prophylaxis or treatment of maternal seizures associated with preeclampsia &#40;having proved superior to diazepam and phenytoin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a>&#41; and for neuroprotection of infants in gestations of 24&#8211;31<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;6</span> weeks&#8217; duration in the case of risk of imminent birth or the need for induction of labour within 24&#8239;h for reasons related to the mother or the foetus&#44; as it has been proven to reduce the incidence and severity of cerebral palsy in preterm &#40;PT&#41; infants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The adverse effects on the mother have been well documented&#46; Most are minor &#40;vomiting&#44; redness&#44; dizziness&#41;&#44; although severe effects have also been reported&#44; such as respiratory failure&#44; cardiac failure or death&#44; which are rare and usually associated with significant elevation of magnesium serum levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; the safety profile of the antenatal use of MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> in preterm infants is still unclear and there are few published data on the subject&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9</span></a> There is evidence suggesting that maternal exposure to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> may be associated with an increased risk of neonatal complications&#44; some of which are better documented&#44; such as respiratory or central nervous system &#40;CNS&#41; depression&#44; and others for which there is little published data that may also be contradictory&#44; for instance intestinal obstruction caused by meconium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although in adults hypermagnesemia is associated with paralytic ileus&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> there is still uncertainty regarding the association between antenatal exposure to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and delayed passage of meconium&#44; meconium plug syndrome and spontaneous intestinal perforation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> with few sources on the subject&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary objective of our study was to analyse the potential association of antenatal administration of MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> for neuroprotection in PT infants and the development of meconium obstruction&#46; The secondary objective was to assess the potential role of MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> in respiratory depression at birth&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Sample and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a retrospective&#44; descriptive and analytical study including all neonates delivered before 32 weeks&#8217; gestation and admitted between January 1&#44; 2016 and December 31&#44; 2017 to the Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara&#241;&#243;n&#46; We excluded infants with major congenital anomalies&#46; The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the sample size calculation&#44; we estimated that a sample of 201 patients could detect significant differences of at least 23&#37; &#40;28&#37;&#8211;55&#37;&#41; with a power 81&#37; and an alpha level of 0&#46;05&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We collected epidemiological data regarding the gestation and perinatal periods and data on clinical outcomes and laboratory results of the infants in the first week of life&#46; We compared these variables in infants exposed to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and infants that were not exposed&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The administration of MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> to pregnant women adhered to the protocol of the hospital&#44; which was based on the recommendations of the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Ginecolog&#237;a y Obstetricia &#40;Spanish Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics&#44; SEGO&#41;&#58; a loading dose of 4&#8239;g delivered over 5&#8722;20&#8239;min&#44; followed by a maintenance dose of 1&#8211;2&#8239;g per hour delivered intravenously&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We defined meconium obstruction as delayed passage of meconium of at least 48&#8239;h and&#47;or need of repeated rectal stimulation to achieve a bowel movement and&#47;or an interval of 48 or more hours between the first and second bowel movements&#46; We defined repeated rectal stimulation as 2 or more digital stimulations&#44; performed based on the judgment of the physician&#47;nurse in the absence of spontaneous passage of meconium and&#47;or presence of clinical manifestations such as abdominal distension or discomfort&#46; The impact of obstruction was described in terms of the time elapsed to initiation of enteral nutrition &#40;EN&#41;&#44; time elapsed to discontinuation of parenteral nutrition &#40;PN&#41; or development of necrotising enterocolitis &#40;NEC&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variables used to analyse respiratory depression were the Apgar score at birth&#44; type of resuscitation and maximum fraction of inspired oxygen &#40;FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; used in the delivery room&#44; acidosis and need of inotropic drugs in the first hours post birth&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the statistical analysis&#44; we summarised categorical data as percentages and quantitative data as mean and standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; or median and interquartile range&#44; depending on whether the data followed a normal distribution&#46; We compared categorical variables with the &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test or Fisher exact test&#44; and quantitative data with the Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test or the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test depending on the distribution&#46; We considered <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p-</span>values of less than 0&#46;05 statistically significant&#46; The analysis was performed with the statistical software SPSS&#44; version 22 &#40;IBS SPSS Statistics&#44; 2013&#59; IBM Corp&#46;&#59; Armonk&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between January 2016 and December 2017&#44; a total of 219 infants were born preterm before 32 weeks&#8217; gestation&#46; We included 201 patients &#40;146 whose mothers received MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and 55 whose mothers did not&#41;&#44; excluding those with major malformations&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarises the main maternal&#44; obstetric and infant-related variables&#46; The salient characteristics were a higher frequency of multiple gestation and maternal hypothyroidism and lower frequency of antenatal steroid therapy in the group not exposed to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#46; When it came to infant characteristics&#44; we only found significant differences in sex between the groups&#44; with a higher frequency of female infants in the group not exposed to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did not find differences in the frequency of meconium obstruction or the time elapsed between the first and second bowel movement&#44; the hours to initiation of EN or the time to attainment of full EN&#46; There were also no differences in the incidence of NEC or the time of NEC development&#46; Although the difference was not statistically significant&#44; we found a greater probability of requiring repeated rectal stimulation to trigger a bowel movement in the group exposed to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> &#40;43&#46;2&#37; vs&#46; 27&#46;9&#37; in the group without MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> exposure&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;08&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When it came to perinatal respiratory depression&#44; we did not find statistically significant differences between groups in any of the variables under study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the past decade&#44; MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> has been included in international guidelines for antenatal neuroprotection of PT infants&#46; The impact on the neonate and its safety profile in PT infants have not been well established&#44; and there are few sources on the subject in the medical literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9</span></a> In this context&#44; our study contributes information on the potential effects at the intestinal level of antenatal MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> exposure in PT newborn infants&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The potential increase in the incidence of meconium obstruction is a controversial hypothesis that has rarely been addressed in the literature&#46; To complicate matters further&#44; although meconium obstruction of prematurity has been described with growing frequency in recent decades&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> there is no definitive consensus on the criteria to be used for its diagnosis&#46; In our study&#44; we defined meconium obstruction based on the existing literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study did not evince differences in the incidence of meconium obstruction based on antenatal exposure to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#46; In this regard&#44; the results of the studies published to date have been contradictory&#46; In 1972&#44; Sokal et al&#46; described the cases of 2 neonates with antenatal exposure to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and absence of passage of meconium in the first 24&#8239;h post birth associated with abdominal dissension and vomiting&#46; Both patients had been born after 35 weeks of gestation and had elevated serum levels of magnesium&#46; None of the other 10 infants with hypermagnesemia in the study developed abdominal distension&#44; although they had lower serum levels of magnesium&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Since then&#44; different studies have tried to establish the association between these 2 events&#44; with results that were either not statistically significant<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> or inconclusive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Cuenca et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> conducted a retrospective study of several factors associated with meconium obstruction&#44; including antenatal treatment with MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#46; The study included 61 newborn infants with a diagnosis of meconium obstruction&#44; of who 16&#37; had a known history of antenatal MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> exposure&#46; However&#44; since the median gestational age of the sample was 35 weeks&#44; it is not possible to compare these results to those in our sample&#46; We did not find any other studies on the association of a meconium obstruction diagnosis and antenatal neuroprotection with MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; there are some articles analysing the variables used to define meconium obstruction&#46; One of the variables that we analyse in the study was delayed passage of meconium&#44; beyond 48&#8239;h post birth&#44; and did not find significant differences between groups&#46; Although the association is not well established&#44; some authors have found an association between antenatal exposure to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and delayed passage of meconium&#46; Riaz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> published one of the few studies on the subject&#46; They reported delayed passage of meconium in 38&#37; of neonates with hypermagnesemia compared of 15&#37; of controls&#44; although the difference was not statistically significant&#46; A more recent study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> compared prospective data for 56 PT infants born before 32 weeks&#8217; gestation exposed antenatally to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> for neuroprotection to data for 51 historical controls&#46; The authors found a higher frequency of delayed passage of meconium in the exposed group &#40;9&#46;6 vs&#46; 2&#37; in the control group&#41;&#44; a difference that was not significant&#46; On the other hand&#44; unexpectedly&#44; they found that in the subset of infants born before 30 weeks&#44; a higher proportion in the group exposed to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> passed meconium within 48&#8239;h of birth compared to the control group&#46; In our study&#44; we did not a subgroup analysis of infants delivered before 30 weeks&#44; but we did not find that difference in the total sample of preterm infants delivered before 32 weeks&#44; with the first meconium passage occurring before 48&#8239;h post birth in 72&#37; of the MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group vs 66&#37; of the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;62&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gursoy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> analysed the impact of antenatal MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> exposure in intestinal blood flow in PT newborns&#44; and found a similar mesenteric flow in both groups and no difference in the time of the first bowel movement&#46; However&#44; the authors noted that drawing conclusions was difficult&#44; as the only variable that was documented was the time of the first meconium passage&#44; without taking into account other parameters involved in bowel transit&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also found no differences in the proportion of infants with an interval greater than 48&#8239;h between the first and second bowel movements&#46; We found a greater proportion that required rectal stimulation to initiate a vowel movement in the MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group&#44; although this difference was not statistically significant&#46; To our knowledge&#44; there are no other studies in the literature that analysed these variables&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also analysed the association between MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> exposure and feeding&#46; In this regard&#44; we also found no significant differences in the time to initiation of EN or to full EN&#46; These findings were consistent with those of Gursoy et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> who also reported no differences in the time to achievement of exclusive EN&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Last of all&#44; as concerns the potential intestinal complications associated with MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; we compared the incidence of NEC in the two groups and did not find differences&#46; Other studies have not found an association between antenatal MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and NEC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Downey et al&#46; analysed the incidence of NEC and isolated intestinal perforation in newborn infants in 323 neonatal intensive care units to determine whether in utero magnesium exposure was associated with spontaneous intestinal perforation in extremely low birth weight newborns &#40;&#60;1000&#8239;g&#41;&#46; Their study included 28 035 neonates&#44; of who 11&#44;789 had been exposed to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> in utero&#46; The mean gestational age of both exposed and not exposed infants was lower compared to our patients &#40;26 vs&#46; 28 weeks&#41;&#46; The study did not find an association between antenatal exposure and an increased risk of spontaneous intestinal perforation or NEC&#44; which our own findings are consistent with&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neonatal cardiorespiratory abnormalities are also among the adverse events potentially associated with antenatal exposure to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> described in the literature&#46; Although the hypothesis regarding these effects have not yet been proven&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> the seventh edition of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Textbook of Neonatal Resuscitation</span>&#44; el includes MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> in the list of drugs that may cause neonatal respiratory depression when administered to the mother during gestation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did not find significant differences between groups in the 1- or 5-min Apgar score&#44; the need for resuscitation at birth&#44; the maximum FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in the delivery room&#44; the pH and lactate values in the first blood gas analysis or the need for inotropic drugs in the first 72&#8239;h post birth&#46; Although more studies have provided data on these outcomes compared to intestinal complications&#44; the results are not homogeneous and in some cases are completely contradictory&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; 50 years ago&#44; Lipsitz and English<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> described hypotonia&#44; hyporeflexia and respiratory depression in 16 neonates that they attributed to antenatal administration of MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> to the mother&#46; Later&#44; Lipsitz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> published a larger case series that included 37 neonates&#44; reporting that the Apgar score was lower in the group with antenatal MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> exposure&#46; Riaz et al&#46; found a higher incidence of hypotonia and lower Apgar scores in neonates exposed to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> although their findings are not comparable to ours since their study was conducted in infants delivered after 34 weeks whose mothers had received MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> for maternal health problems as opposed to foetal neuroprotection&#46; The authors did not have an association between those outcomes and neonatal or maternal serum magnesium levels or the dose and duration of treatment with MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#46; More recent studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> have found features of CNS depression or cardiorespiratory alterations&#44; such as changes in heart rate or decreased breathing movements&#44; even with maternal serum magnesium levels in the therapeutic range &#40;4&#8722;8&#8239;mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; although the study was performed in mothers that received MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> as a tocolytic agent and did not document serum magnesium levels in the infants&#46; Most of the studies that reported lower Apgar scores and a higher frequency of hypotonia and intubation compared these outcomes to maternal magnesium levels&#44; usually in term neonates and with exposure to doses used for treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia&#44; and therefore their conclusions cannot be compared to ours&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; as we mentioned before&#44; a fair number of studies have found that these neuromuscular effects on the neonate are not clinically significant&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;13&#44;27&#8211;29</span></a> which was also the case in our study&#46; Furthermore&#44; many of these studies were conducted in populations similar to our sample of PT neonates delivered before 32 weeks of gestation whose mothers had received MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> for foetal neuroprotection&#46; For instance&#44; in 2008 Rouse et al&#46; published the results of a clinical trial with random allocation to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> infusion or placebo of 2241 women that gave birth between 24 and 31 weeks&#8217; gestation&#46; The authors did not find an increase in perinatal mortality&#44; neonatal hypotonia or other morbidity in exposed infants&#46; However&#44; exposure to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> was associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of cerebral palsy&#44; especially in infants born between 24 and 27 weeks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> De Jesus et al&#46; made a retrospective comparison of cardiorespiratory events in PT neonates &#40;23<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span>&#8211;28<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;6</span> weeks of gestation&#41; with and without exposure to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; without documenting the reason for administration of MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#46; The study did not find an association between antenatal exposure to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and an increased risk of cardiorespiratory events in the immediate postnatal period&#46; The need for invasive mechanical ventilation on day 3 post birth and for treatment for hypotension on day 1 were less frequent in the infants exposed to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; despite a lower birth weight and gestational age&#46; The authors did not find an increased probability of neonatal resuscitation&#44; neonatal morbidity or mortality&#44; a greater delay in enteral nutrition or a longer length of stay in the exposed group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The results of Lloreda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> were similar to those of De Jesus et al&#46; and our own in a study of similar characteristics &#40;gestational age &#60;32 weeks&#44; exposed to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> given for neuroprotection&#41; a prospective design&#46; These authors did not find statistically significant differences in the advanced neonatal resuscitation&#44; invasive mechanical ventilation&#44; mortality or some of the associated clinical features&#44; like the delay to first passage of meconium&#46; On the other hand&#44; a meta-analysis conducted in adherence with the 2016 PRISMA guideline<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> found an increased risk of a 5-min Apgar score of less than 7 and need of supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks and mechanical ventilation in exposed infants&#44; although the differences were not statistically significant&#46; This review also did not find differences in mortality&#46; Our results were consistent with the findings of other systematic reviews&#44; for instance&#44; the one conducted by Magee et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> who concluded that exposure to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> is not associated with the probability of a 5-min Apgar score under 7&#44; neonatal hypotonia or the need of respiratory support&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chief limitation of our study is its retrospective design&#44; which has intrinsic drawbacks and risks of bias&#46; We were not able to report or analyse the dose and duration of antenatal MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> treatment nor maternal or neonatal magnesium levels and the association between them&#44; aspects on which the evidence published to date is contradictory&#44; or the reason why certain patients received MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and others did not&#44; as these data were not expressly documented in health records in most cases&#46; However&#44; the greater proportion of multiple gestation and lower proportion of antenatal steroid therapy in the unexposed group could be explained by their probable association with precipitous labour&#44; an event that leaves no time to initiate treatment with MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; we did not establish different groups based on gestational age &#40;despite the known differences in physiological maturation and adaptation to extrauterine life associated with it&#41; due to the reduction in statistical power that this would entail given the small size of the subgroups&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; we did not analyse the subsequent detection of diseases like aganglionic megacolon or cystic fibrosis&#44; which could be a source of bias in intestinal complication results&#44; although patient outcomes at the time of discharge were favourable enough to not warrant screening for these conditions before sending the infants home&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We may close the discussion by highlighting that the sample under study was homogenous in terms of the main gestational&#44; perinatal and neonatal characteristics&#44; with the sole differences being a higher proportion of multiple gestation and lower proportion of antenatal steroid therapy in the MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; as noted above&#46; Based on the greater frequency of antenatal steroid therapy in this group&#44; we could have expected better respiratory outcomes compared to the group without MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> exposure&#46; However&#44; we did not find short-term differences in the need for advanced resuscitation&#44; the Apgar scores&#44; the initial FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> or the length of stay&#46; Lastly&#44; the authors did not find any evidence in the existing literature that could explain the higher frequency of hypothyroidism and female sex in the unexposed group&#46; When it came to maternal hypothyroidism&#44; the frequency was 28&#46;8&#37; in the group treated with MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> compared to 8&#46;9&#37; in the group that did not receive it &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p&#8239;&#61;</span>&#8239;&#46;000&#41;&#44; and the authors did not find an explanation of this phenomenon&#46; Still&#44; the authors did not believe that this interfered with the results&#44; as all mothers received adequate hormone replacement therapy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusion</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study did not find evidence of an association between antenatal maternal treatment with MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and the development of meconium obstruction or respiratory depression in newborn infants&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the future&#44; performance of prospective studies with consideration of the association between neonatal serum magnesium levels and the described potential adverse events would be useful to improve the understanding and management of perinatal outcomes following antenatal administration of MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> for neuroprotection&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Funding</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors did not receive any form of funding from the public&#44; private or non-profit sectors for the purpose of the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Magnesium sulphate &#40;MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41; therapy has shown to be useful as a neurological protector in the preterm newborn below 32 weeks of gestation&#46; The most documented adverse effect is cardiorespiratory failure&#44; whereas its relationship with meconium obstruction is controversial&#46; The main objective of this study was to analyse the possible association between prenatal MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> therapy and meconium obstruction&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An analytical retrospective study was conducted on &#60;32 weeks preterm babies admitted to a tertiary-level hospital &#40;January 2016&#8211;December 2017&#41;&#46; Epidemiological&#44; prenatal and postnatal data on the outcomes were obtained&#44; analysed and compared in both groups &#40;exposed to MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> and not exposed&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included 201 patients &#40;146 exposed and 55 non-exposed&#41;&#46; There were no significant differences in the mean gestational age &#40;28&#46;4&#8239;&#177;&#8239;2&#46;2 vs&#46; 28&#46;7&#8239;&#177;&#8239;2&#46;8 weeks&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; or in the rest of epidemiological and perinatal variables&#46; Prenatal corticosteroid therapy was more frequent in the MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> group &#40;75&#46;9 vs&#46; 53&#46;7&#37;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;002&#41;&#44; and in the non-exposed group there were more multiple pregnancies &#40;52&#46;7 vs&#46; 36&#46;6&#37;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;027&#41;&#44; and female gender &#40;56&#46;4 vs&#46; 37&#37;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;013&#41;&#46; There were no statistically significant differences in the presence of meconium obstruction &#40;75&#46;9&#37; in exposed vs&#46; 67&#46;3&#37; in non-exposed&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;23&#41;&#44; although repeated rectal stimulation was more frequent in the exposed group &#40;43&#46;2 vs&#46; 27&#46;9&#37;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;08&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; there were no significant differences in the main cardiorespiratory variables&#58; 1-min Apgar score &#40;6&#46;2 in MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4&#8722;</span> exposed vs&#46; 5&#46;6 in non-exposed&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;75&#41;&#44; 5-min Apgar score &#40;7&#46;9 vs&#46; 7&#46;6&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;31&#41;&#44; advanced newborn resuscitation &#40;26 vs&#46; 31&#46;5&#37;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;44&#41;&#44; maximum FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;45&#46;5 vs&#46; 48&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;58&#41;&#44; and initial inotropic requirements &#40;10&#46;3 vs&#46; 20&#46;8&#37;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;&#46;55&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study found no correlations between MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> therapy and meconium obstruction or cardiorespiratory failure&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El sulfato de magnesio &#40;SMg&#41; ha demostrado eficacia como neuroprotector en pret&#233;rminos &#60; 32 semanas&#46; Su efecto adverso m&#225;s documentado es la depresi&#243;n cardiorrespiratoria&#44; siendo dudosa su relaci&#243;n con la obstrucci&#243;n meconial&#46; El objetivo principal del estudio es analizar la posible asociaci&#243;n entre el SMg antenatal y la obstrucci&#243;n meconial&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo anal&#237;tico&#44; de neonatos &#60; 32 semanas de edad gestacional ingresados en un hospital terciario &#40;enero del 2016 a diciembre del 2017&#41;&#46; Se recogieron datos epidemiol&#243;gicos&#44; perinatales y de evoluci&#243;n posnatal&#44; comparando expuestos y no expuestos a SMg&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 201 pacientes &#40;146 recibieron SMg y 55 no&#41;&#46; No existieron diferencias en la edad gestacional media &#40;28&#44;4&#8239;&#177;&#8239;2&#44;2 vs&#46; 28&#44;7&#8239;&#177;&#8239;2&#44;8 semanas&#44; respectivamente&#41; ni el resto de variables epidemiol&#243;gicas y perinatales&#44; salvo en expuestos la administraci&#243;n m&#225;s frecuente de corticoides antenatales &#40;75&#44;9 vs&#46; 53&#44;7&#37;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;002&#41;&#44; y en no expuestos el parto m&#250;ltiple &#40;52&#44;7 vs&#46; 36&#44;6&#37;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;027&#41;&#44; y el sexo femenino &#40;56&#44;4 vs&#46; 37&#37;&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;013&#41;&#46; No hubo diferencias significativas en la obstrucci&#243;n meconial &#40;75&#44;9&#37; expuestos vs&#46; 67&#44;3&#37; no expuestos&#59; p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;23&#41;&#44; aunque la estimulaci&#243;n rectal repetida fue m&#225;s frecuente en el grupo tratado &#40;43&#44;2 vs&#46; 27&#44;9&#37;&#59; &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;08&#41;&#46; Tampoco hubo diferencias en las principales variables de depresi&#243;n cardiorrespiratoria&#58; Apgar al primer minuto 6&#44;2 vs&#46; 5&#44;6 en expuestos y no expuestos respectivamente &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;75&#41; y a los cinco minutos 7&#44;9 vs&#46; 7&#44;6 &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;31&#41;&#44; reanimaci&#243;n avanzada 26 vs 31&#44;5&#37; &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;44&#41;&#44; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> m&#225;xima 45&#44;5 vs&#46; 48 &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;58&#41; y necesidad inicial de inotr&#243;picos 10&#44;3 vs 20&#44;8&#37; &#40;p&#8239;&#61;&#8239;0&#44;55&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El presente estudio no hall&#243; asociaci&#243;n entre la administraci&#243;n de SMg y la obstrucci&#243;n meconial o la depresi&#243;n cardiorrespiratoria&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as&#58; Gochi Valdovinos A&#44; Arriaga-Redondo M&#44; Dejuan Bitri&#225; E&#44; P&#233;rez Rodr&#237;guez I&#44; M&#225;rquez Isidro E&#44; Blanco Bravo D&#46; Terapia prenatal con sulfato de magnesio y obstrucci&#243;n intestinal por meconio en reci&#233;n nacidos pret&#233;rmino&#46; An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2022&#59;96&#58;138&#8211;144&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0005"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BW&#44; birth weight&#59; IUGR&#44; intrauterine growth restriction&#59; MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; magnesium sulphate&#59; SD&#44; standard deviation&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gestational diabetes&#58; diabetes newly diagnosed during pregnancy &#40;basal glucose &#8805;126&#8239;mg&#47;dL on 2 different days or &#8805;200&#8239;mg&#47;L or abnormal glucose tolerance test&#41;&#46; Eclampsia&#58; development of grand mal seizures in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia that cannot be attributed to other causes&#46; Intrauterine growth restriction&#58; estimated foetal weight &#40;EFW&#41; &#60;3rd percentile&#44; or EFW &#60;10th percentile and abnormal cerebral-umbilical flow or uterine arterial flow&#41;&#46;</p>"
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            0 => array:2 [
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> exposure &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;146&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Maternal age&#44; years &#40;mean&#8239;&#177;&#8239;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;5&#8239;&#177;&#8239;6&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#8239;&#177;&#8239;4&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;672&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multiple gestation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;36&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;52&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&#46;027&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Gestational diabetes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;6&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;901&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hypothyroidism &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;8&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;28&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eclampsia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;16&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;9&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;176&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antenatal steroids &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">110 &#40;75&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;53&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Chorioamnionitis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;12&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;9&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;501&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Caesarean section &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86 &#40;59&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;59&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">General anaesthesia &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;9&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;17&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;131&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Gestational age&#44; weeks&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;4&#8239;&#177;&#8239;2&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;7&#8239;&#177;&#8239;2&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BW&#44; g &#40;mean&#44; SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1145&#8239;&#177;&#8239;348&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1172&#8239;&#177;&#8239;383&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;643&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female sex &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54 &#40;37&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;56&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&#46;013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IUGR &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;3&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;066&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; fraction of inspired oxygen&#59; NALS&#44; neonatal advanced life support &#40;type 4&#58; orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation&#59; type 5&#58; cardiac massage&#41;&#59; NEC&#44; necrotising enterocolitis &#40;diagnosed and graded based on clinical&#44; imaging and laboratory features&#41;&#59; SD&#44; standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> exposure &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;146&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No MgSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Length of stay&#44; days &#40;mean&#44; SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">102&#8239;&#177;&#8239;7&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#8239;&#177;&#8239;12&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;431&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Death &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;11&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;16&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;374&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Meconium obstruction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">105 &#40;75&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;67&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Meconium passage &#62;48&#8239;h post birth &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;28&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;34&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Repeated need for rectal stimulation to start bowel movements &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;43&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;27&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Time between bowel movements &#62;48&#8239;h &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62 &#40;51&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;43&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hours from birth to initiation of enteral nutrition &#40;mean&#44; SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;6&#8239;&#177;&#8239;1&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31&#46;6&#8239;&#177;&#8239;3&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Days from birth to full enteral nutrition &#40;mean&#44; SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;7&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;6&#8239;&#177;&#8239;1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NEC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;17&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;27&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Days from birth to NEC &#40;mean&#44; SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&#44;&#8239;&#177;&#8239;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;8&#8239;&#177;&#8239;1&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1-min Apgar &#40;mean&#44; SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;6&#8239;&#177;&#8239;1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;31&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">pH in first blood gas analysis &#40;mean&#44; SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;26&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;25&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lactate in first blood gas analysis &#40;mean&#44; SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Maximum FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in delivery room &#40;mean&#44; SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Inotropic drugs within 72&#8239;h of birth &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                            0 => "L&#46; Duley"
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