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mycophenolate mofetil or azatioprine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In recent years&#44; new treatments have been proposed for refractory cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#8211;6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a patient with TA with onset of heart failure that eventually required biological therapy with anti-IL6&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a girl aged 11 years presenting with vomiting and abdominal pain with onset 10 days prior associated with asthenia of a few weeks&#8217; duration&#46; The physical examination revealed pallor in the skin and mucosae&#44; acral coldness&#44; difficulty breathing&#44; hypoventilation and bibasilar crackles&#44; a gallop rhythm &#40;heart rate&#44; 140 bpm&#41;&#44; an oxygen saturation &#40;SatO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; of 90&#37; and hepatomegaly&#46; The left radial and brachial pulses were absent&#44; with a blood pressure &#40;BP&#41; of 80&#47;50 in the left arm &#40;below the 50th percentile&#41; and 140&#47;100 in the right arm &#40;above the 99th percentile&#41;&#46; The salient laboratory features were a haemoglobin concentration &#40;Hb&#41; of 9&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#44; a platelet count of 636<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> and a C-reactive protein &#40;CPR&#41; level of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#46; The chest radiograph revealed cardiomegaly with signs of acute pulmonary oedema&#44; and the electrocardiogram featured signs of atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was admitted to the PICU with a diagnosis of acute heart failure and assessed by means of an echocardiogram that revealed severe systolic failure &#40;forced expiratory volume in 1 second &#91;FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#93;&#44; 20&#37;&#41; and mild mitral valve regurgitation&#46; Haemodynamic support was initiated with milrinone&#44; diuretics and levosimendan&#44; and respiratory support with BIPAP&#44; to which the patient responded favourably&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An abdominal ultrasound examination revealed signs of aortitis&#44; and since TA was suspected&#44; the investigation was completed with a CT angiogram &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41; that showed thickening of the left subclavian artery with significant stenosis and narrowing at the outlet of the left vertebral artery with collateralization&#44; as well as thickening in segments of the thoracic and abdominal aorta and stenosis of the right renal arteries&#46; Magnetic resonance angiography confirmed the acute involvement of the subclavian and vertebral arteries&#44; and the chronic involvement of the aorta and its branches&#46; The patient received a diagnosis of TA type V and started treatment with boluses of methylprednisolone at a dose of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg for 3 days &#40;followed by prednisone at a dose of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#41; and intravenous cyclophosphamide at a dose of 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> every 3 weeks&#44; which achieved normalization of laboratory parameters after the second dose&#46; The patient&#39;s blood pressure remained above the 99th percentile despite a combination of 6 drugs&#44; so&#44; following performance of an arteriogram &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#44; the patient underwent a right renal artery angioplasty that allowed the discontinuation of 4 drugs and achieved adequate control of the blood pressure&#46; Two months later&#44; there was evidence of elevation of CRP &#40;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#41;&#44; the ESR &#40;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#47;h&#41; and serum levels of IL-6 &#40;29&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#41;&#44; so after administration of 5 doses of cyclophosphamide&#44; treatment was initiated with anti-IL-6 &#40;tocilizumab iv 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg every 2 weeks&#41;&#46; The patient exhibited a good response after 2 doses&#44; with normalization of laboratory tests and a decrease in the levels of IL-6 &#40;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#41;&#46; Twelve months later&#44; the patient was asymptomatic&#44; with a FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> 70&#37; without treatment with antihypertensive drugs&#44; so&#44; on confirmation of stabilization by imaging&#44; the interval between doses of tocilizumab was increased to 3 weeks&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the control of HTN&#44; which may be complicated and in some cases require invasive interventions such as renal artery angioplasty&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> the patient must remain under strict monitoring of other cardiovascular risk factors&#44; such as hypercholesterolemia and hypercoagulability&#46; Our patient required rosuvastatin and acetylsalicylic acid&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The challenge in the management of TA is to differentiate between the active and chronic phases&#44; as there are no specific markers of disease activity&#46; The sensitivity and the specificity of CRP and ESR values are low&#44; so other biomarkers are currently being investigated&#44; such as matrix metalloproteinases &#40;MMPs&#41;&#44; vascular cell adhesion proteins &#40;VCAM&#41;&#44; the inverted CD4&#47;CD8 ratio and pentraxin 3&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; there is evidence of a correlation between the levels of IL-6 and disease activity&#44; which suggests that this cytokine may be a useful target for treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although conventional treatment continues to be widespread&#44; several case series have been published that demonstrate the effectiveness of biological agents such as anti-TNF-&#945; &#40;infliximab&#47;adalimumab&#41; or anti-IL6 &#40;tocilizumab&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> These studies have reported a mean time to resolution of symptom of 3 months in the absence of severe side effects&#44; in addition to allowing a reduction of the steroid dose&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Angiographic abnormalities &#40;conventional&#44; CT or MR imaging&#41; of the aorta or its main branches and pulmonary arteries showing aneurysm&#47;dilatation&#44; narrowing&#44; occlusion or thickened arterial wall not due to fibromuscular dysplasia or similar causes &#40;mandatory criterion&#41; plus one of the following 5 criteria&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46; Pulse deficit or claudication&#58; lost&#47;decreased&#47;unequal peripheral artery pulses or claudication &#40;focal muscle pain induced by physical activity&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46; Blood pressure discrepancy&#58; discrepancy of four limb systolic blood pressure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg difference in any limb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46; Bruits&#58; audible murmurs or palpable thrills over large arteries&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "EULAR&#47;PRINTO&#47;PRES criteria for Henoch-Sch&#246;nlein purpura&#44; childhood polyarteritis nodosa&#44; childhood Wegener granulomatosis and childhood Takayasu arteritis&#58; Ankara 2008&#46; Part II&#58; Final classification criteria"
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                            0 => "F&#46;A&#46; Aeschlimann"
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Scientific Letter
Takayasu arteritis of atypical presentation. Tocilizumab as an alternative therapeutic option
Arteritis de Takayasu de presentación atípica. Tocilizumab como alternativa terapéutica
Zaira Cubiles Arilloa,
Corresponding author
zaira915@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Esmeralda Núñez Cuadrosb, Verónica Martínez Riverac, José Manuel González Gómezd, Victorio Cuenca Peiróe
a Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Materno Infantil, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
b Unidad de Reumatología Pediátrica, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Materno Infantil, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
c Unidad de Nefrología Pediátrica, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Materno Infantil, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
d Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cuidados Críticos y Urgencias Pediátricas, Hospital Materno Infantil, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
e Unidad de Cardiología Pediátrica, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Materno Infantil, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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is the gold standard of imaging&#44; as it allows visualization of blood flow and the extent of collateralization&#44; it does not provide any information about the arterial wall&#46; Thus&#44; a magnetic resonance angiography &#40;MRA&#41; is also useful to assess abnormalities of the vessel wall&#44; and its results correlate to clinical manifestations and inflammatory marker levels&#46; Positron emission tomography&#47;computer tomography &#40;PET-CT&#41; is not indicated for routine assessment&#44; but it may be useful in patients with negative inflammatory markers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment is delivered in 2 phases&#58; induction and maintenance&#46; In case of haemodynamic instability&#44; the induction phase consists of steroids delivered by intravenous pulse initially followed by oral administration combined with an immunosuppressive agent &#40;cyclophosphamide or methotrexate&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The agents used in the maintenance phase include methotrexate&#44; 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20&#37;&#41; and mild mitral valve regurgitation&#46; Haemodynamic support was initiated with milrinone&#44; diuretics and levosimendan&#44; and respiratory support with BIPAP&#44; to which the patient responded favourably&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An abdominal ultrasound examination revealed signs of aortitis&#44; and since TA was suspected&#44; the investigation was completed with a CT angiogram &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41; that showed thickening of the left subclavian artery with significant stenosis and narrowing at the outlet of the left vertebral artery with collateralization&#44; as well as thickening in segments of the thoracic and abdominal aorta and stenosis of the right renal arteries&#46; Magnetic resonance angiography confirmed the acute involvement of the subclavian and vertebral arteries&#44; and the chronic involvement of the aorta and its branches&#46; The patient received a diagnosis of TA type V and started treatment with boluses of methylprednisolone at a dose of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg for 3 days &#40;followed by prednisone at a dose of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#41; and intravenous cyclophosphamide at a dose of 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> every 3 weeks&#44; which achieved normalization of laboratory parameters after the second dose&#46; The patient&#39;s blood pressure remained above the 99th percentile despite a combination of 6 drugs&#44; so&#44; following performance of an arteriogram &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#44; the patient underwent a right renal artery angioplasty that allowed the discontinuation of 4 drugs and achieved adequate control of the blood pressure&#46; Two months later&#44; there was evidence of elevation of CRP &#40;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#41;&#44; the ESR &#40;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#47;h&#41; and serum levels of IL-6 &#40;29&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#41;&#44; so after administration of 5 doses of cyclophosphamide&#44; treatment was initiated with anti-IL-6 &#40;tocilizumab iv 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg every 2 weeks&#41;&#46; The patient exhibited a good response after 2 doses&#44; with normalization of laboratory tests and a decrease in the levels of IL-6 &#40;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;mL&#41;&#46; Twelve months later&#44; the patient was asymptomatic&#44; with a FEV<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> 70&#37; without treatment with antihypertensive drugs&#44; so&#44; on confirmation of stabilization by imaging&#44; the interval between doses of tocilizumab was increased to 3 weeks&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the control of HTN&#44; which may be complicated and in some cases require invasive interventions such as renal artery angioplasty&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> the patient must remain under strict monitoring of other cardiovascular risk factors&#44; such as hypercholesterolemia and hypercoagulability&#46; Our patient required rosuvastatin and acetylsalicylic acid&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The challenge in the management of TA is to differentiate between the active and chronic phases&#44; as there are no specific markers of disease activity&#46; The sensitivity and the specificity of CRP and ESR values are low&#44; so other biomarkers are currently being investigated&#44; such as matrix metalloproteinases &#40;MMPs&#41;&#44; vascular cell adhesion proteins &#40;VCAM&#41;&#44; the inverted CD4&#47;CD8 ratio and pentraxin 3&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; there is evidence of a correlation between the levels of IL-6 and disease activity&#44; which suggests that this cytokine may be a useful target for treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although conventional treatment continues to be widespread&#44; several case series have been published that demonstrate the effectiveness of biological agents such as anti-TNF-&#945; &#40;infliximab&#47;adalimumab&#41; or anti-IL6 &#40;tocilizumab&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> These studies have reported a mean time to resolution of symptom of 3 months in the absence of severe side effects&#44; in addition to allowing a reduction of the steroid dose&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Angiographic abnormalities &#40;conventional&#44; CT or MR imaging&#41; of the aorta or its main branches and pulmonary arteries showing aneurysm&#47;dilatation&#44; narrowing&#44; occlusion or thickened arterial wall not due to fibromuscular dysplasia or similar causes &#40;mandatory criterion&#41; plus one of the following 5 criteria&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46; Pulse deficit or claudication&#58; lost&#47;decreased&#47;unequal peripheral artery pulses or claudication &#40;focal muscle pain induced by physical activity&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46; Blood pressure discrepancy&#58; discrepancy of four limb systolic blood pressure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg difference in any limb&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46; Bruits&#58; audible murmurs or palpable thrills over large arteries&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46; Hypertension&#58; systolic&#47;diastolic blood pressure greater than 95<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> percentile for height&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "EULAR&#47;PRINTO&#47;PRES criteria for Henoch-Sch&#246;nlein purpura&#44; childhood polyarteritis nodosa&#44; childhood Wegener granulomatosis and childhood Takayasu arteritis&#58; Ankara 2008&#46; Part II&#58; Final classification criteria"
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                            0 => "S&#46; Ozen"
                            1 => "A&#46; Pistorio"
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                      "titulo" => "Takayasu arteritis in children&#58; preliminary experience with cyclophosphamide induction and corticosteroids followed by methotrexate"
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                            0 => "F&#46;A&#46; Aeschlimann"
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                      "titulo" => "Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in patients with refractory Takayasu arteritis&#58; Results from a randomised&#44; double-blind&#44; placebo-controlled&#44; phase 3 trial in Japan &#40;the TAKT study&#41;"
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                            4 => "T&#46; Ishii"
                            5 => "S&#46; Yokota"
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                            2 => "J&#46;L&#46; Hern&#225;ndez"
                            3 => "S&#46; Casta&#241;eda"
                            4 => "A&#46; Humbr&#237;a"
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ISSN: 23412879
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Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
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