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including her young age&#44; the short time elapsed between onset and diagnosis&#44; the short length of the aortic segment involved and the diagnosis during the inflammatory phase&#44; emphasising the considerable usefulness of positron emission tomography&#47;computed tomography &#40;PET&#47;CT&#41;&#44; which allowed an early diagnosis&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a girl aged 5 years with no relevant history that was brought to the emergency department with intermittent but intense periumbilical abdominal pain of 2 weeks&#8217; duration&#44; associated with fever of up to 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C with no additional symptoms&#46; Her vital signs&#44; including the blood pressure in all 4 extremities&#44; and the general examination were normal&#46; The examination did not detect cardiac or abdominal murmurs and the carotid&#44; axillary&#44; antecubital&#44; inguinal and popliteal pulses were all normal&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The blood tests revealed microcytic anaemia &#40;haemoglobin&#44; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#59; mean corpuscular volume&#44; 68&#41; with leucocytosis &#40;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; 74&#37; neutrophils&#41; and an elevated serum C-reactive protein &#40;CRP&#41; level of 18&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; while the liver and kidney function tests were normal&#46; The findings of a throat swab culture&#44; urinalysis&#44; chest radiograph and abdominal ultrasound examination were normal&#46; Since the symptoms persisted and the elevation of CRP increased &#40;to a maximum of 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#41;&#44; a computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; scan was performed that revealed periaortic wall thickening between the exit of the celiac trunk and the proximal third of the superior mesenteric artery &#40;SMA&#41; compatible with periaortitis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; which led to referral to our hospital&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Samples were obtained for blood and stool culture&#44; serologic tests &#40;syphilis&#44; cytomegalovirus&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycoplasma</span>&#44; parvovirus&#41;&#44; Mantoux&#44; autoimmunity study &#40;antinuclear &#91;ANA&#93; and extractable nuclear antigen &#91;ENA&#93;&#44; anti-proteinase 3 &#91;PR3&#93; and anti-myeloperoxidase &#91;MPO&#93; antibodies&#44; rheumatoid factor&#41;&#44; quantification of levels immunoglobulins&#8212;including IgG4&#8212;and complement levels&#44; all with normal or negative results&#46; The findings of the cardiac and ophthalmological evaluations were normal&#46; An abdominal doppler ultrasound examination confirmed the findings of the CT scan&#59; and the findings of an ultrasound scan of the supra-aortic trunks were normal&#46; Given the small extension of the periaortitis and the absence of stenosis&#44; a PET&#47;CT scan was ordered&#44; which revealed patchy deposits in the wall of the thoracic descending aorta with a maximum standardised uptake &#40;SUVmax&#41; of 4&#46;11 and diffuse enlargement of 2&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the abdominal aorta with a SUVmax of 4&#46;03&#44; suggestive of vascular inflammation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient received a diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis type III&#46; The initial treatment consisted of steroids&#44; first delivered intravenously and after by the oral route&#44; and methotrexate&#44; and achieved rapid resolution of the pain and a reduction in the serum levels of CRP&#46; At one month&#44; given the persistence of CRP elevation&#44; the patient started treatment with infliximab&#44; with a very good response&#46; At present &#40;age 7 years&#41;&#44; the patient is asymptomatic and serial Doppler ultrasound examinations have demonstrated the resolution of aortic thickening&#44; while the findings of follow-up MR angiography and CPR tests have been normal&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The course of Takayasu arteritis is divided into 2 phases&#46; The initial inflammatory phase is characterised by intermittent nonspecific symptoms &#40;fever&#44; anorexia&#44; night sweats&#44; weight loss&#41; and may last months or even years&#46; It is followed by an occlusive phase&#44; which manifests with headache&#44; ischaemic strokes&#44; hypertension or intermittent claudication in the upper or lower extremities&#44; among other symptoms&#46; The nonspecificity of the initial symptoms accounts for the mean delay in diagnosis of 11 months reported for the paediatric age group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In children&#44; the most commonly involved sites are the renal arteries and the abdominal aorta&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2010&#44; new criteria were published for the classification &#40;not for diagnosis&#41; of several paediatric vasculitis&#44; including Takayasu arteritis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although it has been classically diagnosed by means of angiography&#44; PET&#47;CT has demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> especially in patients that have not reached the occlusive phase or with involvement of a small aortic segment&#44; as was the case in our patient&#46; Magnetic resonance angiography is very useful&#44; but it poses some challenges in paediatric patients &#40;higher heart rates&#59; smaller volumes of contrast&#44; as the dose is based on weight&#59; breathing movements during sedation&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> especially in cases without occlusion&#59; it offers a high resolution for the definition of anatomical structures&#44; but provides little information on inflammatory activity&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment is based on the administration of corticosteroids&#44; immunosuppressive agents &#40;methotrexate&#44; azathioprine&#41; and biological agents &#40;anti-TNF or&#44; more recently&#44; anti-IL6&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis should be contemplated in patients with prolonged or recurrent fever&#44; intermittent abdominal pain&#44; hypertension or focal neurologic signs associated with an unexplained elevation of acute-phase reactants&#46; Early diagnosis allows prompt initiation of treatment and can prevent the progression of the disease to an irreversible stage&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Pastor Mart&#237;nez R&#44; Gallardo Padilla M&#44; Pe&#241;a Gonz&#225;lez LP&#44; G&#243;mez Grande A&#44; de Inocencio Arocena J&#46; Utilidad de la PET&#47;TAC en el diagn&#243;stico de la arteritis de Takayasu de segmento corto&#46; An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2019&#59;91&#58;55&#8211;57&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Previous presentation&#58;</span> This study was presented as a poster at the 65 Congress of the Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a&#59; June 1&#8211;3&#44; 2017&#59; Santiago de Compostela&#44; Spain&#46;</p>"
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Scientific letter
Usefulness of the PET/CT scan in the diagnosis of short-segment Takayasu arteritis
Utilidad de la PET/TAC en el diagnóstico de la arteritis de Takayasu de segmento corto
Rocío Pastor Martíneza,
Corresponding author
rociopmartinez@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Miguel Gallardo Padillab, Lorena Patricia Peña Gonzálezb, Adolfo Gómez Grandec, Jaime de Inocencio Arocenad,e
a Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, Valdemoro, Madrid, Spain
c Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
d Unidad de Reumatología Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
e Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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1</a>&#41;&#44; which led to referral to our hospital&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Samples were obtained for blood and stool culture&#44; serologic tests &#40;syphilis&#44; cytomegalovirus&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycoplasma</span>&#44; parvovirus&#41;&#44; Mantoux&#44; autoimmunity study &#40;antinuclear &#91;ANA&#93; and extractable nuclear antigen &#91;ENA&#93;&#44; anti-proteinase 3 &#91;PR3&#93; and anti-myeloperoxidase &#91;MPO&#93; antibodies&#44; rheumatoid factor&#41;&#44; quantification of levels immunoglobulins&#8212;including IgG4&#8212;and complement levels&#44; all with normal or negative results&#46; The findings of the cardiac and ophthalmological evaluations were normal&#46; An abdominal doppler ultrasound examination confirmed the findings of the CT scan&#59; and the findings of an ultrasound scan of the supra-aortic trunks were normal&#46; Given the small extension of the periaortitis and the absence of stenosis&#44; a PET&#47;CT scan was ordered&#44; which revealed patchy deposits in the wall of the thoracic descending aorta with a maximum standardised uptake &#40;SUVmax&#41; of 4&#46;11 and diffuse enlargement of 2&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the abdominal aorta with a SUVmax of 4&#46;03&#44; suggestive of vascular inflammation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient received a diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis type III&#46; The initial treatment consisted of steroids&#44; first delivered intravenously and after by the oral route&#44; and methotrexate&#44; and achieved rapid resolution of the pain and a reduction in the serum levels of CRP&#46; At one month&#44; given the persistence of CRP elevation&#44; the patient started treatment with infliximab&#44; with a very good response&#46; At present &#40;age 7 years&#41;&#44; the patient is asymptomatic and serial Doppler ultrasound examinations have demonstrated the resolution of aortic thickening&#44; while the findings of follow-up MR angiography and CPR tests have been normal&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The course of Takayasu arteritis is divided into 2 phases&#46; The initial inflammatory phase is characterised by intermittent nonspecific symptoms &#40;fever&#44; anorexia&#44; night sweats&#44; weight loss&#41; and may last months or even years&#46; It is followed by an occlusive phase&#44; which manifests with headache&#44; ischaemic strokes&#44; hypertension or intermittent claudication in the upper or lower extremities&#44; among other symptoms&#46; The nonspecificity of the initial symptoms accounts for the mean delay in diagnosis of 11 months reported for the paediatric age group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In children&#44; the most commonly involved sites are the renal arteries and the abdominal aorta&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2010&#44; new criteria were published for the classification &#40;not for diagnosis&#41; of several paediatric vasculitis&#44; including Takayasu arteritis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although it has been classically diagnosed by means of angiography&#44; PET&#47;CT has demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> especially in patients that have not reached the occlusive phase or with involvement of a small aortic segment&#44; as was the case in our patient&#46; Magnetic resonance angiography is very useful&#44; but it poses some challenges in paediatric patients &#40;higher heart rates&#59; smaller volumes of contrast&#44; as the dose is based on weight&#59; breathing movements during sedation&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> especially in cases without occlusion&#59; it offers a high resolution for the definition of anatomical structures&#44; but provides little information on inflammatory activity&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment is based on the administration of corticosteroids&#44; immunosuppressive agents &#40;methotrexate&#44; azathioprine&#41; and biological agents &#40;anti-TNF or&#44; more recently&#44; anti-IL6&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis should be contemplated in patients with prolonged or recurrent fever&#44; intermittent abdominal pain&#44; hypertension or focal neurologic signs associated with an unexplained elevation of acute-phase reactants&#46; Early diagnosis allows prompt initiation of treatment and can prevent the progression of the disease to an irreversible stage&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Previous presentation&#58;</span> This study was presented as a poster at the 65 Congress of the Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a&#59; June 1&#8211;3&#44; 2017&#59; Santiago de Compostela&#44; Spain&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PET&#47;CT and CT images&#46; &#40;A&#41; Sagittal PET&#47;CT and CT views showing increased tracer uptake in the walls of the thoracic aorta &#40;red arrows&#41; and superior mesenteric artery &#40;yellow arrow&#41;&#46; &#40;B&#41; Axial PET&#47;CT and CT views showing increased uptake in the walls of the superior mesenteric artery with a SUVmax of 4&#46;03 &#40;yellow arrows&#41;&#46; &#40;C&#41; Axial CT view showing thinning of the walls of the proximal segment of the superior mesenteric artery &#40;yellow arrow&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "Takayasu arteritis in childhood&#58; retrospective experience from a tertiary referral centre in the United Kingdom"
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                            0 => "D&#46; Eleftheriou"
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                            2 => "P&#46; Dolezalova"
                            3 => "A&#46;M&#46; McMahon"
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                            5 => "P&#46;A&#46; Brogan"
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                      "doi" => "10.1186/s13075-015-0545-1"
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                        "fecha" => "2015"
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Article information
ISSN: 23412879
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