Original Article
Para-phenylenediamine allergic contact dermatitis due to henna tattoos in a child and adolescent population
Dermatitis alérgica de contacto a parafenilendiamina por tatuajes con henna en población pediátrica
José María Ortiz Salvador
, Altea Esteve Martínez, Daniela Subiabre Ferrer, Ana Mercedes Victoria Martínez, Jesús de la Cuadra Oyanguren, Violeta Zaragoza Ninet
Corresponding author
Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Altea" "apellidos" => "Esteve Martínez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Daniela" "apellidos" => "Subiabre Ferrer" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Mercedes" "apellidos" => "Victoria Martínez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "de la Cuadra Oyanguren" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Violeta" "apellidos" => "Zaragoza Ninet" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Dermatitis alérgica de contacto a parafenilendiamina por tatuajes con henna en población pediátrica" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1314 "Ancho" => 1452 "Tamanyo" => 79873 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source of sensitisation in patients allergic to PPD. Absolute frequency and percentage of total patients.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Henna is a pigment extracted from the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lawsonia inermis</span> plant. Because of its ochre hue, it has been used for centuries in different cultures to dye skin, nails or hair.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It has a low reactogenicity and reports of cases of allergic contact dermatitis caused by henna are extremely rare.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years, temporary tattoos with henna have become very popular among children and adolescents. However, the brownish hue, low contrast and short duration of staining make the results obtained with the pigment unsatisfactory. As a result, para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is commonly added to the henna mixture to speed up drying, improve contrast and darken the hue, so that designs look more like permanent tattoos. The resulting product from this mixture is known as black henna.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para-phenylenediamine is a disperse dye with a deep black hue. Its oxidised form is innocuous, but in everyday use it is never fully oxidised. Under these circumstances, it is a potent contact allergen, included in the “Top 5” list of strong sensitisers of the Food and Drug Administration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present, the use of PPD in topical products is banned in the European Union (with the exception of PPD in hair dyes at a concentration of 6%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In spite of this, there are still frequent cases of allergic contact dermatitis produced by tattoos made with henna adulterated with PPD.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most frequent presentation of sensitisation to PPD is contact allergic dermatitis (CAD),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–10</span></a> usually manifesting with erythema, vesicles and blisters at the site of henna application (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). In some cases, it can lead to very severe or even fatal systemic allergic reactions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11–13</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many cases of sensitisation to PPD have been reported<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,9,10,14,15</span></a>; however, it would be useful to conduct a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of sensitisation to PPD in the paediatric population, and to establish its association with black henna tattoos.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sensitisation to PPD in the population of paediatric patients referred to a skin allergy clinic, its epidemiological characteristics, and its association with black henna tattoos.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We collected data on all patients aged 0–16 years referred to the skin allergy clinic of the Hospital General Universitario de Valencia between 1980 and 2015 in an electronic database.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All referred patients underwent a structured history-taking and a basic physical examination, followed by patch testing.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The method used to perform patch tests was the one described in the recommendations of the Spanish Group on the Research of Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy (Grupo Español en Investigación de Dermatitis de Contacto y Alergia Cutánea [GEIDAC]).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients received the standard series of patch tests recommended for adults by the GEIDAC, which includes PPD in the list of most frequent allergens.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tests were first read 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h following the patch test and once more at 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. The reactions were categorised based on clinical criteria into: negative reaction, 1+ (erythema), 2+ (papular erythema), 3+ (vesicle formation) and 4+ (blister formation). For the purpose of our analysis, we defined a positive reaction as a reaction of 2+ or above.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For positive cases, we established the clinical relevance of sensitisation as current (based on the current presenting complaint), past (potential association with a past skin reaction) or unknown (with no apparent association with the presenting complaint).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In cases of current clinical relevance, we documented the most likely source of sensitisation.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarises the main findings of the study.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We studied a total of 726 children aged 0–16 years referred to the skin allergy clinic between 1980 and 2015, of who 361 (49.7%) were sensitised to at least one allergen. The mean age of the patients under study was 10.9 years. Fifty-six percent of the patients were male and 44% female. Ninety-three patients (12.8%) had a personal history of atopy.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All of the patients in the study underwent a PPD patch test, and 34 were found to be sensitised (4.68% of referred children and 9.41% of children sensitised to at least one allergen).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age of the children allergic to PPD was 12.4 years. Of all patients with PPD allergy, 44.2% were male and 55.8% female. Two patients (5.9%) had a personal history of atopy.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 34 positive reactions to PPD, 25 (73.5%) were considered to be relevant to the current clinical concern. The most frequent sites of reaction to PPD were the arms (32%) and abdomen (13%).</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The documented source of sensitisation was a henna tattoo in 17 patients (50%), hair dye in four patients (11.7%), lipstick in one patient (2.9%) and unknown in 12 patients (35.2%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While the duration of both periods was the same, nine cases of allergy to PPD were identified between 1985 and 2000, compared to 22 between 2000 and 2015 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para-phenylenediamine is a potent allergen that may cause reactions ranging from local allergic responses to systemic involvement and risk of death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11–13</span></a> Skin lesions are usually eczematous, but reactions may also be lichenoid or resemble erythema multiforme.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current legislation of the European Economic Community on the composition of cosmetic products specifies that PPD cannot be used in the skin, eyebrows or lashes under any circumstances. In hair products, it cannot exceed a concentration of 6%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The inclusion of hydrogen peroxide in hair dyes accelerates the oxidation of PPD, which decreases its reactogenicity. However, PPD is a common component in temporary henna tattoos,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> causing a significant number of allergic reactions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,17</span></a> It does not undergo oxidation in tattoos, and thus has a high potential for producing an allergic reaction.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, we found a high prevalence of ACD caused by PPD, as it occurred in approximately one out of every twenty children referred to the skin allergy clinic. Para-phenylenediamine is one of the most common allergens involved in children with ACD, and produces reactions in nearly one out of ten children that are sensitised to at least one allergen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of the positive reactions to PPD were considered to have current clinical significance, suggesting that allergy to PPD frequently leads to clinically significant ACD. The source of sensitisation in half of the cases was henna tattoos, which are the main source of allergic reactions to PPD in the paediatric population. The second most common source was hair dyes, as PPD is frequently found in these products.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of sensitisation to PPD was similar in male and female patients, and much higher in older patients. This finding fits with the use of henna in tattoos, which adolescents get much more frequently. Similarly, the frequent localisation of the reaction in the arms or abdomen is also consistent with the choice of these sites for tattoos.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the ban of the use of PPD in topical products, the prevalence of sensitisation to PPD has doubled in the past 10 years, which calls for a campaign to raise public awareness of the risks of PPD and of tattoos made with adulterated henna.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The concentrations of PPD in black henna reported in the literature range between 0.4% and 29.5%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> and in most cases they were much higher than the concentrations found in hair dyes. This makes black henna a substance with a high potential for reactogenicity.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atopic contact dermatitis secondary to exposure to PPD usually has a favourable prognosis. However, the allergic reactions it produces can sometimes be very serious, threatening the life of the patient.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11–13</span></a> The literature also includes descriptions of allergic reactions to PPD resulting in necrotic lesions and unsightly scars (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>), post-inflammatory hypopigmentation and keloid formation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In patients sensitised to PPD from a tattoo, the use of hair colouring products can produce very serious allergic reactions for a lifetime due to the usual presence of PPD in these substances.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> It is a frequent occurrence, and patients must be warned of this risk.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusion</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sensitisation to PPD is fairly common in the paediatric population. The most frequent source of sensitisation to this substance are temporary tattoos made with henna adulterated with PPD. The inclusion of PPD in any product applied topically to the skin is banned due to the high risk of sensitisation. The general population should be made aware of the risks associated with getting tattoos made with adulterated henna, and temporary tattoos should be discouraged in the paediatric population given the high risk of severe allergic reactions that could lead to death or future sequelae.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres805114" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec803271" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres805113" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec803270" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-08" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-02-20" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec803271" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Allergic contact dermatitis" 1 => "Black henna" 2 => "Temporary tattoo" 3 => "Para-phenylenediamine" 4 => "Patch test" 5 => "Skin allergy" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec803270" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Dermatitis alérgica de contacto" 1 => "Henna negra" 2 => "Tatuajes temporales" 3 => "Parafenilendiamina" 4 => "Pruebas epicutáneas" 5 => "Alergia cutánea" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Henna tattoos are a very common practice in the adolescent population. Henna is very often admixed with para-phenylenediamine (PPDA) to improve the appearance of the tattoo. PPDA is a potent allergen, and is a frequent cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A study was conducted on the results of 726 consecutive children who had been patch tested in the University General Hospital Consortium of Valencia between 1980 and 2015.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Almost half (49.7%; (361 cases) of the children had one or more positive patch test findings, with 4.7% (34) being allergic to PPDA. Mean age of patients allergic to PPDA was 12.4 years, and 44.2% were male. There were 2 cases (5.9%) of atopic dermatitis. Of the positive reactions, 73.5% were considered to be current clinically relevant. The sensitisation origin was a Henna tattoo in 50% of cases.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PPDA sensitisation is relatively common in the child and adolescent population. The most frequent origin is the performing of Henna tattoos adulterated with PPDA. Adolescents are at the higher risk of developing ACD due to Henna tattoos. Henna tattooing should be strongly discouraged in children.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Material and method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los tatuajes con henna son una práctica común en la población adolescente. En la mayoría de las ocasiones, la henna se mezcla con parafenilendiamina (PPDA) para mejorar las características del tatuaje. La PPDA es un potente alérgeno que causa con frecuencia dermatitis alérgica de contacto.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y método</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se recogió a 726 niños parcheados en la Unidad de Alergia del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia entre 1980 y 2015, identificándose los casos y revisando los resultados de las pruebas, así como datos clínicos y epidemiológicos.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Trescientos sesenta y un niños (49,7%) demostraron sensibilización a al menos un alérgeno y 34 fueron alérgicos a la PPDA (4,68%). La edad media de los pacientes alérgicos a PPDA fue de 12,4 años. El 44,2% de los niños alérgicos eran varones. Dos pacientes (5,9%) presentaron antecedentes personales de atopia. El 73,5% de reacciones positivas a PPDA se consideraron de relevancia presente. El origen de la sensibilización fue la realización de un tatuaje con henna en el 50% de los pacientes.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La sensibilización a PPDA es relativamente frecuente en la población pediátrica. El origen más frecuente es la realización de tatuajes con henna adulterada. Los adolescentes son la población con mayor riesgo de presentar este tipo de reacciones. Se debe desaconsejar activamente la práctica de tatuajes con henna negra en la población pediátrica.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Material y método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Ortiz Salvador JM, Esteve Martínez A, Subiabre Ferrer D, Victoria Martínez AM, de la Cuadra Oyanguren J, Zaragoza Ninet V. Dermatitis alérgica de contacto a parafenilendiamina por tatuajes con henna en población pediátrica. An Pediatr (Barc). 2017;86:122–126.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 780 "Ancho" => 1218 "Tamanyo" => 129625 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Allergic contact dermatitis caused by PPD from a black henna tattoo in an adolescent aged 16 years. The patient developed a vesicular rash with scab formation delineating the application of henna for the tattoo.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1314 "Ancho" => 1452 "Tamanyo" => 79873 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source of sensitisation in patients allergic to PPD. Absolute frequency and percentage of total patients.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1082 "Ancho" => 1544 "Tamanyo" => 49553 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of sensitisation to PPD in the 1980–2000 and 2000–2015 periods.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 724 "Ancho" => 1158 "Tamanyo" => 104291 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Allergic contact dermatitis due to PPD with necrotic lesions from a phoenix tattoo with black henna adulterated with PPD. The lesions will result in permanent scarring.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">General population (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>726) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Allergic to PPD (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>34) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male:female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1:1.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1:1.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mean age in years (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10.9 (10.6–11.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.4 (11.1–13.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Personal history of atopy (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">93 (12.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2 (5.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Current clinical relevance (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25 (73.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lesions in hands (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">200 (27.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3 (8.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lesions in legs (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">113 (15.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5 (14.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lesions in arms (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">118 (16.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17 (50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Lesions in face (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">155 (21.34) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (17.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1351125.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Main findings of the study.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lawsonia inermis</span> (henna): ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "R. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 18 | 18 | 36 |
| 2024 October | 103 | 60 | 163 |
| 2024 September | 121 | 59 | 180 |
| 2024 August | 127 | 92 | 219 |
| 2024 July | 131 | 50 | 181 |
| 2024 June | 135 | 49 | 184 |
| 2024 May | 131 | 60 | 191 |
| 2024 April | 121 | 34 | 155 |
| 2024 March | 127 | 38 | 165 |
| 2024 February | 123 | 39 | 162 |
| 2024 January | 118 | 39 | 157 |
| 2023 December | 111 | 49 | 160 |
| 2023 November | 134 | 38 | 172 |
| 2023 October | 94 | 52 | 146 |
| 2023 September | 91 | 31 | 122 |
| 2023 August | 95 | 15 | 110 |
| 2023 July | 128 | 31 | 159 |
| 2023 June | 104 | 42 | 146 |
| 2023 May | 128 | 32 | 160 |
| 2023 April | 79 | 760 | 839 |
| 2023 March | 94 | 35 | 129 |
| 2023 February | 79 | 28 | 107 |
| 2023 January | 82 | 31 | 113 |
| 2022 December | 111 | 35 | 146 |
| 2022 November | 130 | 58 | 188 |
| 2022 October | 111 | 59 | 170 |
| 2022 September | 172 | 42 | 214 |
| 2022 August | 127 | 56 | 183 |
| 2022 July | 88 | 49 | 137 |
| 2022 June | 101 | 74 | 175 |
| 2022 May | 108 | 41 | 149 |
| 2022 April | 85 | 40 | 125 |
| 2022 March | 109 | 76 | 185 |
| 2022 February | 90 | 44 | 134 |
| 2022 January | 122 | 47 | 169 |
| 2021 December | 95 | 46 | 141 |
| 2021 November | 87 | 49 | 136 |
| 2021 October | 117 | 75 | 192 |
| 2021 September | 92 | 43 | 135 |
| 2021 August | 79 | 56 | 135 |
| 2021 July | 123 | 52 | 175 |
| 2021 June | 93 | 51 | 144 |
| 2021 May | 92 | 68 | 160 |
| 2021 April | 195 | 78 | 273 |
| 2021 March | 122 | 38 | 160 |
| 2021 February | 127 | 25 | 152 |
| 2021 January | 92 | 35 | 127 |
| 2020 December | 94 | 32 | 126 |
| 2020 November | 89 | 23 | 112 |
| 2020 October | 80 | 27 | 107 |
| 2020 September | 211 | 31 | 242 |
| 2020 August | 96 | 32 | 128 |
| 2020 July | 102 | 28 | 130 |
| 2020 June | 86 | 22 | 108 |
| 2020 May | 247 | 22 | 269 |
| 2020 April | 70 | 30 | 100 |
| 2020 March | 101 | 25 | 126 |
| 2020 February | 178 | 22 | 200 |
| 2020 January | 121 | 19 | 140 |
| 2019 December | 120 | 45 | 165 |
| 2019 November | 121 | 21 | 142 |
| 2019 October | 83 | 23 | 106 |
| 2019 September | 65 | 12 | 77 |
| 2019 August | 82 | 26 | 108 |
| 2019 July | 75 | 31 | 106 |
| 2019 June | 57 | 20 | 77 |
| 2019 May | 211 | 20 | 231 |
| 2019 April | 156 | 32 | 188 |
| 2019 March | 84 | 25 | 109 |
| 2019 February | 98 | 19 | 117 |
| 2019 January | 94 | 26 | 120 |
| 2018 December | 81 | 28 | 109 |
| 2018 November | 109 | 27 | 136 |
| 2018 October | 124 | 15 | 139 |
| 2018 September | 48 | 17 | 65 |
| 2018 August | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2018 July | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 June | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 May | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2018 April | 31 | 0 | 31 |
| 2018 March | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2018 February | 19 | 0 | 19 |
| 2018 January | 28 | 0 | 28 |
| 2017 December | 23 | 0 | 23 |
| 2017 November | 26 | 0 | 26 |
| 2017 October | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| 2017 September | 24 | 0 | 24 |
| 2017 August | 18 | 0 | 18 |
| 2017 July | 23 | 1 | 24 |
| 2017 June | 31 | 11 | 42 |
| 2017 May | 35 | 16 | 51 |
| 2017 April | 113 | 94 | 207 |
| 2017 March | 40 | 30 | 70 |
| 2017 February | 16 | 15 | 31 |
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