Pilot study on stress and resilience in families with premature newborns

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Escartí, N. Boronat, R. Llopis, R. Torres, M. Vento" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Escartí" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Boronat" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Llopis" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Torres" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Vento" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "maximo.vento@uv.es" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Psicología Social, Facultat de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Sociología y Antropología Social, Facultat de Ciencias Sociales, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo SAMID (RD12/0026/0012), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe , Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estudio piloto sobre el estrés y la resiliencia familiar en recién nacidos prematuros" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe birth of a premature baby and his/her admission to hospital is an unexpected and traumatic event for the parents, which may affect family functioning.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">1</a> Some characteristics of premature babies, such as their difficulties interacting with the environment, their excessive nurturing demands, the acuteness of their pathology and uncertainty about their later development has been associated with parental stress and poor family functioning.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">2–5</a> However, in spite of these observations, some studies do not find the high level of stress that would be expected in families with premature children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">6</a> We must point out that the negative effects of risk factors can be counteracted, at least partially, by certain protective factors, such as family resilience, which is defined as the internal and external resources of a family and their members.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">7</a> Thus, when a family experiences an adverse event such as the birth of a premature child, social support and resilience have been shown to be factors that protect them from the personal and social dysfunction of family and parents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">8</a> Even though the family are the main setting for development and the first socialising agent during childhood, family functioning, risk factors and differences in stress and family load between families of healthy-term children and premature children have not been thoroughly studied.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">8,9</a>The purpose of this research was to analyse the differences between families of premature children with healthy development and without sequelae and families of healthy-term children two years after their birth, regarding both family dysfunction risk factors (parental stress) and protective factors (family resilience). Our hypothesis is that family dysfunction in premature-children families would be worse, expressing more stress and less resilience.Patients and methodsDesignThis is a prospective, pilot study conducted at the Neurodevelopment office from the Neonatology Service of the Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (Valencia, Spain) for a period of 12 months (from June, 2012 to May, 2013), at the Beniopa Health Centre and at the Hospital Sant Francesc de Borja (Gandía).The data collection was carried out when the patient attended a programmed visit 24 months after the birth (HUIP La Fe), or the Health Centre or Hospital (Gandía) for a routine check-up of the child. The Neurodevelopment office evaluates all premature babies of ≤28 weeks of gestation and performs the follow-up visits, a sequential assessment of all children born <1500g. In each case, the doctor in charge and/or the researchers informed the parents about the study and data confidentiality. The parent in charge of the upbringing of the child signed the consent and completed the questionnaires in an isolated setting.PopulationThe inclusion criteria were: (a) gestation age between 25+0 and 31+6; (b) admitted to the Neonatology Service (HUiP La Fe); (c) continuous follow-up visits according to protocol at the neonatal Neurodevelopment/Follow-up office until 24 months after birth; and (d) normal physical development and scales of development at the time of examination. The exclusion criteria included: (a) severe congenital malformations; (b) chromosomopathies; (c) persistent chronic pathology, sensory or neurocognitive deficits; (d) lack of informed consent; and (e) inability to understand Spanish. The study was performed comparing a premature-baby population with a control group comprising healthy-term newborns without pathologies. In addition, we performed a comparison within the group between premature babies who had a severe perinatal pathology (PCP) and the ones who had mild pathologies or no pathologies at all (PSP). The pathology that was taken into consideration for the inclusion in the PCP group is described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>ProceduresInstrumentsRegistry sheet<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">1</a>: perinatal data (gestation age, prenatal steroids, type of delivery, weight at birth, Apgar 1 and 5min)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">2</a>; patient's severe pathology during admission and discharge (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">3</a> and data from the progenitors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Physical and neurological evaluation at the moment of recruitment: all patients were physically and neurologically examined at the time of their admission to the study.Inventory of Family Protective Factors (family resilience)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">10</a>: this measures the perception of a family in relation to the level of demands or stress factors and of protective factors (family resilience) that the family have experienced recently. It consists of four scales: (1) lower number of stress factors or positive experiences, which evaluates the perception of a family concerning whether they have experienced more positive events than problems associated with health, finance, family, friendships and work; (2) adaptive assessment, which measures a family's beliefs on the ability of their members to face problems with self-esteem, optimism, creativity and determination; (3) social support (items 9–12), which measures the perception of a family in relation to their ability to rely on people who support them, are concerned about them and protect them, and (4) compensation experiences (items 13–16), which measures the perception of a family in relation to their ability to face adversity, maintaining control and even coming out stronger. Cronbach's alpha was calculated for each of the four scales; this is an internal measurement for consistency that enables an estimate of the reliability of an instrument. The coefficients obtained for the four scales were 0.82, 0.78, 0.92 and 0.87, respectively, whereas the global one reached 0.88. All these coefficients can be considered as favourable, following the George and Mallery standards.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">11</a>Parental stress scale: we used the Spanish version<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">12</a> of the Parental Stress scale,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">13</a> which measures the level of stress as a consequence of the parental role. It consists of a total of 17 items that make up two scales: (1) stress factors, which assess the level of stress fathers/mothers face in their parental role; (2) rewards, which measures the level of satisfaction that fathers/mothers experience in their parental role. Cronbach's alpha values were of 0.76 and 0.77, respectively.StatisticsA descriptive statistic was performed for the perinatal and family parameters under study, including mean±standard deviation, or median and confidence intervals when the parameter required it. Biological parameters were compared using the Student's test when their distribution was normal, and non-parametric statistics were used when their distribution was not normal. In addition, the differences between the three groups were analysed (premature babies with pathologies, premature babies without pathologies and healthy-term babies) using the unidirectional analysis of variance and the Tukey test.ResultsA total of 40 former premature children were recruited, of whom 18 had what is considered a severe pathology during their neonatal period (PCP group) and described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, whereas 22 did not have any pathology (PSP group). A total of 31 healthy 2-year-old preschool children was recruited as controls. The incidence of the pathology of the PCP and PSP group is described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. There were no significant differences in the most relevant variables related to perinatal factors, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. There were also no differences related to the age of the parents between groups. The socio-economic characteristics of the parents are detailed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>. The questionnaires were mostly answered by mothers, both for premature babies and for controls. In the group of healthy-term babies, a higher proportion of Spanish nationality progenitors was registered (89.3%) than in the group of premature babies without pathologies (81.8%) or with pathologies (72.2%). Parents with university degrees and of medium/high socio-economic status were also mostly among the group of healthy-term babies (64.5 and 83.9%). On the other hand, the percentage of unwanted pregnancies and addiction was higher within the groups of premature-baby parents (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). There were no relevant differences in financial position between the parents of premature babies with and without pathologies. However, there was a higher level of on-and-off drug use within the PCP group (p<0.05).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows that parents from the control group have significantly higher scores than parents from the group of premature babies in each family resilience factor: positive experiences, adaptive assessment, social support and compensation experiences (t=−3.753, p<0.001; t=−3.265, p<0.01; t=−2.674, p<0.01; t=−6.039, p<0.001). The differences were also statistically significant in relation to reward and stress perception. Parents of premature babies perceived fewer rewards and more stress than the ones from the control group (t=−3.928, p<0.001; t=3.980, p<0.001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>The differences between premature babies and control group babies were also examined taking both premature groups (PCP and PSP) separately. The parents of healthy-term babies had significantly higher scores than the parents of premature babies with pathologies in every factor that measured family resilience, positive experiences, adaptive assessment, social support and compensation experiences, and there were statistically significant differences (F=7.034, p<0.01; F=7.596, p<0.001; F=7.066, p<0.01; F=23.433, p<0.001). In the case of parents of premature babies without pathologies, there were significant differences with healthy-term babies in just two family resilience factors, positive experiences and compensation experiences (F=7.034, p<0.01; F=23.433, p<0.001). On the other hand, parents of premature babies with pathologies perceived significantly fewer rewards, more stress and less gratitude for raising their children than parents of healthy-term babies (F=7.416, p<0.001; F=9.162, p<0.001; F=4.600, p<0.05). However, between the group of parents of premature babies without pathologies and healthy-term babies there were no significant differences in the perception of rewards, but there were in perceived stress, which was higher in the group of parents of premature babies without pathologies than in the group of parents of healthy-term babies.DiscussionIn general, the survival rate for extreme premature babies has increased in the last few years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">14,15</a> Nevertheless, intact survival has not changed significantly over the same period.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">16</a> Within the social setting, the family will have a preponderant role in respect to having a positive or negative influence on the premature baby's future. Therefore, depending on the characteristics of the family and its ability to face the situation that will derive from having a premature child, this social group will become a positive agent regarding the inclusion and development of the child when he/she becomes an adult or, on the contrary, it will become a negative factor that will hinder this process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240">17,18</a>The results of this study reflect that prematurity causes lower family functioning, since it generates greater stress and less resilience compared to a standard of normal healthy-term children at the age of two. However, parents of premature babies without pathologies are not different from control group parents in the perception of rewards for the raising of their children. These results seem to indicate that the satisfaction parents of relatively healthy premature babies perceive about their raising does not differ from that of parents of healthy-term babies at the age of two. However, in spite of that, the compensation experiences that the raising of the child provide do not behave as a sufficient protective factor capable of absorbing the parent's stress when facing prematurity. Our results are consistent with a few previous studies that have found a higher level of stress among premature-baby families than in those of healthy-term babies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240">17,18</a> A recent meta-analysis concluded that premature-baby parents only perceived slightly more stress than parents of healthy-term babies. The notion that premature-baby parents experience the same level of stress as the parents of healthy-term babies indicates that the parents’ social and cultural level, the family's social support, the birth weight or the baby's health can be factors that mediate prematurity and parental stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">2</a> Therefore, it would be particularly relevant in subsequent research studies to identify which aspects of prematurity induce parental stress and which parental factors are protective, in order to develop programmes that optimise these aspects. Some studies performed with premature-baby families have analysed the importance of promoting family resilience to overcome stress and successfully face the challenges these type of families encounter.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250">19,20</a> Family resilience is developed when the family's protective factors such as resources, adaptive ability and social support are activated, and it is inhibited when risk factors are promoted, such as demands or stress. This is more a process than a result and can vary over time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">21</a> By measuring resilience we can understand the interaction between demands and stress factors, and protective factors that a family experiences within a given situation. In our study, we found that premature-baby parents with pathologies showed a lower level of family resilience than parents from the control group. That is to say, they perceived that their family had more demands, more stress factors and fewer protective factors than the parents in the control group. It must be pointed out that parents of premature babies without pathologies did not differ from the control group in two family resilience factors, such as the perception of the ability the family has to adapt to adversity and the social support they received. During recent decades, various research studies have shown that perceived social support is one of the main resources people have when they suffer from stress in general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">22</a> and, particularly, it is an important resource for parents when they face prematurity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">23</a> On the contrary, the lack of social support under stressful situations can increase vulnerability and psychological problems in parents and harm family functioning.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">24</a>There are several limitations to this study. As a limitation of this research study, we must point out it is a cross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaires, whereas in future research it would be preferable to perform longitudinal studies that could capture changes in these variables before and after a premature birth. In addition, in this research study, most of the parents who answered the questionnaires were mothers. However, the literature thoroughly documents that the role of the father constitutes a supportive and protective factor for the mother and for the functioning of the family.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">18</a> It would also be interesting to analyse the effect prematurity has both on parental roles and on marital roles, and on the way it affects the rest of the family members. Lastly, it is possible that other factors that were not taken into consideration in this study, such as the amount of time the baby is hospitalised, the parent's mental health or marital satisfaction, can contribute to the functioning of the families of premature children, so these variables should be studied in more depth in future studies.Based on our study, we can conclude that prematurity, particularly when it is associated with perinatal pathologies and when it coexists with psychosocial-type risk factors, is a decisive factor for family dysfunction that significantly increases parental stress and limits the adoption of protective factors such as resilience. The coexistence of these factors must be taken into consideration by the professionals who assist these patients, who will need to take proactive measures to offer psychological support and regular assessments in neonatal follow-up consultations. These families would greatly benefit from well-designed interventions, whose objective should be to help them look for psychological, emotional and material support, teaching them to use their resources, both material and psychological, to successfully face the potential stress raising a premature child implies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280">25,26</a>FundingTo conduct this study, we received funding from the Maternal and Child Health Network (Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo, SAMID) from the Instituto Carlos III (RD12/0026/0012) granted to M. Vento.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres818428" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Population and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec815462" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres818429" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Población y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec815463" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Population" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Procedures" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Instruments" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistics" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-12-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-03-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec815462" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Prematurity" 1 => "Family" 2 => "Hospitalization" 3 => "Parental stress" 4 => "Resilience" 5 => "Protection factors" 6 => "Reward" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec815463" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Prematuridad" 1 => "Familia" 2 => "Hospitalización" 3 => "Estrés parental" 4 => "Resiliencia" 5 => "Factores de protección" 6 => "Recompensa" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionPrematurity is associated with severe clinical conditions, long hospital stays, and uncertainty about patient outcomes. These circumstances lead to a stressful situation that may affect family functioning. The aim of this study was to study risk and protection factors affecting family functioning in preterm as compared to healthy term infants. Population and methodsPreterm infants with and without pathological conditions (n=40) were recruited at 24 months post-conception age, together with a control group of healthy term newborn infants (n=31). Parents or usual caregivers responded to the Inventory of Family Protection Factors and Parental Stress scales. The results were compared using the Student's t test, unidirectional analysis of variance and the Tukey test. ResultsParents of the control group attained higher scores than those of the preterm group for all the items studied; however, parents of preterm infants with pathological conditions perceived significantly less family resilience and more stress related to the upbringing of their child. ConclusionsPrematurity itself is a risk factor for family dysfunction because it causes an elevated degree of parental stress and difficulties in the development of protection factors such as resilience." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Population and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónLa prematuridad se acompaña de patología severa, estancias prolongadas en el hospital e incertidumbre acerca del futuro de los pacientes. Estas circunstancias suponen un estrés que puede afectar al funcionamiento de la familia. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido estudiar los factores de riesgo y de protección del funcionamiento familiar en prematuros comparados con neonatos sanos a término. Población y métodosSe reclutó a prematuros que cursaron el periodo neonatal con y sin patología (n = 40) a los 24 meses de edad posconcepcional y un grupo control de nacidos a término sanos (n = 31) según datos de la historia clínica. El progenitor cuidador habitual respondió al Inventario de Factores de Protección Familiar y Escala de Estrés Parental. Los resultados se compararon mediante test de Student, análisis de variancia unidireccional y test de Tukey. ResultadosLos padres del grupo control obtuvieron puntuaciones más elevadas que los de los prematuros en todos los parámetros estudiados. Los padres de prematuros sin patología se diferenciaron de los controles en 2 factores de resiliencia familiar: experiencias positivas y experiencias de compensación y en estrés, mientras que los padres de niños prematuros con patología percibieron significativamente menor resiliencia familiar y más estrés por la crianza de sus hijos. ConclusionesLa prematuridad es un factor de riesgo para el funcionamiento familiar, ya que ocasiona un alto grado de estrés parental y dificulta el desarrollo de factores de protección como es la resiliencia." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Población y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Escartí A, Boronat N, Llopis R, Torres R, Vento M. Estudio piloto sobre el estrés y la resiliencia familiar en recién nacidos prematuros. An Pediatr (Barc). 2016;84:3–9." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Severe intrauterine growth restriction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">27</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Neurological pathology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Grade iii/iv<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">28</a> intraventricular haemorrhage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Periventricular leukomalacia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hydrocephalia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Meningitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Retinopathy of prematurity stage 2/3 or plus disease<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">29</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate/severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">30</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Necrotising enterocolitis, Bell's stages ii/iii<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">31</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Clinical septicaemia and/or bacteriologically proven \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Ductus arteriosus that required medical or surgical treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1375618.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Pathology in <32-week-premature newborns identified as severe postnatal pathology (PP group) recruited to study the influence of perinatal pathology on the functioning of the family 24 months after birth." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; ENC: necrotising enterocolitis; IVH: intraventricular haemorrhage; VLM: periventricular leukomalacia; NA: not applicable; NS: non-significant." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group PCP (n=18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group PSP (n=22) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCP vs. PSP (p) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n=31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Gestation age (weeks)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27.6±2.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28.9±1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">39.2±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Birth weight (g)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.022±290 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.120±260 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.120±540 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Gender (male) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">54.5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">67.7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Apgar 1min<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (4–8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5 (4–8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 (7–10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Apgar 5min<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7 (5–9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7 (5–9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 (8–10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Multiple pregnancy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Antenatal corticosteroids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">88.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">80.9% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Caesarean delivery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.7% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">76.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Grade iii/iv (n)IVH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">VLM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">BPD (O2 at week 36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ENC (Bell's stage iii) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1375617.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Mean±standard deviation." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Median with interquartile ranges in parentheses." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Characteristics of <32-week-premature newborns with postnatal pathology (PCP group) and without postnatal pathology (PSP group) recruited to study the influence of perinatal pathology on the functioning of the family. Healthy-term newborns are included as controls." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n=31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Premature (n=40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCP (n=18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PSP (v22) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCP. PSP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Answered (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Father/mother \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35.5/64.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30.0/70.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33.3/66.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27.3/72.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Current age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Nationality (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Spanish \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">89.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">72.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Foreign \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Level of study (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Primary education \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Secondary education \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">University education \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">64.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Marital status (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Married \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">71.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">65.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Single \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Unmarried couple \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Finance (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Unemployed \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No resources \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">20.,0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Medium-high \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">60.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">50.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">68.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Wanted pregnancy (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">72.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">66.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">27.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Addictions (%)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">71.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">57.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">50.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">63.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Tobacco \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Drugs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1375619.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Characteristics of parents of 32-week premature babies with severe postnatal pathologies (PCP) and without postnatal pathologies (PSP) and healthy-term babies recruited to study the influence of prematurity on the functioning of a family." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Healthy-term newborns are included as controls. Analysis performed using the Student's test (premature group, control group), ANOVA unidirectional and Tukey test (PCP group, PSP group, control group).NS: p>0.05." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters evaluated expressed in mean±standard deviation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Premature (n=40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control (n=31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Student's test (t, p) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCP group (n=18)  \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PSP group (n=22) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ANOVA unidirectional (F, p) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Post hoc analysis (Tukey test) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Positive experiences (IPF-1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.18 (4.62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.48 (2.74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.753<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.33 (4.78) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.86 (4.49) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.034<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NAT>PCP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">**</a>, NAT>PSP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Adaptive assessment (IPF-2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.43 (3.97) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.03 (2.75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.265<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.11 (3.43) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.50 (4.13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.596<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NAT>PCP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Social support (IPF-3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.45 (3.80) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.71 (3.15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−2.674<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.94 (4.02) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.68 (3.18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.066<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NAT>PCP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Compensation exp. (IPF-4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.60 (3.56) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.23 (2.65) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−6.039<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.17 (3.38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.77 (3.34) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.433<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NAT>PCP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a>, NAT>PSP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Rewards (SPSI-1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.08 (4.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.65 (0.55) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.928<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.22 (4.35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.77 (3.83) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.416<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NAT>PCP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">**</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Stress factors (SPSI-2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.35 (5.81) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.06 (5.20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.980<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.78 (6.19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.18 (5.33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.162<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NAT<PCP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025">***</a>, NAT<PSP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1375616.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "p<0.05." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "p<0.01." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "***" "nota" => "p<0.001." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Analysis of descriptive and median differences of the results of the instruments: inventory of family protective factors (IFP)/family resilience, family stress scale (SPS) and Gratitude questionnaire (GQ-6) completed by the parents of <32-week premature newborns with severe postnatal pathology (PCP group) and without postnatal pathology (PSP group) recruited to study the influence of perinatal pathology on the functioning of the family 24 months after birth." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Psychological stress of parents of preterm infants enrolled in an early discharge programme from the neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective randomised trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "P. 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Pilot study on stress and resilience in families with premature newborns

Estudio piloto sobre el estrés y la resiliencia familiar en recién nacidos prematuros

A. Escartía, N. Boronatb, R. Llopisc, R. Torresa, M. Ventob,d,

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maximo.vento@uv.es

Corresponding author.

a Departamento de Psicología Social, Facultat de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain

b Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain

c Departamento de Sociología y Antropología Social, Facultat de Ciencias Sociales, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain

d Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo SAMID (RD12/0026/0012), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe , Valencia, Spain

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The birth of a premature baby and his&#47;her admission to hospital is an unexpected and traumatic event for the parents&#44; which may affect family functioning&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Some characteristics of premature babies&#44; such as their difficulties interacting with the environment&#44; their excessive nurturing demands&#44; the acuteness of their pathology and uncertainty about their later development has been associated with parental stress and poor family functioning&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a> However&#44; in spite of these observations&#44; some studies do not find the high level of stress that would be expected in families with premature children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> We must point out that the negative effects of risk factors can be counteracted&#44; at least partially&#44; by certain protective factors&#44; such as family resilience&#44; which is defined as the internal and external resources of a family and their members&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Thus&#44; when a family experiences an adverse event such as the birth of a premature child&#44; social support and resilience have been shown to be factors that protect them from the personal and social dysfunction of family and parents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Even though the family are the main setting for development and the first socialising agent during childhood&#44; family functioning&#44; risk factors and differences in stress and family load between families of healthy-term children and premature children have not been thoroughly studied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this research was to analyse the differences between families of premature children with healthy development and without sequelae and families of healthy-term children two years after their birth&#44; regarding both family dysfunction risk factors &#40;parental stress&#41; and protective factors &#40;family resilience&#41;&#46; Our hypothesis is that family dysfunction in premature-children families would be worse&#44; expressing more stress and less resilience&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Design</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a prospective&#44; pilot study conducted at the Neurodevelopment office from the Neonatology Service of the Hospital Universitario y Polit&#233;cnico La Fe &#40;Valencia&#44; Spain&#41; for a period of 12 months &#40;from June&#44; 2012 to May&#44; 2013&#41;&#44; at the Beniopa Health Centre and at the Hospital Sant Francesc de Borja &#40;Gand&#237;a&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data collection was carried out when the patient attended a programmed visit 24 months after the birth &#40;HUIP La Fe&#41;&#44; or the Health Centre or Hospital &#40;Gand&#237;a&#41; for a routine check-up of the child&#46; The Neurodevelopment office evaluates all premature babies of &#8804;28 weeks of gestation and performs the follow-up visits&#44; a sequential assessment of all children born &#60;1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#46; In each case&#44; the doctor in charge and&#47;or the researchers informed the parents about the study and data confidentiality&#46; The parent in charge of the upbringing of the child signed the consent and completed the questionnaires in an isolated setting&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Population</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criteria were&#58; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>&#41; gestation age between 25<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;0</span> and 31<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;6</span>&#59; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>&#41; admitted to the Neonatology Service &#40;HUiP La Fe&#41;&#59; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span>&#41; continuous follow-up visits according to protocol at the neonatal Neurodevelopment&#47;Follow-up office until 24 months after birth&#59; and &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span>&#41; normal physical development and scales of development at the time of examination&#46; The exclusion criteria included&#58; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>&#41; severe congenital malformations&#59; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>&#41; chromosomopathies&#59; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span>&#41; persistent chronic pathology&#44; sensory or neurocognitive deficits&#59; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span>&#41; lack of informed consent&#59; and &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e</span>&#41; inability to understand Spanish&#46; The study was performed comparing a premature-baby population with a control group comprising healthy-term newborns without pathologies&#46; In addition&#44; we performed a comparison within the group between premature babies who had a severe perinatal pathology &#40;PCP&#41; and the ones who had mild pathologies or no pathologies at all &#40;PSP&#41;&#46; The pathology that was taken into consideration for the inclusion in the PCP group is described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Procedures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Instruments</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Registry sheet</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#58; perinatal data &#40;gestation age&#44; prenatal steroids&#44; type of delivery&#44; weight at birth&#44; Apgar 1 and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#59; patient&#39;s severe pathology during admission and discharge &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and data from the progenitors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physical and neurological evaluation at the moment of recruitment</span>&#58; all patients were physically and neurologically examined at the time of their admission to the study&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Inventory of Family Protective Factors &#40;family resilience&#41;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#58; this measures the perception of a family in relation to the level of demands or stress factors and of protective factors &#40;family resilience&#41; that the family have experienced recently&#46; It consists of four scales&#58; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> lower number of stress factors or positive experiences&#44; which evaluates the perception of a family concerning whether they have experienced more positive events than problems associated with health&#44; finance&#44; family&#44; friendships and work&#59; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> adaptive assessment&#44; which measures a family&#39;s beliefs on the ability of their members to face problems with self-esteem&#44; optimism&#44; creativity and determination&#59; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#41;</span> social support &#40;items 9&#8211;12&#41;&#44; which measures the perception of a family in relation to their ability to rely on people who support them&#44; are concerned about them and protect them&#44; and &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#41;</span> compensation experiences &#40;items 13&#8211;16&#41;&#44; which measures the perception of a family in relation to their ability to face adversity&#44; maintaining control and even coming out stronger&#46; Cronbach&#39;s alpha was calculated for each of the four scales&#59; this is an internal measurement for consistency that enables an estimate of the reliability of an instrument&#46; The coefficients obtained for the four scales were 0&#46;82&#44; 0&#46;78&#44; 0&#46;92 and 0&#46;87&#44; respectively&#44; whereas the global one reached 0&#46;88&#46; All these coefficients can be considered as favourable&#44; following the George and Mallery standards&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Parental stress scale</span>&#58; we used the Spanish version<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> of the Parental Stress scale&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> which measures the level of stress as a consequence of the parental role&#46; It consists of a total of 17 items that make up two scales&#58; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> stress factors&#44; which assess the level of stress fathers&#47;mothers face in their parental role&#59; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> rewards&#44; which measures the level of satisfaction that fathers&#47;mothers experience in their parental role&#46; Cronbach&#39;s alpha values were of 0&#46;76 and 0&#46;77&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistics</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive statistic was performed for the perinatal and family parameters under study&#44; including mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#44; or median and confidence intervals when the parameter required it&#46; Biological parameters were compared using the Student&#39;s test when their distribution was normal&#44; and non-parametric statistics were used when their distribution was not normal&#46; In addition&#44; the differences between the three groups were analysed &#40;premature babies with pathologies&#44; premature babies without pathologies and healthy-term babies&#41; using the unidirectional analysis of variance and the Tukey test&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 40 former premature children were recruited&#44; of whom 18 had what is considered a severe pathology during their neonatal period &#40;PCP group&#41; and described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; whereas 22 did not have any pathology &#40;PSP group&#41;&#46; A total of 31 healthy 2-year-old preschool children was recruited as controls&#46; The incidence of the pathology of the PCP and PSP group is described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; There were no significant differences in the most relevant variables related to perinatal factors&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; There were also no differences related to the age of the parents between groups&#46; The socio-economic characteristics of the parents are detailed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; The questionnaires were mostly answered by mothers&#44; both for premature babies and for controls&#46; In the group of healthy-term babies&#44; a higher proportion of Spanish nationality progenitors was registered &#40;89&#46;3&#37;&#41; than in the group of premature babies without pathologies &#40;81&#46;8&#37;&#41; or with pathologies &#40;72&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Parents with university degrees and of medium&#47;high socio-economic status were also mostly among the group of healthy-term babies &#40;64&#46;5 and 83&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; the percentage of unwanted pregnancies and addiction was higher within the groups of premature-baby parents &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; There were no relevant differences in financial position between the parents of premature babies with and without pathologies&#46; However&#44; there was a higher level of on-and-off drug use within the PCP group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows that parents from the control group have significantly higher scores than parents from the group of premature babies in each family resilience factor&#58; positive experiences&#44; adaptive assessment&#44; social support and compensation experiences &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;3&#46;753&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; 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Parents of premature babies perceived fewer rewards and more stress than the ones from the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;3&#46;928&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;980&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The differences between premature babies and control group babies were also examined taking both premature groups &#40;PCP and PSP&#41; separately&#46; The parents of healthy-term babies had significantly higher scores than the parents of premature babies with pathologies in every factor that measured family resilience&#44; positive experiences&#44; adaptive assessment&#44; social support and compensation experiences&#44; and there were statistically significant differences &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;034&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;596&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;066&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#46;433&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In the case of parents of premature babies without pathologies&#44; there were significant differences with healthy-term babies in just two family resilience factors&#44; positive experiences and compensation experiences &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;034&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#46;433&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; parents of premature babies with pathologies perceived significantly fewer rewards&#44; more stress and less gratitude for raising their children than parents of healthy-term babies &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;416&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;162&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;600&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; However&#44; between the group of parents of premature babies without pathologies and healthy-term babies there were no significant differences in the perception of rewards&#44; but there were in perceived stress&#44; which was higher in the group of parents of premature babies without pathologies than in the group of parents of healthy-term babies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; the survival rate for extreme premature babies has increased in the last few years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; intact survival has not changed significantly over the same period&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Within the social setting&#44; the family will have a preponderant role in respect to having a positive or negative influence on the premature baby&#39;s future&#46; Therefore&#44; depending on the characteristics of the family and its ability to face the situation that will derive from having a premature child&#44; this social group will become a positive agent regarding the inclusion and development of the child when he&#47;she becomes an adult or&#44; on the contrary&#44; it will become a negative factor that will hinder this process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study reflect that prematurity causes lower family functioning&#44; since it generates greater stress and less resilience compared to a standard of normal healthy-term children at the age of two&#46; However&#44; parents of premature babies without pathologies are not different from control group parents in the perception of rewards for the raising of their children&#46; These results seem to indicate that the satisfaction parents of relatively healthy premature babies perceive about their raising does not differ from that of parents of healthy-term babies at the age of two&#46; However&#44; in spite of that&#44; the compensation experiences that the raising of the child provide do not behave as a sufficient protective factor capable of absorbing the parent&#39;s stress when facing prematurity&#46; Our results are consistent with a few previous studies that have found a higher level of stress among premature-baby families than in those of healthy-term babies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> A recent meta-analysis concluded that premature-baby parents only perceived slightly more stress than parents of healthy-term babies&#46; The notion that premature-baby parents experience the same level of stress as the parents of healthy-term babies indicates that the parents&#8217; social and cultural level&#44; the family&#39;s social support&#44; the birth weight or the baby&#39;s health can be factors that mediate prematurity and parental stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Therefore&#44; it would be particularly relevant in subsequent research studies to identify which aspects of prematurity induce parental stress and which parental factors are protective&#44; in order to develop programmes that optimise these aspects&#46; Some studies performed with premature-baby families have analysed the importance of promoting family resilience to overcome stress and successfully face the challenges these type of families encounter&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> Family resilience is developed when the family&#39;s protective factors such as resources&#44; adaptive ability and social support are activated&#44; and it is inhibited when risk factors are promoted&#44; such as demands or stress&#46; This is more a process than a result and can vary over time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> By measuring resilience we can understand the interaction between demands and stress factors&#44; and protective factors that a family experiences within a given situation&#46; In our study&#44; we found that premature-baby parents with pathologies showed a lower level of family resilience than parents from the control group&#46; That is to say&#44; they perceived that their family had more demands&#44; more stress factors and fewer protective factors than the parents in the control group&#46; It must be pointed out that parents of premature babies without pathologies did not differ from the control group in two family resilience factors&#44; such as the perception of the ability the family has to adapt to adversity and the social support they received&#46; During recent decades&#44; various research studies have shown that perceived social support is one of the main resources people have when they suffer from stress in general<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and&#44; particularly&#44; it is an important resource for parents when they face prematurity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> On the contrary&#44; the lack of social support under stressful situations can increase vulnerability and psychological problems in parents and harm family functioning&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are several limitations to this study&#46; As a limitation of this research study&#44; we must point out it is a cross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaires&#44; whereas in future research it would be preferable to perform longitudinal studies that could capture changes in these variables before and after a premature birth&#46; In addition&#44; in this research study&#44; most of the parents who answered the questionnaires were mothers&#46; However&#44; the literature thoroughly documents that the role of the father constitutes a supportive and protective factor for the mother and for the functioning of the family&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> It would also be interesting to analyse the effect prematurity has both on parental roles and on marital roles&#44; and on the way it affects the rest of the family members&#46; Lastly&#44; it is possible that other factors that were not taken into consideration in this study&#44; such as the amount of time the baby is hospitalised&#44; the parent&#39;s mental health or marital satisfaction&#44; can contribute to the functioning of the families of premature children&#44; so these variables should be studied in more depth in future studies&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on our study&#44; we can conclude that prematurity&#44; particularly when it is associated with perinatal pathologies and when it coexists with psychosocial-type risk factors&#44; is a decisive factor for family dysfunction that significantly increases parental stress and limits the adoption of protective factors such as resilience&#46; The coexistence of these factors must be taken into consideration by the professionals who assist these patients&#44; who will need to take proactive measures to offer psychological support and regular assessments in neonatal follow-up consultations&#46; These families would greatly benefit from well-designed interventions&#44; whose objective should be to help them look for psychological&#44; emotional and material support&#44; teaching them to use their resources&#44; both material and psychological&#44; to successfully face the potential stress raising a premature child implies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;26</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conduct this study&#44; we received funding from the Maternal and Child Health Network &#40;Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo&#44; SAMID&#41; from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Instituto Carlos III</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">RD12&#47;0026&#47;0012</span>&#41; granted to M&#46; Vento&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Prematurity"
            1 => "Family"
            2 => "Hospitalization"
            3 => "Parental stress"
            4 => "Resilience"
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            6 => "Reward"
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            0 => "Prematuridad"
            1 => "Familia"
            2 => "Hospitalizaci&#243;n"
            3 => "Estr&#233;s parental"
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            5 => "Factores de protecci&#243;n"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prematurity is associated with severe clinical conditions&#44; long hospital stays&#44; and uncertainty about patient outcomes&#46; These circumstances lead to a stressful situation that may affect family functioning&#46; The aim of this study was to study risk and protection factors affecting family functioning in preterm as compared to healthy term infants&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Population and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Preterm infants with and without pathological conditions &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#41; were recruited at 24 months post-conception age&#44; together with a control group of healthy term newborn infants &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#41;&#46; Parents or usual caregivers responded to the Inventory of Family Protection Factors and Parental Stress scales&#46; The results were compared using the Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test&#44; unidirectional analysis of variance and the Tukey test&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Parents of the control group attained higher scores than those of the preterm group for all the items studied&#59; however&#44; parents of preterm infants with pathological conditions perceived significantly less family resilience and more stress related to the upbringing of their child&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prematurity itself is a risk factor for family dysfunction because it causes an elevated degree of parental stress and difficulties in the development of protection factors such as resilience&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Population and methods"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prematuridad se acompa&#241;a de patolog&#237;a severa&#44; estancias prolongadas en el hospital e incertidumbre acerca del futuro de los pacientes&#46; Estas circunstancias suponen un estr&#233;s que puede afectar al funcionamiento de la familia&#46; El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido estudiar los factores de riesgo y de protecci&#243;n del funcionamiento familiar en prematuros comparados con neonatos sanos a t&#233;rmino&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Poblaci&#243;n y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se reclut&#243; a prematuros que cursaron el periodo neonatal con y sin patolog&#237;a &#40;n &#61; 40&#41; a los 24 meses de edad posconcepcional y un grupo control de nacidos a t&#233;rmino sanos &#40;n &#61; 31&#41; seg&#250;n datos de la historia cl&#237;nica&#46; El progenitor cuidador habitual respondi&#243; al Inventario de Factores de Protecci&#243;n Familiar y Escala de Estr&#233;s Parental&#46; Los resultados se compararon mediante test de Student&#44; an&#225;lisis de variancia unidireccional y test de Tukey&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los padres del grupo control obtuvieron puntuaciones m&#225;s elevadas que los de los prematuros en todos los par&#225;metros estudiados&#46; Los padres de prematuros sin patolog&#237;a se diferenciaron de los controles en 2 factores de resiliencia familiar&#58; experiencias positivas y experiencias de compensaci&#243;n y en estr&#233;s&#44; mientras que los padres de ni&#241;os prematuros con patolog&#237;a percibieron significativamente menor resiliencia familiar y m&#225;s estr&#233;s por la crianza de sus hijos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prematuridad es un factor de riesgo para el funcionamiento familiar&#44; ya que ocasiona un alto grado de estr&#233;s parental y dificulta el desarrollo de factores de protecci&#243;n como es la resiliencia&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Please cite this article as&#58; Escart&#237; A&#44; Boronat N&#44; Llopis R&#44; Torres R&#44; Vento M&#46; Estudio piloto sobre el estr&#233;s y la resiliencia familiar en reci&#233;n nacidos prematuros&#46; An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2016&#59;84&#58;3&#8211;9&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Severe intrauterine growth restriction</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neurological pathology</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Grade <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> intraventricular haemorrhage&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Periventricular leukomalacia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hydrocephalia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Meningitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Retinopathy of prematurity stage 2&#47;3 or plus disease</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Moderate&#47;severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Necrotising enterocolitis&#44; Bell&#39;s stages <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span></span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical septicaemia and&#47;or bacteriologically proven</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ductus arteriosus that required medical or surgical treatment</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pathology in &#60;32-week-premature newborns identified as severe postnatal pathology &#40;PP group&#41; recruited to study the influence of perinatal pathology on the functioning of the family 24 months after birth&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BPD&#58; bronchopulmonary dysplasia&#59; ENC&#58; necrotising enterocolitis&#59; IVH&#58; intraventricular haemorrhage&#59; VLM&#58; periventricular leukomalacia&#59; NA&#58; not applicable&#59; NS&#58; non-significant&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group PCP<br>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group PSP<br>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCP vs&#46; PSP<br>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls<br>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gestation age &#40;weeks&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">28&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Birth weight &#40;g&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;022<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>290&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>260&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>540&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gender &#40;male&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67&#46;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Apgar 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#8211;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;4&#8211;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;7&#8211;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Apgar 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;5&#8211;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;5&#8211;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;8&#8211;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Multiple pregnancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Antenatal corticosteroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">88&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">80&#46;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Caesarean delivery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&#46;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">76&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#46;8&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Grade <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iv</span> &#40;n&#41;IVH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">VLM&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BPD &#40;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at week 36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">ENC &#40;Bell&#39;s stage <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Median with interquartile ranges in parentheses&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of &#60;32-week-premature newborns with postnatal pathology &#40;PCP group&#41; and without postnatal pathology &#40;PSP group&#41; recruited to study the influence of perinatal pathology on the functioning of the family&#46; Healthy-term newborns are included as controls&#46;</p>"
        ]
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Premature &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCP &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PSP &#40;v22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCP&#46; PSP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Answered &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Father&#47;mother&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35&#46;5&#47;64&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&#46;0&#47;70&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&#46;3&#47;66&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;3&#47;72&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Current age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Nationality &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Spanish&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Foreign&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Level of study &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Primary education&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Secondary education&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">University education&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Marital status &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Married&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">65&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">61&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Single&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unmarried couple&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Finance &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unemployed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">12&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No resources&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20&#46;&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Medium-high&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">68&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Wanted pregnancy &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Addictions &#40;&#37;&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">71&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">63&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tobacco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of parents of 32-week premature babies with severe postnatal pathologies &#40;PCP&#41; and without postnatal pathologies &#40;PSP&#41; and healthy-term babies recruited to study the influence of prematurity on the functioning of a family&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Healthy-term newborns are included as controls&#46; Analysis performed using the Student&#39;s test &#40;premature group&#44; control group&#41;&#44; ANOVA unidirectional and Tukey test &#40;PCP group&#44; PSP group&#44; control group&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NS&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters evaluated expressed in mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Premature &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Student&#39;s test<br>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCP group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#41;<br>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PSP group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ANOVA unidirectional &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Post hoc analysis<br>&#40;Tukey test&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Positive experiences &#40;IPF-1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;18 &#40;4&#46;62&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;48 &#40;2&#46;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;753<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;33 &#40;4&#46;78&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;86 &#40;4&#46;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;034<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NAT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&#44; NAT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PSP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Adaptive assessment &#40;IPF-2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;43 &#40;3&#46;97&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;03 &#40;2&#46;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;265<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;11 &#40;3&#46;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;50 &#40;4&#46;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;596<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NAT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Social support &#40;IPF-3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;45 &#40;3&#46;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;71 &#40;3&#46;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;674<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;94 &#40;4&#46;02&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;68 &#40;3&#46;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;066<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NAT<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PCP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Compensation exp&#46; &#40;IPF-4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;60 &#40;3&#46;56&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;23 &#40;2&#46;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 23412879
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.anpede.2015.09.011

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	5	7	12
2024 October	55	46	101
2024 September	53	36	89
2024 August	52	42	94
2024 July	42	26	68
2024 June	61	18	79
2024 May	45	36	81
2024 April	55	36	91
2024 March	48	37	85
2024 February	31	30	61
2024 January	40	21	61
2023 December	43	21	64
2023 November	38	18	56
2023 October	39	25	64
2023 September	33	19	52
2023 August	42	22	64
2023 July	42	22	64
2023 June	53	28	81
2023 May	60	22	82
2023 April	36	16	52
2023 March	53	20	73
2023 February	38	20	58
2023 January	31	22	53
2022 December	55	31	86
2022 November	65	35	100
2022 October	45	40	85
2022 September	35	28	63
2022 August	48	57	105
2022 July	31	36	67
2022 June	31	26	57
2022 May	45	34	79
2022 April	44	47	91
2022 March	68	49	117
2022 February	34	40	74
2022 January	51	39	90
2021 December	70	47	117
2021 November	51	48	99
2021 October	74	53	127
2021 September	39	52	91
2021 August	52	45	97
2021 July	43	26	69
2021 June	36	22	58
2021 May	50	24	74
2021 April	105	75	180
2021 March	69	39	108
2021 February	59	26	85
2021 January	79	22	101
2020 December	58	28	86
2020 November	70	19	89
2020 October	69	21	90
2020 September	64	23	87
2020 August	39	22	61
2020 July	54	22	76
2020 June	47	21	68
2020 May	55	30	85
2020 April	35	28	63
2020 March	48	12	60
2020 February	47	21	68
2020 January	41	14	55
2019 December	39	19	58
2019 November	30	16	46
2019 October	34	13	47
2019 September	39	17	56
2019 August	53	14	67
2019 July	41	23	64
2019 June	35	17	52
2019 May	72	16	88
2019 April	63	34	97
2019 March	26	15	41
2019 February	37	9	46
2019 January	26	21	47
2018 December	41	14	55
2018 November	57	37	94
2018 October	40	21	61
2018 September	28	27	55
2018 July	1	0	1
2018 June	3	0	3
2018 May	4	0	4
2018 April	18	0	18
2018 March	13	0	13
2018 February	18	0	18
2018 January	12	0	12
2017 December	14	0	14
2017 November	15	0	15
2017 October	11	0	11
2017 September	13	0	13
2017 August	13	0	13
2017 July	14	0	14
2017 June	27	9	36
2017 May	21	12	33
2017 April	15	10	25
2017 March	8	3	11
2017 February	15	7	22
2017 January	19	3	22
2016 December	32	7	39
2016 November	33	4	37
2016 October	25	9	34
2016 September	36	4	40
2016 August	27	5	32
2016 July	14	9	23

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