Original Article
Multicenter programme for the integrated care of newborns with perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult (ARAHIP)
Programa multicéntrico para la atención integral del recién nacido con agresión hipóxico-isquémica perinatal (ARAHIP)
J. Arnáeza,
, C. Vegaa, A. García-Alixb, E.P. Gutiérrezc, S. Caseríod, M.P. Jiméneze, L. Castañónf, I. Estebang, M. Hortelanoh, N. Hernándezi, M. Serranoj, T. Pradak, P. Diegol, F. Barbadillom, Grupo ARAHIP ◊
Corresponding author
a Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
b Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
c Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
d Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
e Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Nuestra Señora de Sonsoles, Ávila, Spain
f Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario de León, León, Spain
g Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital San Pedro de Logroño, Logroño, Spain
h Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia, Spain
i Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital General de Zamora, Zamora, Spain
j Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Santa Bárbara, Soria, Spain
k Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital El Bierzo, Ponferrada, León, Spain
l Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Santiago Apóstol, Miranda de Ebro, Burgos, Spain
m Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Santos Reyes, Aranda de Duero, Burgos, Spain
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"apellidos" => "Barbadillo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">m</span>" "identificador" => "aff0065" ] ] ] 14 => array:2 [ "colaborador" => "Grupo ARAHIP" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">◊</span>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Nuestra Señora de Sonsoles, Ávila, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario de León, León, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital San Pedro de Logroño, Logroño, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital General de Zamora, Zamora, Spain" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] 9 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Santa Bárbara, Soria, Spain" "etiqueta" => "j" "identificador" => "aff0050" ] 10 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital El Bierzo, Ponferrada, León, Spain" "etiqueta" => "k" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] 11 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Santiago Apóstol, Miranda de Ebro, Burgos, Spain" "etiqueta" => "l" "identificador" => "aff0060" ] 12 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Santos Reyes, Aranda de Duero, Burgos, Spain" "etiqueta" => "m" "identificador" => "aff0065" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Programa multicéntrico para la atención integral del recién nacido con agresión hipóxico-isquémica perinatal (ARAHIP)" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2650 "Ancho" => 1900 "Tamanyo" => 841529 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion in the programme of newborns with a potential perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The occurrence of a hypoxic-ischaemic event (perinatal asphyxia) is indicated by the presence of alterations in foetal heart rate or pH, or by the history of a sentinel episode.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> When this event is potentially large enough to cause tissue damage, the newborn (NB) shows neurological dysfunction (hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy) and/or multiple organ dysfunction/damage (hypoxic-ischaemic disease).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the leading cause of death, severe neurological morbidity and convulsions in full-term NBs in the world, and is responsible for approximately 20% of cases of cerebral palsy in children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therapeutic hypothermia (targeted temperature management) is currently the specific treatment for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with HIE. Maximum therapeutic effectiveness is obtained when it is initiated as early as possible, within the first 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of life. This narrow time frame means that rapid and well-organised intervention needs to be implemented within a few precious hours. This intervention protocol must establish precisely which procedures are to be performed at each stage of care: from the delivery room to intensive care, stabilisation, precise detection of the severity of HIE, checking for comorbid factors that could aggravate brain damage, and occasionally urgent transfer of the patient to referral centres that offer these NBs integrated care including hypothermia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to establish an organised intervention protocol aimed at early detection of NBs with HIE who need treatment with hypothermia and at correcting and avoiding factors that aggravate brain damage in the first 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of life, a population-based programme, Integrated Care of Newborns with Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic Insult (Atención integral al Recién nacido con Agresión Hipóxico-Isquémica Perinatal [ARAHIP]) has been developed, involving 12 hospitals in the regions of Castilla y León and La Rioja. We here present the programme and report on the experience of the first 2 years of its operation (June 2011–June 2013).</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methodology</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Steps followed in formulating the programme</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Development of the draft text and preparation of the case report form.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the real possibilities of applying the programme for each centre and appointment of coordinators.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Visit to the centres; presentation of the programme and delivery of the material (programme, summary posters/protocols, training video on neurological examination, case report form).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Follow-up of the development of the programme once initiated, difficulties, meeting of coordinators.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Hospitals included and their characteristics</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospitals participating in the ARAHIP programme: (a) Hospital Universitario, Burgos (coordinating centre); (b) Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid; (c) Hospital Universitario, Salamanca; (d) Hospital San Pedro, Logroño; (e) Hospital Nuestra Señora de Sonsoles, Ávila; (f) Hospital Universitario, León; (g) Hospital General, Segovia; (h) Hospital Santa Bárbara, Soria; (i) Hospital General, Zamora; (j) Hospital El Bierzo, Ponferrada; (k) Hospital Santiago Apóstol, Miranda de Ebro, and (l) Hospital Santos Reyes, Aranda de Duero.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The number of live NBs greater than 35 weeks gestation cared for in these hospitals put together is approximately 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 per year. In all of them the NBs are attended at birth by a midwife, with the support of the paediatrician in the event of any associated abnormality. As regards the health care level of the hospitals,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> two of them are level I, five are level II and five are level III. In all, a total of 168 paediatricians (66 of them residents), participating in attending deliveries and in neonatal care, were involved in the programme.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Clinical pathway developed in the programme (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1–4</a>)</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every NB greater than 35 weeks gestation and greater than 1800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g at risk of having suffered a perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult is included in the programme (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). This was defined as meeting at least one of the following criteria: (a) umbilical cord pH of 7.00 or less; (b) Apgar score at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of 5 or less, and (c) need for resuscitation with intubation and/or heart massage or need for intermittent positive pressure at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. Other supporting but not mandatory criteria for including NBs in the programme were: (a) non-reassuring foetal status (sustained bradycardia, late decelerations or meconium-stained amniotic fluid); (b) existence of a sentinel hypoxic event (placental detachment, umbilical cord prolapse, uterine rupture, foetal exsanguination in the mother), and (c) obstructed labour.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the NBs that meet the inclusion criteria are enrolled (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The object of enrolment is two-fold: (1) early detection of the presence of moderate or severe HIE and (2) control of factors that could aggravate brain injury or its complications (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). To achieve the first objective, systematic neurological examinations are performed at 1, 3 and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after birth, and the severity of HIE is established according to the scale proposed by García-Alix et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Hospitals equipped with amplitude-integrated electroencephalography initiate electrocortical monitoring immediately after enrolment and this is maintained until at least 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after birth or until the tracing normalises (normal voltage, presence of sleep-wake cycling and absence of seizures) If the NB shows moderate/severe HIE in any of the examinations, the receiving referral hospital is contacted for transfer and hypothermia treatment. The area covered by the programme has no established specialised neonatal transport service, so specific instructions have been laid down for managing these children during transfer (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the second objective, control of comorbid factors (temperature, hypoglycaemia, hypocarbia, hypomagnesaemia, etc.) with the potential to aggravate brain damage is done by clinical and analytical monitoring (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The management and specific treatment of these comorbid factors are standardised (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Informed consent is requested from parents in the programme so as to be able to analyse the clinical information derived from it, and it has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the coordinating hospital.</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ARAHIP population-based programme includes an extensive group of health care facilities with a total area of 91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>217<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. During the 2 years the programme lasted there were 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>325 deliveries of NBs greater than 35 weeks gestation and greater than 1800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a> gives details of the NBs included in the ARAHIP programme and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows their main characteristics. Nine of the 12 centres routinely performed cord blood gas analysis for all births. In the remaining three (7636 NBs), blood gas analysis was carried out at the discretion of the physician attending the delivery, in most cases because of perinatal respiratory depression. Taking the 12 participating hospitals as a whole, 213 live NBs met the criteria for perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult. This represents a total incidence of 6.6 per thousand live births (95% CI, 5.7–7.5), which, if we exclude the three hospitals without routine pH measurement, increases slightly to 7.4 per 1000 live births (183/24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>689; 95% CI, 6.3–8.6). Of the 213 BNs with criteria, 64 showed HIE in the first 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of life (2 per 1000 live births; 95% CI, 1.5–2.5): 31 mild, 23 moderate and 10 severe. The incidence of moderate/severe HIE was one per 1000 (95% CI, 0.7–1.4).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 33 NBs with moderate/severe HIE, 31 were treated with hypothermia (94%).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two were not, for the following reasons: in one case the grading of HIE was not carried out in time and in another the patient was not transferred because of instability secondary to severe pulmonary hypertension. Nine (9/31, 29%) were not transferred because they were born in one of the two hospitals with therapeutic hypothermia. Of the 22 that were transferred, 17 (77.3%) reached the receiving hospital within the first 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of life, with a median of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h (IQR, 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h). Passive hypothermia was initiated in all the NBs in their sending hospital; the mean temperature of the transferred infants on arrival at the receiving hospital was 33.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C (range, 29–34.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C). In the five NBs who reached the receiving hospital more than 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after birth, the treatment was maintained, because hypothermia was initiated at their sending hospital within the 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ten infants (10/33; 30.3%) died during the programme. In 7/10 cases this was mainly related to the severity of the HIE, and of the remaining three one had a ruptured bowel, due to traumatic delivery, in addition to HIE, another had complex congenital heart disease and the third died from a neuromuscular disease.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neonatal encephalopathy due to perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult causes high neonatal morbidity and mortality in NBs greater than 35 weeks gestation, and those that survive the neonatal period have a high risk of serious and permanent lifelong consequences. Total body cooling or selective head cooling has proved to be an effective and safe therapeutic intervention for reducing mortality and major disability in survivors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Maximum therapeutic effectiveness is obtained when it is initiated as early as possible, and always within the first 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of life.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various conditions reduce the likelihood of appropriate care being provided in these first hours and of therapeutic hypothermia treatment being initiated in this narrow time frame. The most important of these are the following: (a) most newborns who develop HIE are born in hospitals with no neonatal intensive care unit or established hypothermia programme; (b) identifying the severity of HIE in these first hours of life is not easy and requires experience and clinical training; (c) certain comorbid conditions that can aggravate brain damage during those first hours need to be monitored, and (d) if the patient needs to be transported to a hospital with a hypothermia programme, this must be done urgently and under strict control.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is why it is argued that a rapid and well-organised plan of action needs to be established within a few precious hours.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5,9</span></a> To achieve this requires developing programmes that involve joint action between levels I and II neonatal units and medical emergency coordination centres (transport teams) with level III units, which offer integrated care, including hypothermia, for NBs with HIE.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–14</span></a> This joint plan of action of centres at various health care levels with transport services has been called the “hypothermia code”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,9,15</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ARAHIP programme was designed specifically to establish this “hypothermia code”, and thereby organise and systematise care of NBs with perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult on a coherent basis. The programme sought, above all, to provide and safeguard the care these NBs need, and to reduce delays in initiating hypothermia treatment. One of its strengths is that it involves an extensive area of health care facilities (approximately 91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) and 12 hospitals, with neonatal units at various health care levels.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although specific recommendations and programmes in the area of hypothermia treatment do exist,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,16–19</span></a> it is not easy to find protocols or clinical pathways that organise the whole process of the care of NBs at risk of developing HIE before therapeutic hypothermia is initiated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,20</span></a> Hypothermia treatment needs to be strictly conducted in clinical practice in order to optimise its success outside clinical trials,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and similar strictness is also required in prior monitoring and appropriate selection of candidates for receiving this treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,22</span></a> In Spain, protocols have been developed at hospital level for the care of BNs during hypothermia treatment,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,24</span></a> but as far as we know the only existing programme similar to ARAHIP is the Hipocat programme in Catalonia. The ARAHIP programme, however, also offers a specific clinical pathway for the care, selection and early identification of NBs with hypoxic-ischaemic insult from birth in a large population area.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of one per 1000 live NBs detected in the programme is practically double that reported in two tertiary hospitals in Spain, one in Madrid and another in Barcelona.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24,25</span></a> Our programme used the same definition of HIE and the same grading system as these hospitals, but our incidence is population-based, and therefore it is not limited to level III hospitals but has the virtue of including centres at different health care levels and a diverse range of hospitals, illustrated by the fact that only one of the centres has a neonatal service operating 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h a day. On the other hand, although there was only one case in which the severity of the encephalopathy was not correctly identified within the window period, it is quite possible that without the monitoring undertaken as part of the programme this number would have been higher. This highlights the need to establish monitoring programmes, training the professionals who attend deliveries to recognise HIE and the possible need for therapeutic hypothermia treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10,22</span></a> If we want to offer high quality care programmes delivered by expert teams with the appropriate technological means, it is essential to focus resources and rationalise the development of hypothermia programmes, which means that patients and programmes have to be centralised in the tertiary hospitals in each geographical area.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The ARAHIP programme has not received any specific institutional support and it arose exclusively from collaboration and agreement among the professionals caring for these children.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another of the programme's basic principles was checking for aggravating factors and for complications associated with hypoxic-ischaemic insult during the first 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after birth.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26–29</span></a> Although the programme does not address the management of neonates during the period of therapeutic hypothermia, it is very similar in the two hospitals that offer this therapy.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the limitations of the ARAHIP programme is the non-availability of a specialised transport service, although the programme itself made it possible to limit the consequences of this deficiency. One of the main obstacles to therapeutic success is arrival at the receiving hospital without hypothermia and outside the window period.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> The NBs in the ARAHIP programme reached the receiving hospital at a median of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and 91% of them with a temperature of around 34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, which to a certain extent reflects the success of the programme. However, although the median temperature on arrival at the receiving hospital was 33.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, in 50% of cases it was below 33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. Although the overcooling was slight, it can occur with passive hypothermia during transport,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> and our data are consistent with those reported in regions of similar size in other countries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,31</span></a> Many of these regions have specialised transport, as well as servo-controlled cooling equipment, a preferable system for maintaining a stable temperature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> In Spain, autonomous communities such as Madrid and Catalonia have trained teams with protocols for managing NBs with HIE during transport. The ARAHIP programme has made it possible, through systematic monitoring of every NB at risk of HIE and application of recommendations for transfer formulated as a protocol, to achieve a high rate of hypothermia treatment in the window period, initiated at the sending hospital and maintained during transfer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span></a> The excellent communications between the sending and receiving hospitals, with the support of the transport teams, has been a key factor in achieving these results. The fact that the NB is sometimes transferred by a neonatologist from the sending hospital may also have played an important role.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To sum up, the ARAHIP programme has made it possible to offer integrated care to NBs with possible perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult in the first hours of life by following a clinical pathway that includes specific protocols aimed at early identification of those with HIE, checking for factors that could aggravate brain injury, urgent transfer to a hospital with a therapeutic hypothermia programme and initiation of hypothermia within the time frame of the first 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of life. Increasing experience among the professionals caring for these children, extended to as high a proportion of health care centres as possible, can only contribute to ensuring that these patients are offered the best care.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres476163" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec498195" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres476162" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Pacientes y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec498194" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methodology" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Steps followed in formulating the programme" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Hospitals included and their characteristics" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Clinical pathway developed in the programme (Figs. 1–4)" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-01-22" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-05-08" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec498195" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Perinatal asphyxia" 1 => "Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy" 2 => "Clinical pathway" 3 => "Programme" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec498194" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica" 1 => "Asfixia perinatal" 2 => "Vía clínica" 3 => "Programa" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Newborns with perinatal indicators of a potential hypoxic-ischaemic event require an integrated care in order to control the aggravating factors of brain damage, and the early identification of candidates for hypothermia treatment.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The application of a prospective, populational programme that organises and systematises medical care during the first 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of life to all newborns over 35 weeks gestational age born with indicators of a perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult. The programme includes 12 hospitals (91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>217<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>); two level I centres, five level II centres, and five level III hospitals. The programme establishes four protocols: (a) detection of the newborn with a potential hypoxic-ischaemic insult, (b) surveillance of the neurological repercussions and other organ involvement, (c) control and treatment of complications, and (d) procedures and monitoring during transport.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">From June 2011 to June 2013, 213 of 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>325 newborns above 35 weeks gestational age met the criteria of a potential hypoxic-ischaemic insult (7.4/1000), with 92% of them being cared for following the programme specifications. Moderate–severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy was diagnosed in 33 cases (1/1000), and 31 out of the 33 received treatment with hypothermia (94%).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The programme for the Integrated Care of Newborns with Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic Insult has led to providing a comprehensive care to the newborns with a suspected perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult. Aggravators of brain damage have been controlled, and cases of moderate–severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy have been detected, allowing the start of hypothermia treatment within the first 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of life. Populational programmes are fundamental to reducing the mortality and morbidity of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El recién nacido con indicadores de potencial evento hipóxico-isquémico perinatal precisa de una atención integral que detecte precozmente si necesita tratamiento con hipotermia y el control de los factores agravantes del daño cerebral en las primeras 6 h de vida.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aplicación de un programa prospectivo de ámbito poblacional que ordena y sistematiza la atención durante las primeras 6 h de vida en los ≥ 35 semanas nacidos con indicadores de agresión hipóxico-isquémica perinatal. El programa involucra 12 hospitales (91.217 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>), 7 de nivel asistencial <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">i</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">ii</span> y 5 de nivel <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">iii</span>. Se establecen 4 protocolos: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a)</span> detección del recién nacido con potencial agresión hipóxico-isquémica; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b)</span> vigilancia de la repercusión neurológica y en otros órganos; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c)</span> control y tratamiento de complicaciones, y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d)</span> vigilancia y acciones durante el transporte.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre junio del 2011 y junio del 2013, de 32.325 recién nacidos ≥ 35 semanas, 213 cumplieron criterios de potencial agresión hipóxico-isquémica perinatal (7,4 por 1.000). El 92% siguió la monitorización establecida en el programa; 33 recién nacidos tuvieron encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica moderada-grave (1 por 1.000) y 31/33 (94%) recibieron tratamiento con hipotermia.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El programa Atención integral al Recién nacido con Agresión Hipóxico-Isquémica Perinatal ha permitido ofrecer atención integral al recién nacido con indicadores de agresión hipóxico-isquémica perinatal. Se han controlado factores comórbidos agravantes de la lesión cerebral y se han detectado aquellos con encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica moderada-grave, permitiendo iniciar la hipotermia dentro de las primeras 6 h de vida. Programas de ámbito poblacional son cruciales para disminuir la morbimortalidad asociada a la encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Pacientes y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as: Arnáez J, Vega C, García-Alix A, Gutiérrez EP, Caserío S, Jiménez MP, et al. Programa multicéntrico para la atención integral del recién nacido con agresión hipóxico-isquémica perinatal (ARAHIP). Anal Pediatr (Barc). 2015;82:172–182.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "◊" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">The ARAHIP Group is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0045">Appendix A</a>.</p>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">This study was presented in part at the following conferences: XXIV Congreso de Neonatología y Medicina Perinatal de la Sociedad Española de Neonatología, October 2013, Barcelona. 53<span class="elsevierStyleSup">rd</span> Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Research, October 2013, Porto. XXIII Congreso de Neonatología y Medicina Perinatal de la Sociedad Española de Neonatología, October 2011, Oviedo. I Reunión entre Neonatólogos de Castilla y León, November 2011, Tordesillas. Reunión Primavera de la SCCALP, April 2011, Zamora.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario, Burgos: María Miranda, Carmen Bustamante, Susana Schuffelmann, Cristina de Frutos and Joaquín Suárez.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Santa Bárbara, Soria: Ruth Romero and Ana Peña.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital General, Segovia: Santiago Calleja.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Nuestra Señora de Sonsoles, Ávila: Felipe Rubio, Ana María Jiménez, Manuel Felipe Marrero, Antonio Javier Martín and Sara Rupérez.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario, León: Daniel Mata, Maria Fernández and Lara García.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario, Salamanca: Ana Belén Remesal and Rubén García.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital General, Zamora: Victor Manuel Marugán.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital El Bierzo, Ponferrada: Rosario Velasco.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid: Sara Marín, Mar Montejo, Carla Escribano, Raquel Izquierdo, Elena Infante and María Samaniego.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Santiago Apóstol, Miranda de Ebro: Ana Vereas.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital San Pedro, Logroño: María Beatriz Fernández and María Yolanda Ruiz.</p></li></ul></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "The ARAHIP Group" "identificador" => "sec0045" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2650 "Ancho" => 1900 "Tamanyo" => 841529 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Inclusion in the programme of newborns with a potential perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic insult.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2591 "Ancho" => 1916 "Tamanyo" => 622104 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Monitoring of neurological repercussions of hypoxic-ischaemic insult and other organ involvement.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2679 "Ancho" => 1938 "Tamanyo" => 1030629 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Control and treatment of complications.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2521 "Ancho" => 1621 "Tamanyo" => 892425 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Monitoring and procedures during transport to the receiving hospital.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1225 "Ancho" => 1662 "Tamanyo" => 188715 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Newborns included in the ARAHIP programme (June 2011–June 2013).</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Value (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>213) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Gestational age, mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD (weeks) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Birth weight, mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD (g) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3133<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>537 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Male, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">114/211 (54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Sentinel event, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22/210 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Full-term delivery, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69/212 (33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Instrumental labour, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68/212 (32) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Caesarean, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72/212 (34) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Apgar at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min <5, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40/210 (19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Apgar at 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min <5, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16/134 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Meconium-stained amniotic fluid, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75/202 (37) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Advanced resuscitation, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73/210 (35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Umbilical cord pH<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">111/156 (71) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate or severe HIE in first 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of life, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">33/213 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hypothermia treatment <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31/33 (94) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Extramural hypothermia treatment, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22/31 (71) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab752237.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Advanced resuscitation: intermittent positive pressure, intubation, medication and/or heart massage.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">General characteristics of the 213 newborns included in the programme.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:32 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A template for defining a causal relation between acute intrapartum events and cerebral palsy: international consensus 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| 2020 July | 30 | 17 | 47 |
| 2020 June | 18 | 17 | 35 |
| 2020 May | 30 | 23 | 53 |
| 2020 April | 30 | 16 | 46 |
| 2020 March | 27 | 19 | 46 |
| 2020 February | 32 | 24 | 56 |
| 2020 January | 27 | 15 | 42 |
| 2019 December | 32 | 29 | 61 |
| 2019 November | 22 | 13 | 35 |
| 2019 October | 25 | 17 | 42 |
| 2019 September | 23 | 14 | 37 |
| 2019 August | 29 | 20 | 49 |
| 2019 July | 25 | 41 | 66 |
| 2019 June | 28 | 24 | 52 |
| 2019 May | 74 | 24 | 98 |
| 2019 April | 78 | 40 | 118 |
| 2019 March | 32 | 16 | 48 |
| 2019 February | 30 | 19 | 49 |
| 2019 January | 38 | 16 | 54 |
| 2018 December | 42 | 18 | 60 |
| 2018 November | 158 | 36 | 194 |
| 2018 October | 156 | 19 | 175 |
| 2018 September | 67 | 15 | 82 |
| 2018 August | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 July | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 June | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 May | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| 2018 April | 118 | 0 | 118 |
| 2018 March | 30 | 0 | 30 |
| 2018 February | 19 | 0 | 19 |
| 2018 January | 27 | 0 | 27 |
| 2017 December | 25 | 0 | 25 |
| 2017 November | 29 | 0 | 29 |
| 2017 October | 27 | 0 | 27 |
| 2017 September | 14 | 0 | 14 |
| 2017 August | 21 | 0 | 21 |
| 2017 July | 36 | 0 | 36 |
| 2017 June | 37 | 6 | 43 |
| 2017 May | 54 | 14 | 68 |
| 2017 April | 41 | 5 | 46 |
| 2017 March | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2017 February | 24 | 5 | 29 |
| 2017 January | 22 | 3 | 25 |
| 2016 December | 50 | 5 | 55 |
| 2016 November | 67 | 5 | 72 |
| 2016 October | 38 | 6 | 44 |
| 2016 September | 45 | 7 | 52 |
| 2016 August | 54 | 4 | 58 |
| 2016 July | 24 | 3 | 27 |
Show all
