Información de la revista
Vol. 60. Núm. 3.
Páginas 262-268 (marzo 2004)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 60. Núm. 3.
Páginas 262-268 (marzo 2004)
Acceso a texto completo
Recomendaciones para el tratamiento antirretroviral de inicio de la infección por el VIH en niños. Actualización 2003
Recommendations for initial antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected children. update 2003
Visitas
8838
M.aJ. Mellado Peña
Autor para correspondencia
mmellado.hciii@salud.madrid.org

Correspondencia: Hospital Carlos III. Servicio de Pediatría. Sinesio Delgado, 12. 28029 Madrid. España.
, Colaborativo Español para la Infección por el VIH en Pediatría (CEVIHP) , Grupo de trabajo de VIH de la Sociedad de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP)
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo

Con el tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA), la progresión a sida y las muertes relacionadas con la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en niños han disminuido drásticamente y en la actualidad los niños tienen una excelente calidad de vida.

Los fármacos antirretrovirales no son capaces de erradicar de forma definitiva la infección, aunque sí mantenerla en situación latente. Sin embargo, su uso continuado tiene efectos secundarios, los más importantes las alteraciones metabólicas.

El gran número de fármacos y las distintas situaciones de los pacientes: edad, tolerancia a los medicamentos, adherencia, problemas sociales, hacen muy complejo unificar los criterios de tratamiento de inicio en estos niños. Se debe intentar un equilibrio entre no retrasar el inicio del tratamiento, para evitar el deterioro inmunológico y minimizar los efectos secundarios a largo plazo.

Las recomendaciones de tratamiento de este grupo son una adaptación para nuestro medio de las pautas internacionales, basadas en la revisión de la literatura médica y en la experiencia propia. Este grupo ya publicó recomendaciones de tratamiento de niños infectados por el VIH en años anteriores. El motivo de este documento es actualizarlas.

Palabras clave:
Infección por el VIH
Niños
Terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad
Tratamiento de inicio
Fármacos de elección
Fármacos alternativos

Highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children has been associated with a dramatic decrease in progression to AIDS and HIV-related deaths, and infected children currently have an excellent quality of life. Antiretroviral drugs cannot eradicate the virus, although they can achieve a situation of latent infection. However, chronic use of these drugs has multiple adverse effects, the most important of which are metabolic complications.

The large number of drugs required and patient characteristics such as age, tolerance to drugs, adherence, and social problems make unifying the criteria for initial therapy in HIV-infected children difficult. A balance should be sought between not delaying the start of treatment, to avoid immunologic deterioration, and minimizing the long-term adverse effects of the therapy.

The present treatment recommendations are adapted from international guidelines and are based on a literature review and on our own experience. Our group previously published recommendations on the treatment of HIV-infected children and the aim of the present article is to provide an update.

Key words:
HIV infection
Children
Highly active antiretroviral therapy
Initial therapy
Drugs of choice
Drugs options
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1]
R.M. Selik, M.L. Lindegren.
Changes in deaths reported with human immunodeficiency virus infection among United States children less than thirteen years old, 1987 through 1999.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 22 (2003), pp. 635-641
[2]
A.M. Van Rossum, P.L. Fraaij, R. De Groot.
Efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected children.
Lancet Infect Dis, 2 (2002), pp. 93-102
[3]
A. Saitoh, K. Hsia, T. Fenton, C.A. Powell, C. Christopherson, C.V. Fletcher, et al.
Persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 DNA in peripheral blood despite prolonged suppression of plasma HIV-1 RNA in children.
J Infect Dis, 185 (2002), pp. 1409-1416
[4]
P.E. Palumbo, C. Raskino, S. Fiscus, S. Pahwa, M.G. Fowler, S.A. Spector, et al.
Predictive value of quantitative plasma HIV RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte count in HIV-infected infants and children.
JAMA, 279 (1998), pp. 756-761
[5]
L.M. Mofenson, J. Korelitz, W.A. Meyer 3rd, J. Bethel, K. Rich, S. Pahwa, et al.
The relationship between serum human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA level. CD4 lymphocyte percent, and long-term mortality risk in HIV-1-infected children. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Intravenous Immunoglobulin. Clinical Trial Study Group.
J Infect Dis, 175 (1997), pp. 1029-1038
[6]
S. Resino, J. Bellon, D. Gurbindo, J. Tomás Ramos, J. Antonio León, M. José Mellado, M. Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández.
Viral load and CD4+ T lymphocyte response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children: An observational study.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 1216-1225
[7]
S.M. Essajee, M. Kim, C. González, M. Rigaud, A. Kaul, S. Chandwani, et al.
Immunologic and virologic responses to HAART in severely immunocompromised HIV-1 infected children.
AIDS, 13 (1999), pp. 2523-2532
[8]
M. Sharland, G.C. Di Zub, J.T. Ramos, S. Blanche, D. Gibb.
PENTA Steering Committee. PENTA guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy in paediatric HIV infection. Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS.
HIV Med, 3 (2002), pp. 215-226
[9]
The Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy. Guidelines for the use of Antiretroviral Agents in Paediatric HIV Infection. June 25, 2003.(http://www.hivatis.org).
[10]
D.M. Gibb, A. Newberry, N. Klein, A. De Rossi, I. Grosch-Woerner, A. Babiker.
Immune repopulation after HAART in previously untreated HIV-infected children. Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) Steering Committee.
Lancet, 355 (2000), pp. 1333-1342
[11]
A. Faye, C. Bertone, J.P. Teglas, M.L. Chaix, D. Douard, G. Firtion, et al.
Early multytherapy including a protease inhibitor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected infants.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2 (2002), pp. 518-525
[12]
S.L. Gortmaker, M. Hughes, J. Cervia, M. Brady, G.M. Johnson, G.R. Seage 3rd, et al.
Paediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 219 Team. Effect of combination therapy including protease inhibitors on mortality among children and adolescents infected with HIV-1.
N Engl J Med, 345 (2001), pp. 1522-1528
[13]
J.S. James.
Protease inhibitors in children: Combination therapy reduced death by two thirds.
AIDS Treat News, 374 (2001), pp. 4-5
[14]
S.E. Starr, C.V. Fletcher, S.A. Spector, F.H. Yong, T. Fenton, R.C. Brundage, et al.
Combination therapy with efavirenz, nelfinavir and nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Paediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 382 Team.
N Engl J Med, 341 (1999), pp. 1874-1881
[15]
M. Peruzzi, C. Azzari, L. Galli, A. Vierucci, M. De Martino.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy restores in vitro mitogen and antigen- specific T-lymphocyte responses in HIV-1 perinatally infected children despite virological failure.
Clin Exp Immunol, 128 (2002), pp. 365-371
[16]
S. Maddocks, D. Dwyer.
The role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in children with HIV-1 infection.
Paediatr Drugs, 3 (2001), pp. 681-702
[17]
P.J. Gavin, R. Yogev.
The role of protease inhibitor therapy in children with HIV infection.
Paediatr Drugs, 4 (2002), pp. 581-607
[18]
E. Chiappini, L. Galli, C. Azzari, M. De Martino.
Interleukin-7 and immunologic failure despite treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy in children perinatally infected with HIV-1.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 33 (2003), pp. 601-604
[19]
R.B. Van Dyke, S. Lee, G.M. Johnson, A. Wiznia, K. Mohan, K. Stanley, A.I.D.S. Pediatric, Clinical Trials Group Adherence Subcommittee Paediatric AIDS, et al.
Clinical Trials Group 377 Study Team. Reported adherence as a determinant of response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children who have human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Paediatrics, 109 (2002), pp. e61
[20]
D.M. Gibb, R.L. Goodall, V. Giacomet, L. McGee, A. Compagnucci, H. Lyall.
for the PENTA Steering Committee. Adherence to prescribed antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in the PENTA 5 trial.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 22 (2003), pp. 56-62
[21]
C. Litalien, A. Faye, A. Compagnucci, C. Giaquinto, L. Harper, D.M. Gibb, et al.
Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS Executive Committee. Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and its active metabolite, hydroxy-tert-butylamide, in infants perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 22 (2003), pp. 48-55
[22]
A. Vigano, S. Mora, C. Testolin, S. Beccio, L. Schneider, D. Bricalli, et al.
Increased lipodystrophy is associated with increased exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 32 (2003), pp. 482-489
[23]
D. Jaquet, M. Levine, E. Ortega-Rodríguez, A. Faye, M. Polak, E. Vilmer, et al.
Clinical and metabolic presentation of the lipodystrophy syndrome in HIV-infected children.
AIDS, 14 (2000), pp. 2123-2128
[24]
R.A. Amaya, C.A. Kozinetz, A. McMeans, H. Schwarzwald, M.W. Kline.
Lipodystrophy syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 5 (2002), pp. 405-410
[25]
E.G. Leonard, G.A. McComsey.
Metabolic complications of antiretroviral therapy in children.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 22 (2003), pp. 77-84
[26]
G. McComsey, D.J. Tan, M. Lederman, E. Wilson, L.J. Wong.
Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA genome in the peripheral blodd leukocytes of HIV-infected patients with or without lipoatrophy.
AIDS, 16 (2002), pp. 513-518
[27]
G. Gatti, G. Castelli-Gattinara, M. Cruciani, S. Bernardi, C.R. De Pascalis, E. Pontali, et al.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nelfinavir administered twice or thrice daily to human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children.
Clin Infect Dis, 36 (2003), pp. 1476-1482
[28]
J.R. King, D.W. Kimberlin, G.M. Aldrovandi, E.P. Acosta.
Antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in the paediatric population: A review.
Clin Pharmacokinet, 41 (2002), pp. 1115-1133
[29]
D.M. Burger, A.M. Van Rossum, P.W. Hugen, M.H. Suur, N.G. Hartwig, S.P. Geelen, et al.
Dutch Study Group for Children with HIV-1 Infection. Pharmacokinetics of the protease inhibitor indinavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45 (2001), pp. 701-705
[30]
Grupo colaborativo español para la infección, VIH., pediátrica., CEVIHP.
Tratamient o antirretroviral en niños. EN:.
Manual práctico de la infección por VIH en el niño, Prous Science, (2000),
[31]
Centers for Disease Control.
1994 revised classificaton system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age.
MMWR, 43 (1994), pp. 1-10
Copyright © 2004. Asociación Española de Pediatría
Descargar PDF
Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?