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Vol. 55. Núm. 3.
Páginas 205-212 (septiembre 2001)
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Vol. 55. Núm. 3.
Páginas 205-212 (septiembre 2001)
Acceso a texto completo
Factores de riesgo de asma, alergia e hiperreactividad bronquial en niños de 6 a 8 años
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10326
J. Fuertes Fernández-Espinara,
Autor para correspondencia
jfuertesf@medynet.com

Correspondencia: Centro de Salud del Perpetuo Socorro. Ramón y Cajal, 57. 22006 Huesca.
, J. Meriz Rubioa, C. Isanta Pomara, C. Pardos Martíneza, V. López Cortésa, E. González Pérez-Yarzab
a Centro de Salud del Perpetuo Socorro. Huesca
b Unidad de Neumología Infantil. Hospital Donostia. San Sebastián
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Información del artículo
Objetivo

Determinar los factores de riesgo de asma, alergia y de hiperreactividad bronquial en niños de 6 a 8 años de Huesca.

Pacientes y métodos

Estudio transversal de asma, rinitis y dermatitis-eccema por encuesta, prick test e hiperreactividad bronquial (prueba de carrera libre, volumen espiratorio máximo en el primer segundo [FEV1]) en una muestra representativa (n = 309) de la población infantil de 6 a 8 años de edad (n = 1.051). En el análisis estadístico se realizó un análisis bivariante para valorar las diferencias de cada parámetro entre asmáticos y no asmáticos, alérgicos y no alérgicos y entre hiperreactividad bronquial positiva y negativa, utilizando la prueba de chi cuadrado (χ2) y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Se aplicó la regresión logística múltiple para estudiar la asociación entre las condiciones de asma, alergia e hiperreactividad bronquial y las variables del estudio. Los coeficientes β y sus correspondientes errores estándar se calcularon según el método de máxima verosimilitud mediante el programa SPSS®.

Resultados

Considerando el tamaño muestral teórico (305) se solicitó el consentimiento informado a 357 padres o tutores. La tasa de participación fue de 86,55% (n = 309). Resultados del análisis multivariante: a) factores de riesgo asociados a asma fueron los antecedentes familiares de asma en primer grado (odds ratio [OR] 5,17; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%, 21,82-1,23), la sensibilización cutánea a aeroalergenos (OR, 8,49; IC 95%, 30,52-2,37) y la bronquitis recurrente antes de los 2 años de edad (OR, 4,68; IC 95%, 17,76-1,24); b) factores de riesgo asociados a alergia: síntomas de dermatitis-eccema (OR, 10,87; IC 95%, 38,63-3,06), antecedentes familiares de asma en primer grado (OR, 6,11; IC 95%, 27,68-1,38) y sexo varón (OR, 4,53; IC 95%, 19,55-1,05), y c) factores de riesgo asociados a hiperreactividad bronquial: bronquitis recurrentes antes de los 2 años de edad (OR, 4,56; IC 95%, 20,24-1,02), síntomas anteriores de dermatitis-eccema (OR, 4,15; IC 95%, 16,28-1,06) y sensibilización cutánea a aeroalergenos (OR, 3,43; IC 95%, 10,91-1,08).

Conclusiones

Se han establecido los factores de riesgo asociados a asma, alergia e hiperreactividad bronquial, en niños de 6 a 8 años de edad de la población de Huesca.

Palabras clave:
Alergia
Asma
Hiperreactividad bronquial
Factores de riesgo
Prueba de carrera libre
Prick test
Prevalencia
Epidemiología
Niños
Objective

To determine risk factors for asthma, allergy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children aged 6-8 years old from Huesca (Spain).

Patients and methods

Cross-sectional study of asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, using the prick test and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (free-running test, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec) in a random sample (n = 309) of children aged 6–8 years old from an urban area (n = 1,051). To evaluate differences in the study variables between asthmatics and non-asthmatics, allergic and non-allergic children and BHR-positive and BHR-negative children, a bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test. Multiple regression analysis was used to study the association between asthma, allergy and BHR and the study variables. Beta-coefficients and their corresponding standard deviations were calculated according to the maximum verisimilitude method using the SPSS program.

Results

The theoretical sample included 305 children and informed consent was requested from 357 parents or guardians. The participation rate was 86.55% (n = 309). The results of the multivariate analysis were as follows: (1) risk factors for asthma were a history of asthma in the immediate family (OR: 5.17; 95% CI: 21.82-1.23), cutaneous sensitization to aeroallergens (OR: 8.49; 95% CI: 30.52-2.37) and recurrent bronchitis during the first 2 years of life (OR: 4.68; 95% CI: 17.76-1.24); (2) risk factors for allergy were symptoms of atopic dermatitis (OR: 10.87; 95% CI: 38.63-3.06), a history of asthma in the immediate family (OR: 6.11; 95% CI: 27.68-1.38) and male sex (OR: 4.53; 95% CI: 19.55-1.05); (3) risk factors for BHR were recurrent bronchitis during the first 2 years of life (OR: 4.56; 95% CI: 20.24-1.02), symptoms of atopic dermatitis (OR: 4.15; 95% CI: 16.28-1.06) and cutaneous sensitization to aeroallergens (OR: 3.43; 95% CI: 10.91-1.08).

Conclusions

The risk factors for asthma, allergy and BHR have been determined in children aged 6-8 years old from Huesca.

Key words:
Allergy
Asthma
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Risk factors
Free-running test
Prick test
Prevalence
Epidemiology
Children
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