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aunque en ocasiones lo hacen como autoinflamaci&#243;n o autoinmunidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a>&#46; Estas presentaciones menos esperadas pueden ocasionar retraso diagn&#243;stico&#44; pero su identificaci&#243;n precoz condiciona pron&#243;stico&#44; evitan morbilidad y disminuyen la mortalidad en IDP que precisan trasplante de progenitores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 2012 se cre&#243; una consulta especializada en nuestro servicio para el seguimiento de pacientes con IDP confirmada y para atender despistajes en casos sospechosos&#46; Desde entonces hasta 2017 se ha atendido a 135 ni&#241;os&#44; el 57&#37; de ellos derivados en los &#250;ltimos 2 a&#241;os y el 41&#37; en 2017&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un 57&#37; de los casos tiene una IDP confirmada por nuestro Servicio de Inmunolog&#237;a &#40;77&#47;135&#41;&#44; el 15&#37; contin&#250;an en estudio &#40;21&#47;135&#41; y en el 27&#37; se ha descartado IDP &#40;37&#47;135&#41;&#46; Un 78&#37; de los ni&#241;os derivados de otros hospitales ten&#237;an IDP &#40;25&#47;32&#41;&#44; el 50&#37; de los derivados desde otro servicio &#40;39&#47;79&#41; y el 42&#37; desde atenci&#243;n primaria &#40;8&#47;19&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;009&#41;&#46; Un 51&#37; fueron derivados por infecciones recurrentes&#47;graves &#40;69&#47;135&#41;&#44; un 22&#37; por IDP diagnosticada &#40;30&#47;135&#41;&#44; un 19&#37; por linfopenia o hipogammaglobulinemia &#40;26&#47;135&#41;&#44; un 6&#37; por antecedentes familiares de IDP &#40;8&#47;135&#41; y el 1&#44;4&#37; por retraso en la ca&#237;da del cord&#243;n &#40;2&#47;135&#41;&#46; Un 20&#37; estaban recibiendo previamente a su derivaci&#243;n profilaxis antimicrobiana o gammaglobulina sustitutiva &#40;28&#47;135&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las IDP diagnosticadas se detallan en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> y las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#46; Un 9&#37; de los pacientes presentaban consanguinidad &#40;6&#47;71&#41;&#46; Todos los ni&#241;os que desarrollaron infecci&#243;n sintom&#225;tica por citomegalovirus &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41; presentaron una IDP&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 34&#37; de los pacientes con IDP precisaron hospitalizaci&#243;n en la primera consulta &#40;26&#47;75&#41; vs&#46; el 11&#37; de los finalmente sanos &#40;4&#47;37&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41;&#46; Un 68&#37; &#40;17&#47;25&#41; de los ni&#241;os con IDP que proven&#237;an de otro hospital fueron hospitalizados en su primera consulta&#44; el 18&#37; &#40;7&#47;39&#41; de los derivados desde otro servicio y el 12&#37; &#40;1&#47;8&#41; de los referidos desde primaria &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un 57&#37; de los ni&#241;os con IDP han precisado gammaglobulina &#40;42&#47;74&#41;&#44; un 41&#37; profilaxis antimicrobiana &#40;31&#47;75&#41; y el 36&#37; recibieron o precisan trasplante de progenitores &#40;28&#47;77&#41;&#46; La mortalidad ha sido del 13&#37; &#40;10&#47;77&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cada d&#237;a que pasa se conocen m&#225;s defectos gen&#233;ticos que condicionan IDP&#46; Estas conllevan elevada morbimortalidad&#44; especialmente en casos de retraso diagn&#243;stico&#46; Las infecciones recurrentes son motivo frecuente de consulta y establecer qu&#233; paciente precisa estudio inmunol&#243;gico es complejo&#46; El antecedente de consanguinidad es un factor que debe hacer pensar en una posible IDP&#46; Una serie reciente que analiza ni&#241;os con historia de infecciones recurrentes evidenci&#243; que un 21&#37; de ellos presentaban IDP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; elevado porcentaje explicado por una elevada tasa de consanguinidad &#40;38&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sin embargo&#44; las infecciones no son siempre la presentaci&#243;n inicial&#46; En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se han cuestionado los signos cl&#225;sicos para identificar las IDP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; dado que pueden no identificar pacientes con IDP por desregulaci&#243;n inmune&#44; que empezaban con autoinmunidad o inflamaci&#243;n&#46; Fischer et al&#46; describen como los ni&#241;os con IDP presentan un riesgo 830&#44; 80 y 40 veces superior de anemia hemol&#237;tica&#44; enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y artritis reumatoide respecto a la poblaci&#243;n infantil sana<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros datos se&#241;alan que la presencia de fallo de medro&#44; infecciones sintom&#225;ticas por citomegalovirus y antecedentes familiares de IDP son signos de alarma relevantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span></a>&#46; De la misma manera&#44; aquellos pacientes m&#225;s graves&#44; derivados de centros hospitalarios o que requieren ingreso&#44; son pacientes de riesgo&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recientemente hemos observado un crecimiento de derivaci&#243;n de pacientes&#44; muchos con sospechas diagn&#243;sticas consistentes&#44; y m&#225;s de la mitad con diagn&#243;stico final de IDP&#46; Este incremento es debido al aumento de los pacientes diagnosticados desde nuestro Servicio de Inmunolog&#237;a y al conocimiento progresivo de los m&#233;dicos derivadores de la existencia de esta consulta especializada&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes derivados son vistos en una consulta de Pediatr&#237;a sin lista de espera&#46; Cuando la derivaci&#243;n es por infecciones recurrentes o sospecha de IDP&#44; son atendidos por pediatras especialistas y por un equipo de inmun&#243;logos cl&#237;nicos&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros datos tienen limitaciones&#46; Su car&#225;cter retrospectivo hace que algunos datos sean incompletos&#44; por no encontrarse recogidos en algunas historias&#46; Al no ser multic&#233;ntrico&#44; ofrece la perspectiva particular de los pacientes atendidos en un centro con unas caracter&#237;sticas concretas&#46; Aun as&#237;&#44; nuestros datos muestran la necesidad creciente de este tipo de consulta como recurso para los pediatras&#44; con el fin de proporcionar atenci&#243;n temprana y adecuada a estos ni&#241;os y disminuir sus morbilidades&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IDC&#58; inmunodeficiencia combinada&#59; IDCS&#58; inmunodeficiencia combinada severa&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; Basada en Picard et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipoplasia cart&#237;lago-pelo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ID con m&#250;ltiples atresias intestinales &#40;TTC7A&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Defectos del canal de calcio &#40;ORAI1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;ndrome hiper-IgE autos&#243;mico dominante &#40;STAT3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#46; Defectos predominantemente de anticuerpos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">34&#37; &#40;26&#47;77&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Agammaglobulinemia ligada al cromosoma X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Deficiencia selectiva de IgA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ID variable com&#250;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ausencia de respuesta espec&#237;fica de anticuerpos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#233;ficit de subclases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3&#46; Enfermedades por disregulaci&#243;n inmune</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4&#37; &#40;3&#47;77&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ALPS-caspasa 10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Haploinsuficiencia de CTLA-4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4&#46; Defectos cong&#233;nitos del n&#250;mero o funci&#243;n fagoc&#237;tica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">6&#37; &#40;5&#47;77&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad granulomatosa cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">5&#46; Defectos de la inmunidad innata</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#37; &#40;1&#47;77&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Deficiencia del receptor &#946; de IL12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">6&#46; D&#233;ficit del complemento</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4&#37; &#40;3&#47;77&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Deficiencia de CD46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagn&#243;sticos de los pacientes con IDP en nuestra consulta&#44; seg&#250;n la &#250;ltima clasificaci&#243;n de la International Union of Immunological Societies</p>"
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                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "588"
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CARTA CIENTÍFICA
Utilidad de una consulta especializada en inmunodeficiencias primarias
Usefulness of a specialised primary immunodeficiencies clinic
Claudia Millán-Longoa, Paula Rodríguez Molinoa, Teresa del Rosal Rabesa, Dolores Corral Sánchezb, Ana Méndez Echevarríaa,
Autor para correspondencia
amendezes@yahoo.es

Autor para correspondencia.
a Servicio de Pediatría Hospitalaria, Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz, Instituto de Investigación IdiPAZ, Madrid, España
b Servicio de Hemato-Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las inmunodeficiencias primarias &#40;IDP&#41; son entidades calificadas como &#171;enfermedades raras&#187;&#46; Aunque de forma individual su prevalencia es baja&#44; cada a&#241;o se descubren nuevos genes que asocian inmunodeficiencia&#46; Actualmente hay 340 defectos identificados&#44; cuando hasta el a&#241;o 2000 se conoc&#237;an menos de 100<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Posiblemente sean entidades m&#225;s frecuentes de lo estimado&#46; Se calcula que una de cada 2&#46;000 personas presenta una IDP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#44; prevalencia superior a la de la leucemia en Estados Unidos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las IDP pueden empezar con infecciones recurrentes en la infancia&#44; aunque en ocasiones lo hacen como autoinflamaci&#243;n o autoinmunidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a>&#46; Estas presentaciones menos esperadas pueden ocasionar retraso diagn&#243;stico&#44; pero su identificaci&#243;n precoz condiciona pron&#243;stico&#44; evitan morbilidad y disminuyen la mortalidad en IDP que precisan trasplante de progenitores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 2012 se cre&#243; una consulta especializada en nuestro servicio para el seguimiento de pacientes con IDP confirmada y para atender despistajes en casos sospechosos&#46; Desde entonces hasta 2017 se ha atendido a 135 ni&#241;os&#44; el 57&#37; de ellos derivados en los &#250;ltimos 2 a&#241;os y el 41&#37; en 2017&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un 57&#37; de los casos tiene una IDP confirmada por nuestro Servicio de Inmunolog&#237;a &#40;77&#47;135&#41;&#44; el 15&#37; contin&#250;an en estudio &#40;21&#47;135&#41; y en el 27&#37; se ha descartado IDP &#40;37&#47;135&#41;&#46; Un 78&#37; de los ni&#241;os derivados de otros hospitales ten&#237;an IDP &#40;25&#47;32&#41;&#44; el 50&#37; de los derivados desde otro servicio &#40;39&#47;79&#41; y el 42&#37; desde atenci&#243;n primaria &#40;8&#47;19&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;009&#41;&#46; Un 51&#37; fueron derivados por infecciones recurrentes&#47;graves &#40;69&#47;135&#41;&#44; un 22&#37; por IDP diagnosticada &#40;30&#47;135&#41;&#44; un 19&#37; por linfopenia o hipogammaglobulinemia &#40;26&#47;135&#41;&#44; un 6&#37; por antecedentes familiares de IDP &#40;8&#47;135&#41; y el 1&#44;4&#37; por retraso en la ca&#237;da del cord&#243;n &#40;2&#47;135&#41;&#46; Un 20&#37; estaban recibiendo previamente a su derivaci&#243;n profilaxis antimicrobiana o gammaglobulina sustitutiva &#40;28&#47;135&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las IDP diagnosticadas se detallan en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a> y las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes en la <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">figura 1</a>&#46; Un 9&#37; de los pacientes presentaban consanguinidad &#40;6&#47;71&#41;&#46; Todos los ni&#241;os que desarrollaron infecci&#243;n sintom&#225;tica por citomegalovirus &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41; presentaron una IDP&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 34&#37; de los pacientes con IDP precisaron hospitalizaci&#243;n en la primera consulta &#40;26&#47;75&#41; vs&#46; el 11&#37; de los finalmente sanos &#40;4&#47;37&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41;&#46; Un 68&#37; &#40;17&#47;25&#41; de los ni&#241;os con IDP que proven&#237;an de otro hospital fueron hospitalizados en su primera consulta&#44; el 18&#37; &#40;7&#47;39&#41; de los derivados desde otro servicio y el 12&#37; &#40;1&#47;8&#41; de los referidos desde primaria &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Un 57&#37; de los ni&#241;os con IDP han precisado gammaglobulina &#40;42&#47;74&#41;&#44; un 41&#37; profilaxis antimicrobiana &#40;31&#47;75&#41; y el 36&#37; recibieron o precisan trasplante de progenitores &#40;28&#47;77&#41;&#46; La mortalidad ha sido del 13&#37; &#40;10&#47;77&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cada d&#237;a que pasa se conocen m&#225;s defectos gen&#233;ticos que condicionan IDP&#46; Estas conllevan elevada morbimortalidad&#44; especialmente en casos de retraso diagn&#243;stico&#46; Las infecciones recurrentes son motivo frecuente de consulta y establecer qu&#233; paciente precisa estudio inmunol&#243;gico es complejo&#46; El antecedente de consanguinidad es un factor que debe hacer pensar en una posible IDP&#46; Una serie reciente que analiza ni&#241;os con historia de infecciones recurrentes evidenci&#243; que un 21&#37; de ellos presentaban IDP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; elevado porcentaje explicado por una elevada tasa de consanguinidad &#40;38&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sin embargo&#44; las infecciones no son siempre la presentaci&#243;n inicial&#46; En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os se han cuestionado los signos cl&#225;sicos para identificar las IDP<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; dado que pueden no identificar pacientes con IDP por desregulaci&#243;n inmune&#44; que empezaban con autoinmunidad o inflamaci&#243;n&#46; Fischer et al&#46; describen como los ni&#241;os con IDP presentan un riesgo 830&#44; 80 y 40 veces superior de anemia hemol&#237;tica&#44; enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y artritis reumatoide respecto a la poblaci&#243;n infantil sana<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros datos se&#241;alan que la presencia de fallo de medro&#44; infecciones sintom&#225;ticas por citomegalovirus y antecedentes familiares de IDP son signos de alarma relevantes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3-5</span></a>&#46; De la misma manera&#44; aquellos pacientes m&#225;s graves&#44; derivados de centros hospitalarios o que requieren ingreso&#44; son pacientes de riesgo&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recientemente hemos observado un crecimiento de derivaci&#243;n de pacientes&#44; muchos con sospechas diagn&#243;sticas consistentes&#44; y m&#225;s de la mitad con diagn&#243;stico final de IDP&#46; Este incremento es debido al aumento de los pacientes diagnosticados desde nuestro Servicio de Inmunolog&#237;a y al conocimiento progresivo de los m&#233;dicos derivadores de la existencia de esta consulta especializada&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes derivados son vistos en una consulta de Pediatr&#237;a sin lista de espera&#46; Cuando la derivaci&#243;n es por infecciones recurrentes o sospecha de IDP&#44; son atendidos por pediatras especialistas y por un equipo de inmun&#243;logos cl&#237;nicos&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestros datos tienen limitaciones&#46; Su car&#225;cter retrospectivo hace que algunos datos sean incompletos&#44; por no encontrarse recogidos en algunas historias&#46; Al no ser multic&#233;ntrico&#44; ofrece la perspectiva particular de los pacientes atendidos en un centro con unas caracter&#237;sticas concretas&#46; Aun as&#237;&#44; nuestros datos muestran la necesidad creciente de este tipo de consulta como recurso para los pediatras&#44; con el fin de proporcionar atenci&#243;n temprana y adecuada a estos ni&#241;os y disminuir sus morbilidades&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hipoplasia cart&#237;lago-pelo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ID con m&#250;ltiples atresias intestinales &#40;TTC7A&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Defectos del canal de calcio &#40;ORAI1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;ndrome hiper-IgE autos&#243;mico dominante &#40;STAT3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#46; Defectos predominantemente de anticuerpos</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">34&#37; &#40;26&#47;77&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Agammaglobulinemia ligada al cromosoma X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Deficiencia selectiva de IgA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ID variable com&#250;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ausencia de respuesta espec&#237;fica de anticuerpos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D&#233;ficit de subclases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3&#46; Enfermedades por disregulaci&#243;n inmune</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4&#37; &#40;3&#47;77&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ALPS-caspasa 10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Haploinsuficiencia de CTLA-4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4&#46; Defectos cong&#233;nitos del n&#250;mero o funci&#243;n fagoc&#237;tica</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">6&#37; &#40;5&#47;77&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Enfermedad granulomatosa cr&#243;nica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">5&#46; Defectos de la inmunidad innata</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#37; &#40;1&#47;77&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Deficiencia del receptor &#946; de IL12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">6&#46; D&#233;ficit del complemento</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">4&#37; &#40;3&#47;77&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Deficiencia de CD46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagn&#243;sticos de los pacientes con IDP en nuestra consulta&#44; seg&#250;n la &#250;ltima clasificaci&#243;n de la International Union of Immunological Societies</p>"
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                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "588"
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 16954033
Idioma original: Español
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