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y est&#225; asociada a un incremento de la morbimortalidad en el paciente cr&#237;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cuanto mayor sea el grado de hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal&#44; m&#225;s grave ser&#225; la disfunci&#243;n sist&#233;mica asociada&#46; En el paciente cr&#237;tico&#44; la aparici&#243;n del s&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal &#40;SCA&#41;&#44; definido como una presi&#243;n intraabdominal &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg asociada a disfunci&#243;n org&#225;nica secundaria &#40;cerebral&#44; pulmonar&#44; cardiovascular&#44; renal y espl&#225;cnica&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; aumenta la mortalidad hasta un 60&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los cambios fisiopatol&#243;gicos producidos por la HIA son reversibles si se realiza una descompresi&#243;n temprana&#44; por lo que es importante realizar un diagn&#243;stico precoz&#46; Por esta raz&#243;n&#44; la sociedad mundial del s&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal &#40;WSACS&#41; recomienda la medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intraabdominal en todos los pacientes que presenten 2 o m&#225;s de los siguientes factores&#58; excesiva expansi&#243;n de volumen&#44; acidosis e hipotermia&#44; coagulopat&#237;a&#47;politransfusi&#243;n&#44; disfunci&#243;n renal&#44; hep&#225;tica o pulmonar&#44; &#237;leo paral&#237;tico y cirug&#237;a abdominal&#47;cierre primario de fascias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl1">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen diferentes m&#233;todos de medici&#243;n de la PIA&#59; se puede monitorizar directamente colocando un cat&#233;ter transperitoneal o mediante m&#233;todos indirectos&#44; como la presi&#243;n intrag&#225;strica&#44; intravesical o intrapulmonar&#46; Varios estudios han demostrado que la medici&#243;n intravesical es un m&#233;todo v&#225;lido para valorar la presi&#243;n intraabdominal&#44; ya que existe una buena correlaci&#243;n con la medici&#243;n directa&#44; aunque todav&#237;a no existe mucha experiencia en la edad pedi&#225;trica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue valorar la utilidad de la medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intraabdominal para identificar a los pacientes con riesgo de desarrollar HIA&#44; analizar los factores que influyen en la PIA y valorar su relaci&#243;n con el pron&#243;stico de los ni&#241;os en estado cr&#237;tico&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio prospectivo observacional en ni&#241;os cr&#237;ticos ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pedi&#225;tricos&#44; entre los a&#241;os 2007 al 2010&#44; en los que se monitoriz&#243; la PIA por presentar factores de riesgo de HIA&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La PIA se monitoriz&#243; a trav&#233;s de una sonda vesical con el sistema de medici&#243;n hidr&#225;ulica &#40;Unometer abdopressure kit<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Se inici&#243; la monitorizaci&#243;n en el momento de aparici&#243;n de la cl&#237;nica&#44; realiz&#225;ndose posteriormente mediciones seriadas de la PIA cada 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; La duraci&#243;n de la monitorizaci&#243;n estuvo determinada por la situaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica del paciente&#44; manteni&#233;ndose mientras persistieron los factores de riesgo o criterios cl&#237;nicos de hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La medici&#243;n se realiza&#44; previa cateterizaci&#243;n vesical&#44; con el paciente en dec&#250;bito supino&#44; con elevaci&#243;n de la cabecera entre 0-30&#176;&#46; Tras verificar que la vejiga se encuentra completamente evacuada se administra 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;kg de suero salino fisiol&#243;gico&#44; dejando cerrada la luz de salida de la sonda vesical&#46; Se coloca verticalmente el tubo del man&#243;metro&#44; se abre la pinza y el menisco de agua-orina comienza a descender hacia la vejiga hasta que se detiene en el valor de la presi&#243;n intraabdominal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-11</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se utilizaron los siguientes criterios diagn&#243;sticos&#58; HIA&#58; PIA &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; HIA grave&#58; PIA &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; y SCA&#58; PIA &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg asociada a disfunci&#243;n org&#225;nica secundaria&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; en cada paciente se realizaron mediciones seriadas del per&#237;metro abdominal&#46; Se recogieron y analizaron variables epidemiol&#243;gicas &#40;edad&#44; sexo&#41;&#44; cl&#237;nicas &#40;motivo de ingreso&#44; patolog&#237;a de base&#44; cirug&#237;as previas&#41;&#44; par&#225;metros hemodin&#225;micos &#40;presi&#243;n arterial&#44; frecuencia card&#237;aca&#44; presi&#243;n venosa central y diuresis&#41;&#44; tratamiento con inotr&#243;picos&#44; sedaci&#243;n&#44; relajaci&#243;n muscular&#44; ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; t&#233;cnicas de depuraci&#243;n extrarrenal&#44; oxigenaci&#243;n con membrana extracorp&#243;rea &#40;ECMO&#41; 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Para estudiar la evoluci&#243;n de la PIA se utiliz&#243; una prueba de medidas repetidas &#40;ANOVA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se estudi&#243; a 39 pacientes &#40;61&#44;5&#37; varones&#41;&#44; con una mediana de edad de 13 meses &#40;rango intercuartil de 5-48 meses&#41;&#46; El tiempo medio de monitorizaci&#243;n de la PIA fue de 3 d&#237;as &#40;rango 1-18 d&#237;as&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 53&#44;8&#37; de los casos eran postoperatorios card&#237;acos&#44; el 30&#44;7&#37; postoperatorios abdominales&#44; el 10&#44;3&#37; de los pacientes presentaban shock cardiog&#233;nico y el 5&#44;2&#37; patolog&#237;a abdominal&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La causa m&#225;s frecuente de hipertensi&#243;n abdominal fue la obstrucci&#243;n intestinal &#40;20&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; seguida del &#237;leo paral&#237;tico &#40;18&#37;&#41;&#44; ascitis &#40;15&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; peritonitis &#40;12&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; expansi&#243;n masiva de volumen en pacientes s&#233;pticos &#40;10&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; absceso abdominal &#40;5&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; isquemia intestinal &#40;5&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; tumor intraabdominal &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; hematoma intraabdominal &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; colitis seudomembranosa &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; hemorragia digestiva &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41; e insuficiencia hep&#225;tica &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">figura 2</a> muestra la evoluci&#243;n de la PIA&#46; Veintinueve pacientes &#40;74&#44;4&#37;&#41; presentaban HIA &#40;&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; a las 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h del inicio de la monitorizaci&#243;n&#44; siendo en un 33&#44;3&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y en un 15&#44;4&#37; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; A las 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h un 59&#37; de los pacientes ten&#237;a una PIA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; un 48&#44;7&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y un 2&#44;6&#37; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Solo un 18&#37; de los pacientes ten&#237;a una PIA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg a las 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; No existieron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas de la PIA a lo largo de la evoluci&#243;n&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al analizar la correlaci&#243;n entre la PIA y los par&#225;metros hemodin&#225;micos&#44; no se encontr&#243; correlaci&#243;n con la frecuencia card&#237;aca ni la presi&#243;n arterial pero s&#237; con la PVC a las 24 y 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de evoluci&#243;n y con la disminuci&#243;n de la diuresis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El 82&#37; de los pacientes recibi&#243; soporte inotr&#243;pico&#44; el 72&#37; sedoanalgesia y el 31&#37; relajante muscular&#46; No se observ&#243; correlaci&#243;n entre el valor de la PIA con la dosis de f&#225;rmacos inotr&#243;picos&#44; sedantes ni relajantes musculares &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl2"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 76&#44;9&#37; de los pacientes estaba sometido a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; No existi&#243; relaci&#243;n entre los par&#225;metros de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;volumen corriente&#44; pico de presi&#243;n y FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; y los valores de PIA&#44; existiendo una relaci&#243;n inversamente proporcional moderada con la PEEP al inicio de la monitorizaci&#243;n &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;049&#41;&#44; que no se mantuvo a lo largo de la evoluci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 31&#37; de los pacientes present&#243; alteraci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n renal&#44; precisando el 28&#44;2&#37; t&#233;cnica de depuraci&#243;n extrarrenal continua venovenosa &#40;TDEC&#41; y el 7&#44;6&#37; ECMO&#46; No se encontr&#243; relaci&#243;n entre una PIA elevada y la necesidad de TDEC &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;308&#41; o ECMO &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;457&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tampoco se encontr&#243; correlaci&#243;n entre la PIA y el per&#237;metro abdominal &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;53&#41; al analizar todas las medidas de forma conjunta&#44; pero s&#237; a las 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de la evoluci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evoluci&#243;n fue favorable con el tratamiento conservador en 30 pacientes &#40;76&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Los 9 pacientes restantes precisaron descompresi&#243;n por presentar PIA &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y cl&#237;nica asociada&#46; En 2 casos se realiz&#243; drenaje peritoneal y en 7 laparotom&#237;a descompresiva &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46; Ninguno de ellos desarroll&#243; SCA&#46; Ninguno de los 8 pacientes que presentaron durante la evoluci&#243;n una PIA &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg desarroll&#243; una nueva disfunci&#243;n org&#225;nica secundaria&#46; Uno de ellos falleci&#243; por shock s&#233;ptico secundario a perforaci&#243;n intestinal y el resto evolucion&#243; favorablemente&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl3"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fallecieron 8 pacientes &#40;20&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Los pacientes con PIA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg tuvieron una mortalidad algo mayor &#40;22&#44;7&#37;&#41; que el resto de los pacientes &#40;17&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; siendo esta diferencia no significativa &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;13&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ning&#250;n paciente present&#243; infecci&#243;n del tracto urinario ni otras complicaciones secundarias a la medici&#243;n de la PIA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio muestra que la HIA es una complicaci&#243;n no muy frecuente pero importante en los ni&#241;os en estado cr&#237;tico&#46; Casi la mitad de los pacientes ten&#237;an una PIA mantenida &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg con riesgo de desarrollar un SCA&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia de HIA en adultos var&#237;a seg&#250;n los estudios entre un 18 y un 81&#37;&#44; siendo mayor en pacientes con traumatismos o sometidos a cirug&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Un estudio multic&#233;ntrico llevado a cabo en 13 unidades de cuidados intensivos encontr&#243; una incidencia de HIA de un 32&#44;1&#37; y una prevalencia de SCA de un 4&#44;2&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen pocos estudios que hayan analizado la presi&#243;n intraabdominal en ni&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;13&#44;17</span></a>&#46; La mayor&#237;a de nuestros pacientes con HIA eran postoperatorios card&#237;acos&#46; Aunque se ha descrito que estos pacientes tienen un riesgo elevado de desarrollar HIA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18-21</span></a>&#44; en nuestro caso probablemente sea debido a que estos pacientes representan entre el 60 al 70&#37; de nuestros ingresos&#46; La patolog&#237;a abdominal fue la causa m&#225;s frecuente de HIA&#44; pero en un porcentaje no desde&#241;able se encontraron otros factores de riesgo&#44; como la ascitis&#44; isquemia intestinal y la expansi&#243;n importante de volumen&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malbrain et al&#46; encontraron que la reanimaci&#243;n con l&#237;quidos&#44; el &#237;leo paral&#237;tico y la disfunci&#243;n hep&#225;tica eran predictores independientes de HIA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Muchos pacientes cr&#237;ticos requieren expansi&#243;n de volumen y transfusi&#243;n de hemoderivados para mantener la estabilidad hemodin&#225;mica&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la administraci&#243;n excesiva de l&#237;quidos puede producir alteraci&#243;n de la permeabilidad vascular produci&#233;ndose un c&#237;rculo vicioso de retenci&#243;n de l&#237;quidos&#44; alteraci&#243;n hemodin&#225;mica&#44; hipoperfusi&#243;n espl&#225;cnica&#44; edema intestinal y aumento de la PIA&#46; Por otra parte&#44; la disfunci&#243;n hep&#225;tica puede llevar a la formaci&#243;n de ascitis y al aumento del riesgo de hemorragia debido a coagulopat&#237;a&#44; afectando as&#237; la PIA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;14</span></a>&#46; En el caso del &#237;leo paral&#237;tico&#44; la alteraci&#243;n de la motilidad produce dilataci&#243;n intestinal con aumento de la presi&#243;n luminal&#44; que puede desencadenar isquemia de la pared intestinal&#44; pudiendo aumentar la PIA por un efecto mec&#225;nico directo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este hecho subraya la importancia de realizar una medici&#243;n de la PIA en los ni&#241;os con factores de riesgo&#46; Algunos autores han recomendado monitorizar la PIA en los pacientes con sepsis y cl&#237;nica abdominal&#44; debido a la gravedad del cuadro y el elevado riesgo de desarrollar fallo multiorg&#225;nico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La forma m&#225;s sencilla para medir la PIA es la medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intravesical&#44; lo cual constituye una ventaja&#44; ya que no supone un mayor riesgo de complicaciones&#44; tal como observamos en nuestro estudio&#44; dado que la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes tienen ya sondaje vesical&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La medici&#243;n del per&#237;metro abdominal no es un m&#233;todo adecuado para estimar la presi&#243;n intraabdominal&#46; En nuestro estudio el PA no se correlacion&#243; bien con el valor de la PIA&#44; coincidiendo con lo que refieren otros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro estudio no encontramos correlaci&#243;n entre la PIA y la mayor&#237;a de los par&#225;metros hemodin&#225;micos&#44; respiratorios ni de tratamiento&#44; probablemente porque estos par&#225;metros se alteran por muchos factores y no solo por la presi&#243;n intraabdominal&#46; Existi&#243; una correlaci&#243;n entre el aumento de la PIA y de la PVC a las 24 y 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de evoluci&#243;n&#46; Sin embargo&#44; esto no implica que exista un aumento real de la precarga&#44; ya que se estima que un 20 a un 80&#37; de la PIA se transmite al t&#243;rax y produce un aumento secundario de la presi&#243;n intrator&#225;cica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; El aumento de la presi&#243;n intrator&#225;cica se transmite a la fosa peric&#225;rdica y comprime al coraz&#243;n reduciendo la presi&#243;n transmural y la precarga efectiva&#44; aunque parad&#243;jicamente se acompa&#241;a de una elevaci&#243;n de la presi&#243;n venosa central y de la presi&#243;n de oclusi&#243;n arterial pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro estudio el tratamiento conservador fue eficaz en la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes y solo 9 precisaron descompresi&#243;n urgente&#46; En estos pacientes&#44; la monitorizaci&#243;n permiti&#243; detectar cu&#225;les ten&#237;an riesgo de desarrollar SCA&#44; o diagnosticarlo una vez establecido&#44; permitiendo detener la progresi&#243;n del mismo y evitar el fallo multiorg&#225;nico&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque un tercio de los pacientes con HIA present&#243; disfunci&#243;n renal manifestada por oliguria y necesidad de t&#233;cnicas de depuraci&#243;n extrarrenal&#44; no podemos afirmar que la disfunci&#243;n renal fuera secundaria a la HIA&#44; ya que estos pacientes presentaban otros factores condicionantes de alteraci&#243;n renal&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal ha sido identificada como un factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; Malbrain et al&#46; encontraron que la HIA en adultos no era un factor independiente de mortalidad el primer d&#237;a de ingreso en la UCI&#44; pero s&#237; lo fue en los siguientes d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio no encontramos correlaci&#243;n entre la mortalidad y la HIA en ning&#250;n momento de la evoluci&#243;n&#46; Esto puede deberse a que se realizaron una detecci&#243;n y un manejo precoces de la HIA&#44; lo que subraya la relevancia de la medici&#243;n de la PIA en el seguimiento de los pacientes cr&#237;ticos con cl&#237;nica de riesgo para HIA y SCA&#44; ya que el tratamiento oportuno en fases tempranas condiciona una mejor evoluci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio tiene la limitaci&#243;n de que el tama&#241;o muestral es relativamente peque&#241;o y es posible que por este motivo no se hayan encontrado diferencias significativas en algunas variables&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concluimos que la HIA no es infrecuente en el ni&#241;o cr&#237;ticamente enfermo y representa una causa importante de morbimortalidad potencialmente prevenible&#46; La medici&#243;n de la PIA mediante la presi&#243;n intravesical es sencilla&#44; f&#225;cil de realizar y segura&#44; no habi&#233;ndose encontrado complicaciones secundarias a su uso&#46; La medici&#243;n del per&#237;metro abdominal no se correlaciona bien con la PIA y&#44; por tanto&#44; no es un par&#225;metro adecuado para el seguimiento de hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal&#46; La medici&#243;n de la PIA puede resultar &#250;til para diagnosticar y tratar precozmente la hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal y prevenir el s&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal&#44; por lo que se deber&#237;a realizar en los ni&#241;os cr&#237;ticos con patolog&#237;a abdominal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que no existe ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Presi&#243;n intraabdominal"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Valorar la utilidad de la medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intraabdominal &#40;PIA&#41; intravesical para identificar a los pacientes con riesgo de desarrollar hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal&#59; analizar los factores que influyen en la PIA&#44; y valorar su relaci&#243;n con el pron&#243;stico&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio prospectivo observacional en ni&#241;os en estado cr&#237;tico en los que se monitoriz&#243; la PIA en el momento de presentar cl&#237;nica de hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal&#46; Se analizaron las siguientes variables&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; motivo de ingreso&#44; patolog&#237;a de base&#44; cirug&#237;a previa&#44; presi&#243;n arterial&#44; frecuencia card&#237;aca&#44; presi&#243;n venosa central&#44; diuresis&#44; tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos vasoactivos&#44; sedaci&#243;n&#44; relajaci&#243;n muscular&#44; ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; t&#233;cnicas de depuraci&#243;n extrarrenal&#44; oxigenaci&#243;n con membrana extracorp&#243;rea y mortalidad&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudi&#243; a 39 pacientes&#46; A las 24 h de iniciar la monitorizaci&#243;n&#44; un 74&#44;4&#37; presentaba una PIA &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; un 33&#44;3&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y un 15&#44;4&#37; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; A las 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h un 59&#37; presentaba PIA &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Se observ&#243; correlaci&#243;n de la PIA con la presi&#243;n venosa central a las 24 y 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;500&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 y r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;360&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; No existi&#243; correlaci&#243;n con el resto de los par&#225;metros analizados&#46; Solo 9 pacientes precisaron descompresi&#243;n urgente y ning&#250;n paciente desarroll&#243; s&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La medici&#243;n de la PIA puede resultar &#250;til para diagnosticar y tratar precozmente la hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal y prevenir el s&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal&#44; por lo que se deber&#237;a realizar en los ni&#241;os cr&#237;ticos con patolog&#237;a abdominal&#46;</p>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the usefulness of intra-abdominal pressure &#40;IAP&#41; measurement&#44; by the intra-vesical method&#44; in order to identify those patients at risk of developing intra-abdominal hypertension&#44; as well as to analyse the factors that affect the IAP&#44; and to determine their influence on the prognosis in critically ill patients&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective observational study in critically ill children in whom the IAP was monitored as soon as signs of intra-abdominal hypertension appeared&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The following variables were analysed&#58; age&#44; sex&#44; reason for admission&#44; underlying disease&#44; previous surgeries&#44; blood pressure&#44; heart rate&#44; central venous pressure&#44; urine output&#44; inotropic therapy&#44; sedation&#44; muscle relaxation&#44; mechanical ventilation&#44; renal replacement techniques&#44; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation&#44; and mortality&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 39 patients were studied&#46; At 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours from initiating the monitoring of IAP&#44; 74&#46;4&#37; showed IAP &#8805; 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; 33&#46;3&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; and 15&#46;4&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; After 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#44; 59&#37; had intra-abdominal hypertension&#46; There was a correlation between the central venous pressure &#40;CVP&#41; and IAP at 24 and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;500&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;001 and r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;360&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;040&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; There was no correlation with the other parameters&#46; Only 9 patients required urgent decompression and none developed abdominal compartment syndrome&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IAP monitoring can be useful to diagnose and to promptly treat intra-abdominal hypertension&#44; and thus to prevent the abdominal compartment syndrome&#46; Therefore&#44; it should be measured in critically ill children with abdominal pathology&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">M&#233;todo de medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intravesical&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:7 [
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evoluci&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intraabdominal en las primeras 72 horas&#46;</p>"
        ]
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disminuci&#243;n de la distensibilidad abdominal</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En negrita se exponen los valores estad&#237;sticamente significativos&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diuresis &#40;ml&#47;kg&#47;h&#41;&#58; diuresis 2 h antes de la medici&#243;n de la PIA&#59; FC&#58; frecuencia card&#237;aca&#59; PAD&#58; presi&#243;n arterial diast&#243;lica&#59; PAM&#58; presi&#243;n arterial media&#59; PAS&#58; presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#59; PEEP&#58; presi&#243;n positiva al final de la espiraci&#243;n&#59; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; fracci&#243;n inspirada de ox&#237;geno&#59; PIA&#58; presi&#243;n intraabdominal&#59; PIP&#58; pico de presi&#243;n&#59; PVC&#58; presi&#243;n venosa central&#59; VC&#58; volumen corriente&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8211;0&#44;172p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;294&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8211;0&#44;260p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;114&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;005p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;980&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;089p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;672&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PAD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;037p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;823&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8211;0&#44;149p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;476&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PVC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;227p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;165&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diuresis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;050p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;0&#44;802&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dobutamina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8211;0&#44;126p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;596&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;275p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;321&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Noradrenalina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8211;0&#44;383p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;349&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;1327p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;756&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;048p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;910&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8211;0&#44;118p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;801&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Relajaci&#243;n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vecuronio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8211;0&#44;116p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;733&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;518p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;312p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;198p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;707&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Per&#237;metro abdominal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8211;0&#44;047p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;818&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;127p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;535&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;352p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;084&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;738<span class="elsevierStyleBold">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#44;000</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0850" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlaci&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intraabdominal con los distintos par&#225;metros</p>"
        ]
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      4 => array:7 [
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PIA &#40;mmHg&#41; pretratamiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamiento recibido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PIA &#40;mmHg&#41;Postratamiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a&#8211;cecostom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">No medida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Drenaje peritoneal de ascitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Favorable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Drenaje peritoneal de ascitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Defunci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a-ileostom&#237;a de descarga&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Favorable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a-ileostom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Favorable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a-ileostom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Defunci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a-resecci&#243;n intestinal-yeyunostom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Defunci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a exploradora&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Favorable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a-ileostom&#237;a<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cecostom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Favorable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab193172.png"
              ]
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0950" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Caracter&#237;sticas y evoluci&#243;n de los pacientes con tratamiento descompresivo</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:26 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome &#91;consultado 20 Ene 2011&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.wsacs.org/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;wsacs&#46;org</a>"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Results from the International Conference of Experts on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome&#46; I&#46; Definitions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;L&#46; Malbrain"
                            1 => "M&#46;L&#46; Cheatham"
                            2 => "A&#46; Kirkpatrick"
                            3 => "M&#46; Sugrue"
                            4 => "M&#46; Parr"
                            5 => "J&#46; De Waele"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00134-006-0349-5"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Intensive Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1722"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1732"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16967294"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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Original
Utilidad de la monitorización de la presión intraabdominal en el niño crítico
Utility of monitoring intra-abdominal pressure in critically ill children
L. González, R. Rodríguez, S. Mencía
Autor para correspondencia
santiagomencia@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, M. Gil-Ruiz, E. Sanavia, J. López Herce
Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
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y est&#225; asociada a un incremento de la morbimortalidad en el paciente cr&#237;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cuanto mayor sea el grado de hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal&#44; m&#225;s grave ser&#225; la disfunci&#243;n sist&#233;mica asociada&#46; En el paciente cr&#237;tico&#44; la aparici&#243;n del s&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal &#40;SCA&#41;&#44; definido como una presi&#243;n intraabdominal &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg asociada a disfunci&#243;n org&#225;nica secundaria &#40;cerebral&#44; pulmonar&#44; cardiovascular&#44; renal y espl&#225;cnica&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; aumenta la mortalidad hasta un 60&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los cambios fisiopatol&#243;gicos producidos por la HIA son reversibles si se realiza una descompresi&#243;n temprana&#44; por lo que es importante realizar un diagn&#243;stico precoz&#46; Por esta raz&#243;n&#44; la sociedad mundial del s&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal &#40;WSACS&#41; recomienda la medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intraabdominal en todos los pacientes que presenten 2 o m&#225;s de los siguientes factores&#58; excesiva expansi&#243;n de volumen&#44; acidosis e hipotermia&#44; coagulopat&#237;a&#47;politransfusi&#243;n&#44; disfunci&#243;n renal&#44; hep&#225;tica o pulmonar&#44; &#237;leo paral&#237;tico y cirug&#237;a abdominal&#47;cierre primario de fascias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl1">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen diferentes m&#233;todos de medici&#243;n de la PIA&#59; se puede monitorizar directamente colocando un cat&#233;ter transperitoneal o mediante m&#233;todos indirectos&#44; como la presi&#243;n intrag&#225;strica&#44; intravesical o intrapulmonar&#46; Varios estudios han demostrado que la medici&#243;n intravesical es un m&#233;todo v&#225;lido para valorar la presi&#243;n intraabdominal&#44; ya que existe una buena correlaci&#243;n con la medici&#243;n directa&#44; aunque todav&#237;a no existe mucha experiencia en la edad pedi&#225;trica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5-7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue valorar la utilidad de la medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intraabdominal para identificar a los pacientes con riesgo de desarrollar HIA&#44; analizar los factores que influyen en la PIA y valorar su relaci&#243;n con el pron&#243;stico de los ni&#241;os en estado cr&#237;tico&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio prospectivo observacional en ni&#241;os cr&#237;ticos ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pedi&#225;tricos&#44; entre los a&#241;os 2007 al 2010&#44; en los que se monitoriz&#243; la PIA por presentar factores de riesgo de HIA&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La PIA se monitoriz&#243; a trav&#233;s de una sonda vesical con el sistema de medici&#243;n hidr&#225;ulica &#40;Unometer abdopressure kit<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Se inici&#243; la monitorizaci&#243;n en el momento de aparici&#243;n de la cl&#237;nica&#44; realiz&#225;ndose posteriormente mediciones seriadas de la PIA cada 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; La duraci&#243;n de la monitorizaci&#243;n estuvo determinada por la situaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica del paciente&#44; manteni&#233;ndose mientras persistieron los factores de riesgo o criterios cl&#237;nicos de hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La medici&#243;n se realiza&#44; previa cateterizaci&#243;n vesical&#44; con el paciente en dec&#250;bito supino&#44; con elevaci&#243;n de la cabecera entre 0-30&#176;&#46; Tras verificar que la vejiga se encuentra completamente evacuada se administra 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;kg de suero salino fisiol&#243;gico&#44; dejando cerrada la luz de salida de la sonda vesical&#46; Se coloca verticalmente el tubo del man&#243;metro&#44; se abre la pinza y el menisco de agua-orina comienza a descender hacia la vejiga hasta que se detiene en el valor de la presi&#243;n intraabdominal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8-11</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se utilizaron los siguientes criterios diagn&#243;sticos&#58; HIA&#58; PIA &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#59; HIA grave&#58; PIA &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; y SCA&#58; PIA &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg asociada a disfunci&#243;n org&#225;nica secundaria&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s&#44; en cada paciente se realizaron mediciones seriadas del per&#237;metro abdominal&#46; Se recogieron y analizaron variables epidemiol&#243;gicas &#40;edad&#44; sexo&#41;&#44; cl&#237;nicas &#40;motivo de ingreso&#44; patolog&#237;a de base&#44; cirug&#237;as previas&#41;&#44; par&#225;metros hemodin&#225;micos &#40;presi&#243;n arterial&#44; frecuencia card&#237;aca&#44; presi&#243;n venosa central y diuresis&#41;&#44; tratamiento con inotr&#243;picos&#44; sedaci&#243;n&#44; relajaci&#243;n muscular&#44; ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; t&#233;cnicas de depuraci&#243;n extrarrenal&#44; oxigenaci&#243;n con membrana extracorp&#243;rea &#40;ECMO&#41; y mortalidad&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tratamiento m&#233;dico de los pacientes en los que se diagnostic&#243; una HIA consisti&#243; en mejorar la distensibilidad abdominal &#40;posici&#243;n en dec&#250;bito supino&#44; sedaci&#243;n y relajaci&#243;n&#41;&#44; evacuar el contenido intraluminal mediante descompresi&#243;n nasog&#225;strica o rectal&#44; evacuar colecciones intraabdominales&#44; realizar balance negativo y mantener un adecuado soporte tisular&#46; En los pacientes en los que estas medidas fueron insuficientes&#44; se realiz&#243; descompresi&#243;n abdominal quir&#250;rgica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12-14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico de los resultados mediante el programa SPSS&#44; versi&#243;n 16&#46;0&#46; Se utiliz&#243; el test no param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon para la comparaci&#243;n entre diferentes variables y el coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n de Pearson para valorar la asociaci&#243;n entre las mismas&#46; Para estudiar la evoluci&#243;n de la PIA se utiliz&#243; una prueba de medidas repetidas &#40;ANOVA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se estudi&#243; a 39 pacientes &#40;61&#44;5&#37; varones&#41;&#44; con una mediana de edad de 13 meses &#40;rango intercuartil de 5-48 meses&#41;&#46; El tiempo medio de monitorizaci&#243;n de la PIA fue de 3 d&#237;as &#40;rango 1-18 d&#237;as&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 53&#44;8&#37; de los casos eran postoperatorios card&#237;acos&#44; el 30&#44;7&#37; postoperatorios abdominales&#44; el 10&#44;3&#37; de los pacientes presentaban shock cardiog&#233;nico y el 5&#44;2&#37; patolog&#237;a abdominal&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La causa m&#225;s frecuente de hipertensi&#243;n abdominal fue la obstrucci&#243;n intestinal &#40;20&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; seguida del &#237;leo paral&#237;tico &#40;18&#37;&#41;&#44; ascitis &#40;15&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; peritonitis &#40;12&#44;8&#37;&#41;&#44; expansi&#243;n masiva de volumen en pacientes s&#233;pticos &#40;10&#44;3&#37;&#41;&#44; absceso abdominal &#40;5&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; isquemia intestinal &#40;5&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; tumor intraabdominal &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; hematoma intraabdominal &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; colitis seudomembranosa &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#44; hemorragia digestiva &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41; e insuficiencia hep&#225;tica &#40;2&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">figura 2</a> muestra la evoluci&#243;n de la PIA&#46; Veintinueve pacientes &#40;74&#44;4&#37;&#41; presentaban HIA &#40;&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; a las 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h del inicio de la monitorizaci&#243;n&#44; siendo en un 33&#44;3&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y en un 15&#44;4&#37; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; A las 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h un 59&#37; de los pacientes ten&#237;a una PIA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; un 48&#44;7&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y un 2&#44;6&#37; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Solo un 18&#37; de los pacientes ten&#237;a una PIA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg a las 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; No existieron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas de la PIA a lo largo de la evoluci&#243;n&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al analizar la correlaci&#243;n entre la PIA y los par&#225;metros hemodin&#225;micos&#44; no se encontr&#243; correlaci&#243;n con la frecuencia card&#237;aca ni la presi&#243;n arterial pero s&#237; con la PVC a las 24 y 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de evoluci&#243;n y con la disminuci&#243;n de la diuresis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46; El 82&#37; de los pacientes recibi&#243; soporte inotr&#243;pico&#44; el 72&#37; sedoanalgesia y el 31&#37; relajante muscular&#46; No se observ&#243; correlaci&#243;n entre el valor de la PIA con la dosis de f&#225;rmacos inotr&#243;picos&#44; sedantes ni relajantes musculares &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl2"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 76&#44;9&#37; de los pacientes estaba sometido a ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#46; No existi&#243; relaci&#243;n entre los par&#225;metros de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica &#40;volumen corriente&#44; pico de presi&#243;n y FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; y los valores de PIA&#44; existiendo una relaci&#243;n inversamente proporcional moderada con la PEEP al inicio de la monitorizaci&#243;n &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;049&#41;&#44; que no se mantuvo a lo largo de la evoluci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El 31&#37; de los pacientes present&#243; alteraci&#243;n de la funci&#243;n renal&#44; precisando el 28&#44;2&#37; t&#233;cnica de depuraci&#243;n extrarrenal continua venovenosa &#40;TDEC&#41; y el 7&#44;6&#37; ECMO&#46; No se encontr&#243; relaci&#243;n entre una PIA elevada y la necesidad de TDEC &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;308&#41; o ECMO &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;457&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tampoco se encontr&#243; correlaci&#243;n entre la PIA y el per&#237;metro abdominal &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;53&#41; al analizar todas las medidas de forma conjunta&#44; pero s&#237; a las 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de la evoluci&#243;n &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La evoluci&#243;n fue favorable con el tratamiento conservador en 30 pacientes &#40;76&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Los 9 pacientes restantes precisaron descompresi&#243;n por presentar PIA &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y cl&#237;nica asociada&#46; En 2 casos se realiz&#243; drenaje peritoneal y en 7 laparotom&#237;a descompresiva &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3">tabla 3</a>&#41;&#46; Ninguno de ellos desarroll&#243; SCA&#46; Ninguno de los 8 pacientes que presentaron durante la evoluci&#243;n una PIA &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg desarroll&#243; una nueva disfunci&#243;n org&#225;nica secundaria&#46; Uno de ellos falleci&#243; por shock s&#233;ptico secundario a perforaci&#243;n intestinal y el resto evolucion&#243; favorablemente&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl3"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fallecieron 8 pacientes &#40;20&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Los pacientes con PIA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg tuvieron una mortalidad algo mayor &#40;22&#44;7&#37;&#41; que el resto de los pacientes &#40;17&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#44; siendo esta diferencia no significativa &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;13&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ning&#250;n paciente present&#243; infecci&#243;n del tracto urinario ni otras complicaciones secundarias a la medici&#243;n de la PIA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio muestra que la HIA es una complicaci&#243;n no muy frecuente pero importante en los ni&#241;os en estado cr&#237;tico&#46; Casi la mitad de los pacientes ten&#237;an una PIA mantenida &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg con riesgo de desarrollar un SCA&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia de HIA en adultos var&#237;a seg&#250;n los estudios entre un 18 y un 81&#37;&#44; siendo mayor en pacientes con traumatismos o sometidos a cirug&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15&#44;16</span></a>&#46; Un estudio multic&#233;ntrico llevado a cabo en 13 unidades de cuidados intensivos encontr&#243; una incidencia de HIA de un 32&#44;1&#37; y una prevalencia de SCA de un 4&#44;2&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen pocos estudios que hayan analizado la presi&#243;n intraabdominal en ni&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6&#44;8&#44;13&#44;17</span></a>&#46; La mayor&#237;a de nuestros pacientes con HIA eran postoperatorios card&#237;acos&#46; Aunque se ha descrito que estos pacientes tienen un riesgo elevado de desarrollar HIA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18-21</span></a>&#44; en nuestro caso probablemente sea debido a que estos pacientes representan entre el 60 al 70&#37; de nuestros ingresos&#46; La patolog&#237;a abdominal fue la causa m&#225;s frecuente de HIA&#44; pero en un porcentaje no desde&#241;able se encontraron otros factores de riesgo&#44; como la ascitis&#44; isquemia intestinal y la expansi&#243;n importante de volumen&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Malbrain et al&#46; encontraron que la reanimaci&#243;n con l&#237;quidos&#44; el &#237;leo paral&#237;tico y la disfunci&#243;n hep&#225;tica eran predictores independientes de HIA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Muchos pacientes cr&#237;ticos requieren expansi&#243;n de volumen y transfusi&#243;n de hemoderivados para mantener la estabilidad hemodin&#225;mica&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la administraci&#243;n excesiva de l&#237;quidos puede producir alteraci&#243;n de la permeabilidad vascular produci&#233;ndose un c&#237;rculo vicioso de retenci&#243;n de l&#237;quidos&#44; alteraci&#243;n hemodin&#225;mica&#44; hipoperfusi&#243;n espl&#225;cnica&#44; edema intestinal y aumento de la PIA&#46; Por otra parte&#44; la disfunci&#243;n hep&#225;tica puede llevar a la formaci&#243;n de ascitis y al aumento del riesgo de hemorragia debido a coagulopat&#237;a&#44; afectando as&#237; la PIA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;14</span></a>&#46; En el caso del &#237;leo paral&#237;tico&#44; la alteraci&#243;n de la motilidad produce dilataci&#243;n intestinal con aumento de la presi&#243;n luminal&#44; que puede desencadenar isquemia de la pared intestinal&#44; pudiendo aumentar la PIA por un efecto mec&#225;nico directo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este hecho subraya la importancia de realizar una medici&#243;n de la PIA en los ni&#241;os con factores de riesgo&#46; Algunos autores han recomendado monitorizar la PIA en los pacientes con sepsis y cl&#237;nica abdominal&#44; debido a la gravedad del cuadro y el elevado riesgo de desarrollar fallo multiorg&#225;nico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La forma m&#225;s sencilla para medir la PIA es la medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intravesical&#44; lo cual constituye una ventaja&#44; ya que no supone un mayor riesgo de complicaciones&#44; tal como observamos en nuestro estudio&#44; dado que la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes tienen ya sondaje vesical&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La medici&#243;n del per&#237;metro abdominal no es un m&#233;todo adecuado para estimar la presi&#243;n intraabdominal&#46; En nuestro estudio el PA no se correlacion&#243; bien con el valor de la PIA&#44; coincidiendo con lo que refieren otros autores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro estudio no encontramos correlaci&#243;n entre la PIA y la mayor&#237;a de los par&#225;metros hemodin&#225;micos&#44; respiratorios ni de tratamiento&#44; probablemente porque estos par&#225;metros se alteran por muchos factores y no solo por la presi&#243;n intraabdominal&#46; Existi&#243; una correlaci&#243;n entre el aumento de la PIA y de la PVC a las 24 y 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h de evoluci&#243;n&#46; Sin embargo&#44; esto no implica que exista un aumento real de la precarga&#44; ya que se estima que un 20 a un 80&#37; de la PIA se transmite al t&#243;rax y produce un aumento secundario de la presi&#243;n intrator&#225;cica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#46; El aumento de la presi&#243;n intrator&#225;cica se transmite a la fosa peric&#225;rdica y comprime al coraz&#243;n reduciendo la presi&#243;n transmural y la precarga efectiva&#44; aunque parad&#243;jicamente se acompa&#241;a de una elevaci&#243;n de la presi&#243;n venosa central y de la presi&#243;n de oclusi&#243;n arterial pulmonar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En nuestro estudio el tratamiento conservador fue eficaz en la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes y solo 9 precisaron descompresi&#243;n urgente&#46; En estos pacientes&#44; la monitorizaci&#243;n permiti&#243; detectar cu&#225;les ten&#237;an riesgo de desarrollar SCA&#44; o diagnosticarlo una vez establecido&#44; permitiendo detener la progresi&#243;n del mismo y evitar el fallo multiorg&#225;nico&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque un tercio de los pacientes con HIA present&#243; disfunci&#243;n renal manifestada por oliguria y necesidad de t&#233;cnicas de depuraci&#243;n extrarrenal&#44; no podemos afirmar que la disfunci&#243;n renal fuera secundaria a la HIA&#44; ya que estos pacientes presentaban otros factores condicionantes de alteraci&#243;n renal&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal ha sido identificada como un factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; Malbrain et al&#46; encontraron que la HIA en adultos no era un factor independiente de mortalidad el primer d&#237;a de ingreso en la UCI&#44; pero s&#237; lo fue en los siguientes d&#237;as<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; En nuestro estudio no encontramos correlaci&#243;n entre la mortalidad y la HIA en ning&#250;n momento de la evoluci&#243;n&#46; Esto puede deberse a que se realizaron una detecci&#243;n y un manejo precoces de la HIA&#44; lo que subraya la relevancia de la medici&#243;n de la PIA en el seguimiento de los pacientes cr&#237;ticos con cl&#237;nica de riesgo para HIA y SCA&#44; ya que el tratamiento oportuno en fases tempranas condiciona una mejor evoluci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nuestro estudio tiene la limitaci&#243;n de que el tama&#241;o muestral es relativamente peque&#241;o y es posible que por este motivo no se hayan encontrado diferencias significativas en algunas variables&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concluimos que la HIA no es infrecuente en el ni&#241;o cr&#237;ticamente enfermo y representa una causa importante de morbimortalidad potencialmente prevenible&#46; La medici&#243;n de la PIA mediante la presi&#243;n intravesical es sencilla&#44; f&#225;cil de realizar y segura&#44; no habi&#233;ndose encontrado complicaciones secundarias a su uso&#46; La medici&#243;n del per&#237;metro abdominal no se correlaciona bien con la PIA y&#44; por tanto&#44; no es un par&#225;metro adecuado para el seguimiento de hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal&#46; La medici&#243;n de la PIA puede resultar &#250;til para diagnosticar y tratar precozmente la hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal y prevenir el s&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal&#44; por lo que se deber&#237;a realizar en los ni&#241;os cr&#237;ticos con patolog&#237;a abdominal&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran que no existe ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Resumen"
            1 => "Objetivo"
            2 => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
            3 => "Resultados"
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          "titulo" => array:5 [
            0 => "Abstract"
            1 => "Objective"
            2 => "Patients and methods"
            3 => "Results"
            4 => "Conclusions"
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          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
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          "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          "titulo" => "Discusi&#243;n"
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          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Conflicto de intereses"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-11-01"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-01-31"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec94500"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Presi&#243;n intraabdominal"
            1 => "Hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal"
            2 => "S&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal"
            3 => "Ni&#241;os"
            4 => "Cuidados intensivos"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Intra-abdominal pressure"
            1 => "Intra-abdominal hypertension"
            2 => "Abdominal compartment syndrome"
            3 => "Children"
            4 => "Intensive care"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Valorar la utilidad de la medici&#243;n de la presi&#243;n intraabdominal &#40;PIA&#41; intravesical para identificar a los pacientes con riesgo de desarrollar hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal&#59; analizar los factores que influyen en la PIA&#44; y valorar su relaci&#243;n con el pron&#243;stico&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio prospectivo observacional en ni&#241;os en estado cr&#237;tico en los que se monitoriz&#243; la PIA en el momento de presentar cl&#237;nica de hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal&#46; Se analizaron las siguientes variables&#58; edad&#44; sexo&#44; motivo de ingreso&#44; patolog&#237;a de base&#44; cirug&#237;a previa&#44; presi&#243;n arterial&#44; frecuencia card&#237;aca&#44; presi&#243;n venosa central&#44; diuresis&#44; tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos vasoactivos&#44; sedaci&#243;n&#44; relajaci&#243;n muscular&#44; ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; t&#233;cnicas de depuraci&#243;n extrarrenal&#44; oxigenaci&#243;n con membrana extracorp&#243;rea y mortalidad&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudi&#243; a 39 pacientes&#46; A las 24 h de iniciar la monitorizaci&#243;n&#44; un 74&#44;4&#37; presentaba una PIA &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; un 33&#44;3&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg y un 15&#44;4&#37; &#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; A las 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h un 59&#37; presentaba PIA &#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; Se observ&#243; correlaci&#243;n de la PIA con la presi&#243;n venosa central a las 24 y 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;500&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001 y r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;360&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;04&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; No existi&#243; correlaci&#243;n con el resto de los par&#225;metros analizados&#46; Solo 9 pacientes precisaron descompresi&#243;n urgente y ning&#250;n paciente desarroll&#243; s&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La medici&#243;n de la PIA puede resultar &#250;til para diagnosticar y tratar precozmente la hipertensi&#243;n intraabdominal y prevenir el s&#237;ndrome compartimental abdominal&#44; por lo que se deber&#237;a realizar en los ni&#241;os cr&#237;ticos con patolog&#237;a abdominal&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess the usefulness of intra-abdominal pressure &#40;IAP&#41; measurement&#44; by the intra-vesical method&#44; in order to identify those patients at risk of developing intra-abdominal hypertension&#44; as well as to analyse the factors that affect the IAP&#44; and to determine their influence on the prognosis in critically ill patients&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prospective observational study in critically ill children in whom the IAP was monitored as soon as signs of intra-abdominal hypertension appeared&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The following variables were analysed&#58; age&#44; sex&#44; reason for admission&#44; underlying disease&#44; previous surgeries&#44; blood pressure&#44; heart rate&#44; central venous pressure&#44; urine output&#44; inotropic therapy&#44; sedation&#44; muscle relaxation&#44; mechanical ventilation&#44; renal replacement techniques&#44; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation&#44; and mortality&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 39 patients were studied&#46; At 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours from initiating the monitoring of IAP&#44; 74&#46;4&#37; showed IAP &#8805; 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; 33&#46;3&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; and 15&#46;4&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46; After 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours&#44; 59&#37; had intra-abdominal hypertension&#46; There was a correlation between the central venous pressure &#40;CVP&#41; and IAP at 24 and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;500&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;001 and r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;360&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;040&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; There was no correlation with the other parameters&#46; Only 9 patients required urgent decompression and none developed abdominal compartment syndrome&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IAP monitoring can be useful to diagnose and to promptly treat intra-abdominal hypertension&#44; and thus to prevent the abdominal compartment syndrome&#46; Therefore&#44; it should be measured in critically ill children with abdominal pathology&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disminuci&#243;n de la distensibilidad abdominal</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Administraci&#243;n excesiva de expansores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En negrita se exponen los valores estad&#237;sticamente significativos&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diuresis &#40;ml&#47;kg&#47;h&#41;&#58; diuresis 2 h antes de la medici&#243;n de la PIA&#59; FC&#58; frecuencia card&#237;aca&#59; PAD&#58; presi&#243;n arterial diast&#243;lica&#59; PAM&#58; presi&#243;n arterial media&#59; PAS&#58; presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica&#59; PEEP&#58; presi&#243;n positiva al final de la espiraci&#243;n&#59; FiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; fracci&#243;n inspirada de ox&#237;geno&#59; PIA&#58; presi&#243;n intraabdominal&#59; PIP&#58; pico de presi&#243;n&#59; PVC&#58; presi&#243;n venosa central&#59; VC&#58; volumen corriente&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dobutamina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Defunci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a-ileostom&#237;a de descarga&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Favorable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a-ileostom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Favorable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a-ileostom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Defunci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a-resecci&#243;n intestinal-yeyunostom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a exploradora&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Laparotom&#237;a-ileostom&#237;a<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cecostom&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Abdominal compartment syndrome -Intra-abdominal hypertension&#46; Defining&#44; diagnosing&#44; and managing"
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                            2 => "I&#46; Pliakos"
                            3 => "I&#46; Kesisoglou"
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ISSN: 16954033
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