array:23 [
  "pii" => "S1695403302787146"
  "issn" => "16954033"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S1695-4033(02)78714-6"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2002-12-01"
  "aid" => "78714"
  "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Pediatría"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2002"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "sco"
  "cita" => "An Pediatr (Barc). 2002;57:547-53"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 8854
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 106
      "HTML" => 7605
      "PDF" => 1143
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1695403302787158"
    "issn" => "16954033"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S1695-4033(02)78715-8"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2002-12-01"
    "aid" => "78715"
    "copyright" => "Asociación Española de Pediatría"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "sco"
    "cita" => "An Pediatr (Barc). 2002;57:554-7"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 5070
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 85
        "HTML" => 4323
        "PDF" => 662
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "¿Prono frente a qué?"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "554"
          "paginaFinal" => "557"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Prone versus what?"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "C&#46; de Alba Romero, J&#46; de la Cruz Bertolo, R&#46; Rodr&#237;guez D&#237;az, M&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> L&#243;pez Maestro, S&#46; Guill&#233;n Mart&#237;n"
          "autores" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "C&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "de Alba Romero"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "de la Cruz Bertolo"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "R&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Rodr&#237;guez D&#237;az"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
              "apellidos" => "L&#243;pez Maestro"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "S&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Guill&#233;n Mart&#237;n"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1695403302787158?idApp=UINPBA00005H"
    "url" => "/16954033/0000005700000006/v1_201307051720/S1695403302787158/v1_201307051720/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S1695403302787134"
    "issn" => "16954033"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S1695-4033(02)78713-4"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2002-12-01"
    "aid" => "78713"
    "copyright" => "Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "sco"
    "cita" => "An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;. 2002;57:540-6"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 10312
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 95
        "HTML" => 7972
        "PDF" => 2245
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "S&#237;ndrome de apnea obstructiva del sue&#241;o en el ni&#241;o&#58; una responsabilidad del pediatra"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "540"
          "paginaFinal" => "546"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children&#58; the responsibility of pediatricians"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "E&#46; Verrillo, R&#46; Cilveti Portillo, E&#46; Estivill Sancho"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "E&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Verrillo"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "R&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Cilveti Portillo"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "E&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Estivill Sancho"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1695403302787134?idApp=UINPBA00005H"
    "url" => "/16954033/0000005700000006/v1_201307051720/S1695403302787134/v1_201307051720/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "es" => array:14 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Decisiones de limitaci&#243;n del esfuerzo terap&#233;utico en reci&#233;n nacidos cr&#237;ticos&#58; estudio multic&#233;ntrico"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "547"
        "paginaFinal" => "553"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "J&#46;C&#46; Tejedor Torres"
        "autores" => array:2 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "J&#46;C&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Tejedor Torres"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "jctejedor&#64;hotmail&#46;com"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:1 [
            "colaborador" => "Grupo de Trabajo de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Neonatolog&#237;a sobre Limitaci&#243;n del Esfuerzo Terap&#233;utico y Cuidados Paliativos en reci&#233;n nacidos"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:1 [
            "entidad" => "Hospital General de M&#243;stoles&#46; Madrid&#46; Espa&#241;a"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
            "correspondencia" => "Correspondencia&#58; Unidad Neonatal&#46; Hospital General de M&#243;stoles&#46; R&#237;o J&#250;car&#44; s&#47;n&#46; 28935 M&#243;stoles&#46; Madrid&#46; Espa&#241;a&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Decisions on limiting treatment in critically-ill neonates&#58; a multicenter study"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2002-05-01"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2002-08-01"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec187113"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">No inicio y retirada de tratamiento</span>"
            1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Soporte vital</span>"
            2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Decisiones &#233;ticas</span>"
            3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reci&#233;n nacidos</span>"
            4 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Calidad de vida</span>"
            5 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mejor inter&#233;s del ni&#241;o</span>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec187112"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Withholding and withdrawing therapy</span>"
            1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Life-sustaining treatment</span>"
            2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ethical decision-making</span>"
            3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neonates</span>"
            4 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Quality of life</span>"
            5 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Infants&#39; best interests</span>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hay pacientes de mal pron&#243;stico en los que se plantean serias dudas sobre el beneficio real de los tratamientos de soporte vital utilizados&#44; consider&#225;ndose la posibilidad de limitar dichos tratamientos&#44; decisi&#243;n que conlleva interrogantes &#233;ticas y de procedimiento&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conocer la frecuencia con la cual se toman decisiones de limitaci&#243;n del esfuerzo terap&#233;utico &#40;LET&#41; en reci&#233;n nacidos&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas de los pacientes y los criterios utilizados por los responsables de la decisi&#243;n&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio multic&#233;ntrico descriptivo y prospectivo&#46; Se incluyeron los reci&#233;n nacidos correspondientes a 15 unidades de neonatolog&#237;a fallecidos durante su estancia hospitalaria en el per&#237;odo 15 de enero de 1999 a 15 de enero de 2000 y aquellos pacientes en los que se tom&#243; una decisi&#243;n de LET&#46; Se defini&#243; LET como aquella decisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica de no iniciar o retirar un tratamiento de soporte vital&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se han incluido un total de 330 pacientes&#46; Se efectu&#243; LET en 171 neonatos de 330 &#40;52 &#37;&#41;&#44; de los que fallecieron 169 &#40;98&#44;8 &#37;&#41;&#46; Los otros 159 pacientes restantes &#40;48&#44;2 &#37;&#41; fallecieron sin limitaci&#243;n alguna de tratamiento&#46; La patolog&#237;a que mayor contribuci&#243;n tuvo en la decisi&#243;n de LET fueron las malformaciones cong&#233;nitas &#40;47 &#37;&#41; y la patolog&#237;a neurol&#243;gica secundaria a asfixia perinatal y hemorragia intracraneal-leucomalacia periventricular &#40;37&#37;&#41;&#46; No se inici&#243; tratamiento en 80 de 171 ni&#241;os y en 91 de 171 se retir&#243; el soporte vital&#44; siendo la ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica el soporte retirado m&#225;s frecuente &#40;68 &#37;&#41;&#46; Los criterios relevantes utilizados en la decisi&#243;n de LET fueron el mal pron&#243;stico vital &#40;79&#44;5 &#37;&#41;&#44; la calidad de vida actual &#40;37 &#37;&#41;&#44; la calidad de vida futura &#40;48 &#37;&#41;&#46; Los factores externos al paciente tales como un entorno familiar desfavorable o las posibles consecuencias negativas para el equilibrio familiar se observaron en el 5&#37;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El presente estudio&#44; el primero de estas caracter&#237;sticas realizado en Espa&#241;a&#44; pone en evidencia aspectos poco conocidos de nuestra pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica en relaci&#243;n al inicio y&#47;o retirada de tratamientos de soporte vital en reci&#233;n nacidos gravemente enfermos&#46; Se observ&#243; que son frecuentes las decisiones de LET &#40;52 &#37;&#41;&#44; y que dichas decisiones se acompa&#241;aron del fallecimiento de la mayor&#237;a de los pacientes &#40;98&#44;8 &#37;&#41;&#46; Los criterios predominantes en la toma de decisiones fueron el mal pron&#243;stico desde el punto de vista de la supervivencia del paciente y su calidad de vida&#44; actual y futura&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Backgrounds</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Some patients with a poor prognosis cause serious doubts about the real benefit of life-sustaining treatment&#46; In some cases the possibility of limiting those treatments is raised&#46; Such end-of-life decisions provoke ethical dilemmas and questions about procedure&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectives</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Two determine the frequency of end-of-life decisions in neonates&#44; patient characteristics&#44; and the criteria used by those taking decisions Patients and methods We performed a multicenter&#44; descriptive&#44; prospective study&#46; Neonates from 15 neonatal intensive care units who died during their stay in the hospital between 1999 and 2000&#44; as well as those in whom end-of-life decisions were taken&#44; were included&#46; End-of-life decisions were defined as clinical decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 330 patients were included&#46; End-of-life decisions were taken in 171 &#40;52 &#37;&#41;&#59; of these&#44; 169 &#40;98&#46;8 &#37;&#41; died&#46; The remaining 159 patients &#40;48&#46;2 &#37;&#41; died without treatment limitation&#46; The main disorders involving end-of-life decisions were congenital malformation &#40;47 &#37;&#41;&#44; neurologic disorders secondary to perinatal asphyxia and intracranial hemorrhage-periventricular leukomalacia &#40;37 &#37;&#41;&#46; Of the 171 neonates&#44; treatment was withheld in 80 and vital support was withdrawn in 91&#46; The most frequently withdrawn life-sustaining treatment was mechanical ventilation &#40;68 &#37;&#41;&#46; The criteria most commonly used in end-of-life decisions were poor vital prognosis &#40;79&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; and current and future quality of life &#40;37 &#37; and 48 &#37; respectively&#41;&#46; The patient&#39;s external factors such as unfavorable family environment or possible negative consequences for familial equilibrium were a factor in 5&#37; of decisions&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The present study&#44; the first of this type performed in Spain&#44; reveals little-known aspects about the clinical practice of withholding and&#47;or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment in critically ill neonates&#46; End-of-life decisions were frequent &#40;52&#37;&#41; and were followed by death in most of the patients &#40;98&#44;8 &#37;&#41;&#46; The main criteria in decision-making were poor vital prognosis and the patient&#39;s current and future quality of life&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:32 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Over treatment of neonates&#63; A personal retrospective"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Silverman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "90"
                        "paginaInicial" => "971"
                        "paginaFinal" => "976"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1296617"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ethical issues in the nursery&#58; Priorities versus limits"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46;T&#46; Stahlman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "116"
                        "paginaInicial" => "167"
                        "paginaFinal" => "170"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2299485"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Approaches to ethical decisions making in the neonatal intensive care units"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;W&#46; Walters"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Dis Child"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "142"
                        "paginaInicial" => "825"
                        "paginaFinal" => "830"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3394674"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Life saving intervention in the neonatal period&#58; Dilemmas and decisions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "P&#46;M&#46; Dunn"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dis Child"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "65"
                        "paginaInicial" => "557"
                        "paginaFinal" => "558"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2357099"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Limiting treatment for extremely premature&#44; low-birth-weight infants &#40;500 to 750 g&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "E&#46;W&#46;D&#46; Young"
                            1 => "D&#46;K&#46; Stevenson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Dis Child"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "144"
                        "paginaInicial" => "549"
                        "paginaFinal" => "552"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2330921"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Withholding and withdrawihg life sutaining treatment in neonatal intensive care&#58; Issues for the 1990s"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;D&#46; Lantos"
                            1 => "J&#46;E&#46; Tyson"
                            2 => "A&#46; Allen"
                            3 => "J&#46; Frader"
                            4 => "M&#46; Hack"
                            5 => "S&#46; Korones"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dis Child"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "71"
                        "paginaInicial" => "F218"
                        "paginaFinal" => "F223"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Committee on fetus and newborn&#46; The initiation or withdrawal for high-risk newborns"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "American Academy of Pediatrics"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "96"
                        "paginaInicial" => "362"
                        "paginaFinal" => "363"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7630702"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "EURONIC Study Group&#46; End-of-life decisions in neonatal intensive care&#58; Physicians&#39; self reported practices in seven European countries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Cuttini"
                            1 => "M&#46; Nadal"
                            2 => "G&#46; Kaminski"
                            3 => "G&#46; Hansen"
                            4 => "R&#46; De Leeuw"
                            5 => "S&#46; Lenoir"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "355"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2112"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2118"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10902625"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ethics of intensive neonatal care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Editorial"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "355"
                        "paginaInicial" => "79"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10675157"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Death as an option in neonatal intensive care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Whitelaw"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "328"
                        "paginaFinal" => "331"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2569124"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "No resuscitation and withdrawal of therapy in a neonatal and a pediatric intensive care unit in Canada"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "C&#46;A&#46; Ryan"
                            1 => "P&#46; Byrne"
                            2 => "S&#46; Khun"
                            3 => "J&#46; Tyebkahn"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "123"
                        "paginaInicial" => "534"
                        "paginaFinal" => "538"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8410503"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Foregoing intensive care treatment in newborn infants extremely poor prognosis&#46; A study in four neonatal intensive care units in the Netherlands"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Leew"
                            1 => "A&#46;J&#46; Beaufort"
                            2 => "M&#46;J&#46;K&#46; Kleine"
                            3 => "K&#46; Harrewijn"
                            4 => "L&#46;A&#46;A&#46; Koll&#233;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "129"
                        "paginaInicial" => "661"
                        "paginaFinal" => "666"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8917230"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Death in the intensive care nursery&#58; Physician practice of withdrawing and withholding life support"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46;N&#46; Wall"
                            1 => "J&#46;C&#46; Partridge"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "99"
                        "paginaInicial" => "64"
                        "paginaFinal" => "70"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8989340"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Medical end-of-life decisions in neonates and infants in the Netherlans"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:8 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Heide"
                            1 => "d&#46;e&#46;r&#46; Van"
                            2 => "P&#46;J&#46; Maas"
                            3 => "d&#46;e&#46;r&#46; Van"
                            4 => "G&#46; Wal"
                            5 => "d&#46;e&#46;r&#46; Van"
                            6 => "L&#46;A&#46;A&#46; Koll&#233;e"
                            7 => "R&#46; De Leeuw"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02315-5"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "350"
                        "paginaInicial" => "251"
                        "paginaFinal" => "255"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9242802"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "15&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Campbell AGM&#46; Moral and ethical dilemmas in the special care nursery"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Duff"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM197310252891705"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1973"
                        "volumen" => "289"
                        "paginaInicial" => "890"
                        "paginaFinal" => "894"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4729120"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "16&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Limitation of life support in a neonatal intensive care unit &#40;abstract&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "X&#46; Krauel"
                            1 => "G&#46; Ricos"
                            2 => "S&#46; Dominguez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Prenatal and Neonatal Medicine"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "243"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "17&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Toma de decisiones &#233;ticas y limitaci&#243;n del soporte vital en reci&#233;n nacidos cr&#237;ticos"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;C&#46; Tejedor"
                            1 => "L&#46; Aybar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "An Esp Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "paginaInicial" => "53"
                        "paginaFinal" => "59"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9082888"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "18&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Deciding to forego life-sustaining treatment&#46; En&#58; Seriously ill newborns"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "President&#39;s Commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical and behavioral research"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:3 [
                        "paginaInicial" => "197"
                        "paginaFinal" => "229"
                        "serieFecha" => "1983"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "19&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Chiswick M &#91;editorial&#93;"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "85"
                        "paginaInicial" => "F1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "F3"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "20&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "End-of-life decisions in Dutch neonatal intensive care units"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Moskop JC &#91;editorial&#93;"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "129"
                        "paginaInicial" => "627"
                        "paginaFinal" => "630"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8917223"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "21&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Treating Baby Doe&#58; The ethics of uncertainty"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "N&#46;K&#46; Rhoden"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Hastings Cent Rep"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "43"
                        "paginaFinal" => "52"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3771200"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "22&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Informe Hastings sobre atenci&#243;n a los reci&#233;n nacidos en peligro&#46; Criterios de juicio acerca del tratamiento"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;D&#46; Arras"
                            1 => "R&#46; Maclin"
                            2 => "L&#46; O&#39;Connell"
                            3 => "N&#46;K&#46; Rhoden"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Jano"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "XXXVII"
                        "numero" => "832"
                        "paginaInicial" => "91"
                        "paginaFinal" => "96"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "23&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Guidelines on the termination of treatment and the care of the dying"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "The Hastings Center"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Briarcliff Manor&#58; The Hastings Center&#44;"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "24&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Raffin TA and Stanford University Medical center Committee on Ethics&#46; Initiating and withdrawing life support&#46; Principles and practice in adult medicine"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;E&#46; Ruark"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM198404123101505"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "310"
                        "paginaInicial" => "955"
                        "paginaFinal" => "959"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6700692"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "25&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46;G&#46; Smedira"
                            1 => "B&#46;H&#46; Evans"
                            2 => "L&#46;S&#46; Grais"
                            3 => "N&#46;H&#46; Cohen"
                            4 => "B&#46; Lo"
                            5 => "M&#46; Cooke"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJM199002013220506"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "322"
                        "paginaInicial" => "309"
                        "paginaFinal" => "315"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2296273"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "26&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Consensus report on the ethics of foregoing life-sustaining treatment in the critically ill"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Task Force on Ethics of the Society of Critical Care Medicine"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Crit Care Med"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1435"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1439"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2245622"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "27&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Secci&#243;n de Neonatolog&#237;a de la AEP"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Bases &#233;ticas en Neonatolog&#237;a"
                        "fecha" => "1991"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "28&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Informe Hastings sobre atenci&#243;n a los reci&#233;n nacidos en peligro&#46; Decidiendo no utilizar medidas agresivas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Caplan"
                            1 => "A&#46;M&#46; Capron"
                            2 => "T&#46;H&#46; Murray"
                            3 => "J&#46; Penticuff"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Jano"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "volumen" => "XXXVII"
                        "numero" => "832"
                        "paginaInicial" => "79"
                        "paginaFinal" => "85"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "29&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Decisiones &#233;ticas en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales&#58; la experiencia holandesa&#46; Pediatrics &#40;ed"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Sauer PJJ"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "esp&#46;&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1992"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "276"
                        "paginaFinal" => "279"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "30&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Committee on Bioethics&#46; Guidelines on forgoing life-sustaining medical treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "American Academy of Pediatrics"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "93"
                        "paginaInicial" => "532"
                        "paginaFinal" => "536"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8115226"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "31&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Committee on Bioethics&#46; Ethics and the care of critically ill infants and children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "American Academy of Pediatrics"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "98"
                        "paginaInicial" => "149"
                        "paginaFinal" => "152"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8668392"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "32&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Withholding or withdrawing life saving treatment in children&#46; A framework for practice"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:1 [
                        "serieFecha" => "1997"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  "url" => "/16954033/0000005700000006/v1_201307051720/S1695403302787146/v1_201307051720/es/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "14234"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "es" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Medicina fetal y neonatolog&#237;a"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/16954033/0000005700000006/v1_201307051720/S1695403302787146/v1_201307051720/es/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00005H&text.app=https://analesdepediatria.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1695403302787146?idApp=UINPBA00005H"
]
Compartir
Información de la revista
Vol. 57. Núm. 6.
Páginas 547-553 (diciembre 2002)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 57. Núm. 6.
Páginas 547-553 (diciembre 2002)
Acceso a texto completo
Decisiones de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico en recién nacidos críticos: estudio multicéntrico
Decisions on limiting treatment in critically-ill neonates: a multicenter study
Visitas
14245
J.C. Tejedor Torres
Autor para correspondencia
jctejedor@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Unidad Neonatal. Hospital General de Móstoles. Río Júcar, s/n. 28935 Móstoles. Madrid. España.
, Grupo de Trabajo de la Sociedad Española de Neonatología sobre Limitación del Esfuerzo Terapéutico y Cuidados Paliativos en recién nacidos
Hospital General de Móstoles. Madrid. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Antecedentes

Hay pacientes de mal pronóstico en los que se plantean serias dudas sobre el beneficio real de los tratamientos de soporte vital utilizados, considerándose la posibilidad de limitar dichos tratamientos, decisión que conlleva interrogantes éticas y de procedimiento.

Objetivos

Conocer la frecuencia con la cual se toman decisiones de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico (LET) en recién nacidos, las características de los pacientes y los criterios utilizados por los responsables de la decisión.

Pacientes y métodos

Estudio multicéntrico descriptivo y prospectivo. Se incluyeron los recién nacidos correspondientes a 15 unidades de neonatología fallecidos durante su estancia hospitalaria en el período 15 de enero de 1999 a 15 de enero de 2000 y aquellos pacientes en los que se tomó una decisión de LET. Se definió LET como aquella decisión clínica de no iniciar o retirar un tratamiento de soporte vital.

Resultados

Se han incluido un total de 330 pacientes. Se efectuó LET en 171 neonatos de 330 (52 %), de los que fallecieron 169 (98,8 %). Los otros 159 pacientes restantes (48,2 %) fallecieron sin limitación alguna de tratamiento. La patología que mayor contribución tuvo en la decisión de LET fueron las malformaciones congénitas (47 %) y la patología neurológica secundaria a asfixia perinatal y hemorragia intracraneal-leucomalacia periventricular (37%). No se inició tratamiento en 80 de 171 niños y en 91 de 171 se retiró el soporte vital, siendo la ventilación mecánica el soporte retirado más frecuente (68 %). Los criterios relevantes utilizados en la decisión de LET fueron el mal pronóstico vital (79,5 %), la calidad de vida actual (37 %), la calidad de vida futura (48 %). Los factores externos al paciente tales como un entorno familiar desfavorable o las posibles consecuencias negativas para el equilibrio familiar se observaron en el 5%.

Conclusiones

El presente estudio, el primero de estas características realizado en España, pone en evidencia aspectos poco conocidos de nuestra práctica clínica en relación al inicio y/o retirada de tratamientos de soporte vital en recién nacidos gravemente enfermos. Se observó que son frecuentes las decisiones de LET (52 %), y que dichas decisiones se acompañaron del fallecimiento de la mayoría de los pacientes (98,8 %). Los criterios predominantes en la toma de decisiones fueron el mal pronóstico desde el punto de vista de la supervivencia del paciente y su calidad de vida, actual y futura.

Palabras clave:
No inicio y retirada de tratamiento
Soporte vital
Decisiones éticas
Recién nacidos
Calidad de vida
Mejor interés del niño
Backgrounds

Some patients with a poor prognosis cause serious doubts about the real benefit of life-sustaining treatment. In some cases the possibility of limiting those treatments is raised. Such end-of-life decisions provoke ethical dilemmas and questions about procedure.

Objectives

Two determine the frequency of end-of-life decisions in neonates, patient characteristics, and the criteria used by those taking decisions Patients and methods We performed a multicenter, descriptive, prospective study. Neonates from 15 neonatal intensive care units who died during their stay in the hospital between 1999 and 2000, as well as those in whom end-of-life decisions were taken, were included. End-of-life decisions were defined as clinical decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment.

Results

A total of 330 patients were included. End-of-life decisions were taken in 171 (52 %); of these, 169 (98.8 %) died. The remaining 159 patients (48.2 %) died without treatment limitation. The main disorders involving end-of-life decisions were congenital malformation (47 %), neurologic disorders secondary to perinatal asphyxia and intracranial hemorrhage-periventricular leukomalacia (37 %). Of the 171 neonates, treatment was withheld in 80 and vital support was withdrawn in 91. The most frequently withdrawn life-sustaining treatment was mechanical ventilation (68 %). The criteria most commonly used in end-of-life decisions were poor vital prognosis (79.5%), and current and future quality of life (37 % and 48 % respectively). The patient's external factors such as unfavorable family environment or possible negative consequences for familial equilibrium were a factor in 5% of decisions.

Conclusions

The present study, the first of this type performed in Spain, reveals little-known aspects about the clinical practice of withholding and/or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment in critically ill neonates. End-of-life decisions were frequent (52%) and were followed by death in most of the patients (98,8 %). The main criteria in decision-making were poor vital prognosis and the patient's current and future quality of life.

Key words:
Withholding and withdrawing therapy
Life-sustaining treatment
Ethical decision-making
Neonates
Quality of life
Infants' best interests
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
A. Silverman.
Over treatment of neonates? A personal retrospective.
Pediatrics, 90 (1992), pp. 971-976
[2.]
M.T. Stahlman.
Ethical issues in the nursery: Priorities versus limits.
J Pediatr, 116 (1990), pp. 167-170
[3.]
J.W. Walters.
Approaches to ethical decisions making in the neonatal intensive care units.
Am J Dis Child, 142 (1988), pp. 825-830
[4.]
P.M. Dunn.
Life saving intervention in the neonatal period: Dilemmas and decisions.
Arch Dis Child, 65 (1990), pp. 557-558
[5.]
E.W.D. Young, D.K. Stevenson.
Limiting treatment for extremely premature, low-birth-weight infants (500 to 750 g).
Am J Dis Child, 144 (1990), pp. 549-552
[6.]
J.D. Lantos, J.E. Tyson, A. Allen, J. Frader, M. Hack, S. Korones, et al.
Withholding and withdrawihg life sutaining treatment in neonatal intensive care: Issues for the 1990s.
Arch Dis Child, 71 (1994), pp. F218-F223
[7.]
American Academy of Pediatrics.
Committee on fetus and newborn. The initiation or withdrawal for high-risk newborns.
Pediatrics, 96 (1995), pp. 362-363
[8.]
M. Cuttini, M. Nadal, G. Kaminski, G. Hansen, R. De Leeuw, S. Lenoir, et al.
EURONIC Study Group. End-of-life decisions in neonatal intensive care: Physicians' self reported practices in seven European countries.
Lancet, 355 (2000), pp. 2112-2118
[9.]
Editorial.
Ethics of intensive neonatal care.
Lancet, 355 (2000), pp. 79
[10.]
A. Whitelaw.
Death as an option in neonatal intensive care.
Lancet, 2 (1986), pp. 328-331
[11.]
C.A. Ryan, P. Byrne, S. Khun, J. Tyebkahn.
No resuscitation and withdrawal of therapy in a neonatal and a pediatric intensive care unit in Canada.
J Pediatr, 123 (1993), pp. 534-538
[12.]
R. Leew, A.J. Beaufort, M.J.K. Kleine, K. Harrewijn, L.A.A. Kollé.
Foregoing intensive care treatment in newborn infants extremely poor prognosis. A study in four neonatal intensive care units in the Netherlands.
J Pediatr, 129 (1996), pp. 661-666
[13.]
S.N. Wall, J.C. Partridge.
Death in the intensive care nursery: Physician practice of withdrawing and withholding life support.
Pediatrics, 99 (1997), pp. 64-70
[14.]
A. Heide, d.e.r. Van, P.J. Maas, d.e.r. Van, G. Wal, d.e.r. Van, L.A.A. Kollée, R. De Leeuw, et al.
Medical end-of-life decisions in neonates and infants in the Netherlans.
[15.]
R. Duff.
Campbell AGM. Moral and ethical dilemmas in the special care nursery.
N Engl J Med, 289 (1973), pp. 890-894
[16.]
X. Krauel, G. Ricos, S. Dominguez, et al.
Limitation of life support in a neonatal intensive care unit (abstract).
Prenatal and Neonatal Medicine, 1 (1996), pp. 243
[17.]
J.C. Tejedor, L. Aybar.
Toma de decisiones éticas y limitación del soporte vital en recién nacidos críticos.
An Esp Pediatr, 46 (1997), pp. 53-59
[18.]
President's Commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical and behavioral research.
Deciding to forego life-sustaining treatment. En: Seriously ill newborns.
pp. 197-229
[19.]
Chiswick M [editorial].
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal, 85 (2001), pp. F1-F3
[20.]
Moskop JC [editorial].
End-of-life decisions in Dutch neonatal intensive care units.
J Pediatr, 129 (1996), pp. 627-630
[21.]
N.K. Rhoden.
Treating Baby Doe: The ethics of uncertainty.
Hastings Cent Rep, 16 (1986), pp. 43-52
[22.]
J.D. Arras, R. Maclin, L. O'Connell, N.K. Rhoden.
Informe Hastings sobre atención a los recién nacidos en peligro. Criterios de juicio acerca del tratamiento.
Jano, XXXVII (1988), pp. 91-96
[23.]
The Hastings Center.
Guidelines on the termination of treatment and the care of the dying.
Briarcliff Manor: The Hastings Center,, (1987),
[24.]
J.E. Ruark.
Raffin TA and Stanford University Medical center Committee on Ethics. Initiating and withdrawing life support. Principles and practice in adult medicine.
N Engl J Med, 310 (1988), pp. 955-959
[25.]
N.G. Smedira, B.H. Evans, L.S. Grais, N.H. Cohen, B. Lo, M. Cooke, et al.
Withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill.
N Engl J Med, 322 (1990), pp. 309-315
[26.]
Task Force on Ethics of the Society of Critical Care Medicine.
Consensus report on the ethics of foregoing life-sustaining treatment in the critically ill.
Crit Care Med, 18 (1990), pp. 1435-1439
[27.]
Sección de Neonatología de la AEP.
Bases éticas en Neonatología, (1991),
[28.]
A. Caplan, A.M. Capron, T.H. Murray, J. Penticuff.
Informe Hastings sobre atención a los recién nacidos en peligro. Decidiendo no utilizar medidas agresivas.
Jano, XXXVII (1988), pp. 79-85
[29.]
Sauer PJJ.
Decisiones éticas en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales: la experiencia holandesa. Pediatrics (ed.
esp.), 34 (1992), pp. 276-279
[30.]
American Academy of Pediatrics.
Committee on Bioethics. Guidelines on forgoing life-sustaining medical treatment.
Pediatrics, 93 (1994), pp. 532-536
[31.]
American Academy of Pediatrics.
Committee on Bioethics. Ethics and the care of critically ill infants and children.
Pediatrics, 98 (1996), pp. 149-152
[32.]
Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health.
Withholding or withdrawing life saving treatment in children. A framework for practice.
Copyright © 2002. Asociación Española de Pediatría
Descargar PDF
Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?