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Vol. 55. Núm. 1.
Páginas 45-52 (julio 2001)
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Vol. 55. Núm. 1.
Páginas 45-52 (julio 2001)
Acceso a texto completo
Alteraciones cromosómicas en la leucemia linfoblástica aguda
Cytogenetic abnormalities in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
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19459
M.L. Martín Ramos
Autor para correspondencia
mlmartin@tdi.es

Correspondencia: Servicio de Genética. Hospital 12 de Octubre (Edificio Materno-Infantil). Ctra. Andalucía, km 5,7. 28041 Madrid
, F.J. Fernández Martínez, E. Barreiro Miranda
Servicio de Genética. Hospital 12 de Octubre. Madrid
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El análisis citogenético de las células blásticas en niños con leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) ha permitido el reconocimiento de alteraciones cromosómicas específicas de gran importancia pronóstica. La mayoría de los casos de LLA tienen cariotipos alterados, bien en el número de cromosomas (ploidía) bien como cambios estructurales: translocaciones, deleciones o inversiones. Una gran parte de estas alteraciones se asocian con determinados tipos citomorfológicos e inmunológicos; sin embargo, el mayor impacto en el tratamiento de pacientes con LLA ha sido la demostración de que la citogenética es un indicador pronóstico independiente de otras variables clínicas. Determinados cariotipos se asocian con un buen pronóstico, mientras que otros indican un peor resultado, lo cual ha llevado a la administración de terapias alternativas en función del riesgo. La hiperdiploidía con número modal mayor de 50 cromosomas representa el 25–30% de los casos y se relaciona con los mejores resultados, mientras que translocaciones como la t(9;22) y la t(4;11) se asocian a los peores resultados.

Este trabajo reúne las anomalías cromosómicas más importantes en LLA, su valor pronóstico y sus implicaciones terapéuticas.

Palabras clave:
Citogenética
Leucemia linfoblástica aguda
Pronóstico

Cytogenetic analysis of blast cells in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia has led to the recognition of specific non-random chromosomal abnormalities with prognostic value. Most patients with ALL show karyotype abnormalities, either in chromosome number (ploidy) or as structural changes such as translocations, inversions, or deletions. Many of these chromosomal alterations are associated with specific cytomorphological and immunological types. The greatest impact on patient management has been the finding that the cytogenetic result is an independent prognostic indicator. Certain karyotypes are associated with a favorable prognosis while others indicate a poor outcome. This has led to the administration of alternative therapies according to risk. For instance, hyperdiploidy with a modal chromosome number of 51 or greater, which represents 25–30% of all cases of ALL, has proved to have the most favorable prognosis among established ploidy groups, whilst translocations such as the Philadelphia translocation t(9;22) and t(4;11) are associated with a poor prognosis. This study focuses on the most important chromosomal abnormalities found in childhood ALL and their prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Key words:
Cytogenetics
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Prognosis
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