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Vol. 59. Issue 4.
Pages 352-362 (1 October 2003)
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Vol. 59. Issue 4.
Pages 352-362 (1 October 2003)
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Ventilación mecánica en el estado asmático
Mechanical ventilation in status asthmaticus
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N. Molini Menchóna,*, E. Ibiza Palaciosb, V. Modesto i Alapontb
a. Unidad de Reanimación y Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Servicio de Pediatría
b. Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación. Hospital Infantil La Fe. Valencia. España
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Las indicaciones de ventilación mecánica en el estado asmático son la parada cardiorrespiratoria, la alteración importante del estado de conciencia, el agotamiento respiratorio y la insuficiencia respiratoria progresiva, a pesar de tratamiento broncodilatador agresivo. La ventilación mecánica (VM) del estado asmático debe aplicar una estrategia específica dirigida a reducir la hiperinsuflación dinámica, con volúmenes corrientes bajos y tiempos espiratorios prolongados, que se consiguen disminuyendo la frecuencia respiratoria. Este patrón ventilatorio condiciona una hipercapnia permisiva, que por lo general es bien tolerada con una sedación adecuada. Los mejores métodos para detectar y/o controlar la hiperinsuflación dinámica en los pacientes con estado asmático ventilados son las curvas de flujo/tiempo y flujo/volumen, el volumen pulmonar al final de la inspiración y la presión meseta. Además de la VM el niño debe recibir sedación con o sin relajación muscular para evitar el barotrauma y la extubación, y tratamiento broncodilatador con betamiméticos, metilprednisolona y teofilina por vía intravenosa y, en los pacientes en los que resulte efectivo, una combinación inhalada de salbutamol e ipratropio nebulizada en la rama inspiratoria del ventilador. En el momento actual no existen suficientes evidencias sobre la efectividad de otros tratamientos en el estado asmático y deben ser considerados como tratamientos de rescate

Palabras clave:
Asma
estado asmático
Ventilación mecánica
Niños
Hiperinsuflación dinámica
Broncodilatadores

The indications for mechanical ventilation in status asthmaticus are cardiopulmonary arrest, significant alterations of consciousness, respiratory exhaustion, and progressive respiratory insufficiency despite aggressive bronchodilator treatment. In mechanical ventilation for status asthmaticus, a specific strategy directed at reducing dynamic hyperinflation must be used, with low tidal volumes and long expiratory times, achieved by diminishing respiratory frequency. This ventilatory pattern produces permissive hypercapnia, which is generally well tolerated with suitable sedation. The best methods for detecting and/or controlling dynamic hyperinflation in ventilated patients with status asthmaticus are the flow/time and flow/volume respiratory curves, pulmonary volume at the end of inspiration, and the pressure plateau. In addition to mechanical ventilation the child must receive sedation with or without a muscle relaxant to prevent barotrauma and accidental extubation. Bronchodilator treatment with beta-adrenergic agonists, methylprednisolone, and intravenous aminophylline are also required. A combination of inhaled salbutamol and nebulized ipratropium in the inspiratory branch of the ventilator should be used in patients in whom this treatment is effective. Currently there is insufficient evidence on the efficiency of other treatments in status asthmaticus and these should be used as rescue treatments

Key words:
Asthma
Status asthmaticus
Mechanical ventilation
Children
Pulmonary hyperinflation
Bronchodilators
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Copyright © 2003. Asociación Española de Pediatría
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