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Vol. 53. Issue 4.
Pages 305-313 (1 October 2000)
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Vol. 53. Issue 4.
Pages 305-313 (1 October 2000)
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Ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria en pacientes pediátricos. Protocolo de aplicación y resultados preliminaries
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in pediatric patients. protocol and preliminary results
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F. Martinón Torresa,
Corresponding author
fedemartinon@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Dr. F. Martinón Torres. UCI Pediatría. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela. A Choupana, s/n. 15706 Santiago de Compostela.
, A. Rodríguez Núñeza, D.G. Jaimovichb, J.M. Martinón Sáncheza
a Servicio de Críticos y Urgencias Pediátricas. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela.
b Pediatric Critical Care Division. Hope Children’s Hospital. Chicago. Illinois
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Antecedentes

La ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria (VAFO) constituye un avance significativo en el manejo de niños con enfermedades respiratorias críticas. Aunque utilizada fundamentalmente como técnica de "rescate pulmonar", las indicaciones pediátricas de la VAFO pueden ser más amplias. Sus ventajas fundamentales sobre la ventilación convencional son la menor incidencia de barotrauma, volutrauma, atelectrauma y biotrauma. La experiencia con VAFO en nuestro país es escasa y limitada a pacientes neonatales.

Objetivos

Presentar el protocolo de VAFO y analizar los resultados preliminares de su aplicación prospectiva

Material y métodos

Se estableció un protocolo de aplicación de VAFO con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: insuficiencia respiratoria grave de cualquier etiología (infecciosa, inhalatoria, etc.) con un índice de oxigenación superior a 13 en dos muestras arteriales con un intervalo de 6 h, síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) refractario, infección pulmonar grave por virus respiratorio sincitial y síndromes de amplio escape aéreo (neumotórax, neumoperitoneo, neumomediastino, etc.). Se recogieron los parámetros ventilatorios, gasométricos y hemodinámicos en modalidad convencional y en VAFO en los pacientes a los que se aplicó durante un período de 5 meses, y se analizaron las primeras 24 h.

Resultados

Se aplicó la VAFO a 6 pacientes de edades comprendidas entre 3 días y 8 años, conpesos comprendidos entre 4 y 80 kg. Su indicación fue la presencia de SDRA refractario en todos los casos. El índice de oxigenación medio pretratamiento fue de 45,9. Tras una hora de VAFO, este índice presentó un valor medio de 23,9. La mejoría progresiva del índice de oxigenación se mantenía a las 24 h. En todos los casos se consiguieron valores normales de PCO2 y fue posible disminuir la FiO2 por debajo de 0,6 antes de las 3 h de tratamiento. No se detectaron efectos adversos relacionados con la VAFO. La evolución clínica global fue satisfactoria en 2 casos, mientras que los otros cuatro fallecieron por fracaso multiorgánico.

Conclusiones

La VAFO constituye una clara opción para el soporte ventilatorio de niños en estado crítico en los que las modalidades convencionales no resultan eficaces. Para obtener los mejores resultados, debería utilizarse de forma precoz. Todo niño con fracaso respiratorio refractario subsidiario de VAFO debe ser trasladado lo más pronto posible a un centro que disponga de esta técnica

Palabras clave:
Ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria
Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo
Insuficiencia respiratoria aguda
Ventilación mecánica
Intercambio gaseoso pulmonar
Unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos
Niños
Keywords:
High-frequency ventilation
Lung diseases
Pulmonary gas exchange
Pediatric intensive care units
Respiratory distress syndrome
Respiratory insufficiency
Children
Background

High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) constitutes an important advance in the management of children with respiratory failure. Although it has been used mainly as "lung rescue therapy", pediatric indications for HFOV can be broader. The principal advantages of this modality compared with conventional ventilation are the lower incidence of barotrauma, volutrauma, atelectrauma and biotrauma. To date, experience with HFOV in our country has been scarce and limited to neonatal patients

Objetives

To describe the HFOV protocol for pediatric patients and to report the preliminary results of its prospective application.

Methods

An HFOV protocol was established with the following inclusion criteria: severe respiratory insufficiency of any origin (infectious, inhalatory, etc.) with an oxygenation index (OI) > 13 in two arterial blood gases within a 6hour interval, refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia, and gross airleak syndromes (pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, etc.). Conventional and HFOV ventilatory, gasometric and hemodynamic parameters of patients included in the protocol during a 5-month period were registered, and the first 24 hours were analyzed.

Results

Six patients aged between 3 days and 8 years, weighing between 4 and 80 kg met the inclusion criteria. In all patients HVOF was indicated due to severe refractory ARDS. The pre-HFOV mean OI was 45.9. After 1 hour of HFOV mean OI decreased to 23.9 and continued to improve during the first 24 hours. In all patients, normal arterial PO2 and PCO2 were obtained and FiO2 could be set below 0.6 within the first 3 hours of HFOV. No complications associated with HFOV were detected. Outcome was satisfactory in two patients while four patients died secondary to multiorgan failure.

conclusions

HFOV is a safe and effective ventilatory modality in critically ill pediatric patients in whom conventional ventilation is not effective. To obtain better results, HFOV should be started early. Every child with refractory respiratory failure should be referred early to centers where HFOV can be offered.

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