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Vol. 58. Issue 6.
Pages 562-567 (1 June 2003)
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Vol. 58. Issue 6.
Pages 562-567 (1 June 2003)
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Trombocitopenia aloinmune en el feto y en el recién nacido
Fetal-neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
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41999
E. Muñiz-Díaza,
Corresponding author
emuniz@hsp.santpau.es

Correspondencia: Banco de Sangre. Hospital de Sant Pau.Avda. Sant Antoni M.ª Claret, 167. 08025 Barcelona. España.
, G. Ginovart Galianab
a Banco de Sangre. Departamento de Hematología.
b Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Sant Pau-Creu Roja.Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. España.
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La trombocitopenia fetal/neonatal aloinmune se considera en la actualidad la causa más común de trombocitopenia grave en el recién nacido. Se produce por la acción de un aloanticuerpo plaquetario específico materno que reacciona con un antígeno de las plaquetas fetales/neonatales heredado del padre que conduce a la destrucción de éstas. Como consecuencia de la citopenia puede producirse una hemorragia cerebral (10-30% de los neonatos) con resultado de muerte (10 % de los casos comunicados) o de secuelas neurológicas irreversibles (20 %). En la mayoría de casos se detecta al observar en el neonato una diátesis hemorrágica cuyo grado de gravedad varía en función de la cifra de plaquetas. Las técnicas actuales de investigación de aloanticuerpos plaquetarios permiten la detección del aloanticuerpo plaquetario (anti-HPA-1a) responsable en la mayoría de los casos, lo cual, unido al diagnóstico clínico y a la exclusión de otras causas de trombocitopenia neonatal constituyen la base para realizar un diagnóstico correcto. El riesgo de aparición de hemorragia cerebral en futuras gestaciones obliga a efectuar un programa profiláctico antenatal cuyo contenido todavía no ha sido totalmente consensuado. El diagnóstico precoz de este proceso puede permitir administrar un tratamiento eficaz basado en la transfusión de plaquetas de fenotipo compatible, o de inmunoglobulinas intravenosas cuando no existen manifestaciones hemorrágicas graves. La profilaxis en futuras gestaciones puede evitar la recurrencia de la trombocitopenia y la aparición de un nuevo episodio de hemorragia cerebral. La finalidad de esta revisión es llamar la atención sobre un proceso que todavía hoy probablemente es infradiagnosticado en nuestro medio, y cuyo diagnóstico precoz puede evitar la aparición de complicaciones potencialmente muy graves.

Palabras clave:
Trombocitopenia aloinmune

Fetal-neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is the commonest cause of severe thrombocytopenia in the newborn. This disorder is due to the destruction of fetal platelets by a maternal platelet-specific antibody caused by fetal-maternal incompatibility. The most serious complication is intracranial hemorrhage (10-30% of newborns), which may cause death (10 % of the reported cases) or irreversible neurological sequelae (20 %). The diagnosis is usually made after birth when most affected neonates have petechiae, purpura or overt bleeding. The degree of severity varies according to platelet count. Current methods allow detection of maternal platelet alloantibodies (usually HPA-1a). Clinical grounds and the exclusion of other causes of neonatal thrombocytopenia are required to establish an accurate diagnosis. Recurrence of this disease is very high and has prompted clinicians to develop antenatal prophylactic programs in subsequent pregnancies. However, the optimal treatment of at-risk pregnancies remains controversial. The early diagnosis of this process allows effective therapy based on the infusion of compatible platelets and IgG immunoglobulins when hemorrhage is not obvious. Antenatal management of subsequent pregnancies can prevent recurrence of thrombocytopenia and intracranial hemorrhage. The aim of this review is to draw pediatricians’ attention to the importance of this probably under-diagnosed disease in which early diagnosis can prevent potentially severe complications.

Keywords:
Alloimmune thrombocytopenia
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