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Vol. 56. Issue 6.
Pages 505-509 (1 June 2002)
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Vol. 56. Issue 6.
Pages 505-509 (1 June 2002)
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Tratamiento de la taquicardia ectópica de la unión tras la cirugía
Management of postoperative junctional ectopic tachyca
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11587
A. Cabrera Duroa,
Corresponding author
acabrera@hcru.osakidetza.net

Correspondencia: Alameda de Recalde, 35 B, 2° D. 48011 Bilbao.
, D. Rodrigo Carboneroa, P. Macua Biurrunb, P. Martínez Corralesa, E. Pastor Menchacaa, J.M. Galdeano Mirandaa, J. Pilar Orivec
a Servicio de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardíaca Pediátrica. Hospital Infantil de Cruces.
b Servicio de Anestesia. Hospital Galdakao. Vizcaya.
c Unidad de Intensivos. Hospital Infantil de Cruces. Vizcaya.
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Objetivo

Tratamiento de la taquicardia ectópica de la unión tras la cirugía.

Material y métodos

Durante el período 1994-1998 se trataron 27 pacientes (5,5% de los 488 intervenidos) con edad de 11 ± 11 meses, 14 varones y 13 mujeres. Siete tenían tetralogía de Fallot; 7, comunicación interventricular; 6, canal auriculoventricular complejo; 3, transposición de grandes vasos, y 4, cardiopatía compleja. La frecuencia media al inicio fue de 186 ± 27 lat./min. En 274 (1994-1996) se aplicó cardioplejía de cristaloides, en 20 con taquicardia (7,4%), y en 214 (1997-1998) con cardioplejía hemática, 7 con taquicardia (3,2 %). De los 33 pacientes que se trataron a la salida de extracorpórea con dosis media elevada de catecolaminas, 27 (81 %) presentaron taquicardia. En 25 pacientes la taquicardia apareció a las 8,24 ± 7 h de la intervención (límites, 1-24 h), en 1a los 4 días y en otro a los 5 días. La duración máxima de la taquicardia fue de 4 días.

Resultados

A todos los pacientes se le redujo la temperatura rectal a 32-34 °C con efecto precoz 1-2 h en 19 (70%) pero sólo efectiva como tratamiento aislado en 1 caso. A 20 se les redujeron las catecolaminas hasta 2-5 ?g/kg/min con efectividad en 14 (70 %) y en 15 se asoció amiodarona por vía intravenosa efectiva en 11 (73 %). Finalmente, a 5 pacientes se le añadió propafenona también por vía intravenosa. La asociación de hipotermia con reducción de catecolami-na (7 [100 %]) o de hipotermia con amiodarona (4 [80 %]) fueron los tratamientos más efectivos. En 10 pacientes la taquicardia generó un bajo gasto con recuperación del ritmo sinusal sólo en cuatro. Fallecieron 8 pacientes, en seis de los cuales se confirmó la presencia de hemorragia en la zona de la unión.

Conclusiones

El nivel elevado de catecolaminas tras la extracorpórea favorece la aparición de la taquicardia. Por el contrario, la protección del miocardio con cardioplejía hemática la disminuye. La hipotermia moderada con reducción de catecolaminas o asociada a amiodarona intravenosa eliminan la taquicardia.

Palabras clave:
Taquicardia ectópica de la unión
Hipotermia
Amiodarona
Catecolaminas
Objective

To evaluate treatment of junctional ectopic tachycardia after cardiac surgery.

Material and methods

Twenty-seven patients (5.5% of 488 patients who underwent surgery) were treated for junctional ectopic tachycardia between 1994 and 1998. There were 14 boys and 13 girls with a mean age of 11 ± 11 months. Seven suffered from tetralogy of Fallot, seven from ventricular septal defect, six from atrioventricular septal defect, three from transposition of the great vessels and the remaining four had other complex heart diseases. The mean initial frequency was 186 ± 27 beats/min. Crystalloid cardioplegia was applied in 274 patients (1994-1996) and 20 patients (7.4 %) showed junctional ectopic tachycardia. Hematic cardioplegia was performed in 214 patients (1997-1998) and seven patients (3.2 %) developed junctional ectopic tachycardia. Of the 33 patients who were treated during the surgical procedure with high mean doses of sympat-homimetic catecholamine agents, 27 (81 %) developed tachycardia. Tachycardia developed 8.24 ± 7 hours after surgery (range: 1-24 hours) in 25 patients and after 4 and 5 days in the remaining two patients. The mean duration of tachycardia was 4 days.

Results

In all patients rectal temperature was reduced to 32-34 °C. Nineteen patients (70%) showed a quick response (1-2 hours), although the technique was effective as an isolated procedure in only one patient. Sympathomimetic catecholamine level was reduced to 2-5 ?g/kg/min in 20 patients but this was effective in 14 (70%). In 15 patients intravenous amiodarone was also administered and was effective in 11 patients (73 %). Finally, intravenous propafenone was administered to 5 patients. The most effective treatments were hypothermia with reduction of sympathomimetic catecholamine levels in 7 patients (100%) or intravenous amiodarone in 4 (80%). Tachycardia led to low cardiac output in 10 patients and only four recovered normal sinus rhythm. Eight patients died. Of these, hemorrhage in the junction area was confirmed in six patients.

Conclusions

Junctional ectopic tachycardia is favored by high levels of sympathomimetic catecholamines after surgery. On the other hand, myocardial protection with hematic cardioplegia reduces tachycardia. Moderate hypothermia with reduction of sympathomimetic agents or intravenous amiodarone reverses ectopic tachycardia.

Keywords:
Junctional ectopic tachycardia
Hypothermia
Amiodarone
Catecholamine agents
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