Journal Information
Vol. 59. Issue 5.
Pages 441-447 (1 November 2003)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 59. Issue 5.
Pages 441-447 (1 November 2003)
Full text access
Síncope convulsivo: características y reproducibilidad mediante la prueba de la cama basculante
Convulsive syncope: characteristics and reproducibility using the tilt test
Visits
21436
M. Fernández Sanmartína,
Corresponding author
mfsanmartin@mixmail.com

Correspondencia: A Choupana, s/n. 15706 Santiago de Compostela. España.
, A. Rodríguez Núñeza, F. Martinón-Torresa, J. Eirís Puñalb, J.M. Martinón Sáncheza
a Departamento de Pediatría. Servicio de Críticos y Urgencias Pediátricas. España
b Departamento de Pediatría. Servicio de Neuropediatría. Hospital Clínico Universitario. Santiago de Compostela. España
This item has received
Article information
Objetivos

Establecer las principales características clínicas del síncope convulsivo y la utilidad del test de la cama basculante (tilt-test) en su diagnóstico.

Métodos

317 pacientes (5-18 años) con sospecha clínica de síncope neurocardiogénico, fueron sometidos a un test de la cama basculante multiparamétrico con: monitorización electrocardiográfica continua, medición continua y no invasiva de la presión arterial, pulsioximetría y medición de la saturación de oxígeno cerebral continua y no invasiva por espectrofotometría de infrarrojo cercano. En pacientes seleccionados se realizó registro electroencefalográfico simultáneo.

Resultados

La prueba resultó positiva en 216 pacientes (68,1 %). De ellos, 25 (11,6 %) presentaron manifestaciones convulsivas durante la misma (síncope convulsivo). Las crisis fueron de tipo tónico asimétrico en 15 pacientes (60%), tónico generalizado en cinco (20 %) y tonicoclónico en los 5 restantes (20%). En todos los casos la duración de la crisis fue menor a 30 s y cedió de forma espontánea con el posicionamiento en horizontal o Trendelenburg. En los pacientes en los que se realizó estudio electroencefalográfico simultáneo se observó un enlentecimiento difuso del trazado de base, no evidenciándose en ninguno de ellos elementos agudos de características epileptógenas.

Conclusiones

El síncope convulsivo es una entidad relativamente frecuente en los niños que son estudiados mediante el test de la cama basculante. Este hecho debe ser conocido por el pediatra, para evitar la asociación unidireccional que muchas veces se establece entre convulsiones y enfermedad epiléptica. En consecuencia, el test de la cama basculante debe considerarse una prueba esencial en el diagnóstico diferencial entre síncope y epilepsia.

Palabras clave:
Síncope
Convulsión
Síncope vasovagal
Síncope convulsivo
Test de la cama basculante
Pediatría
Objectives

To establish the main clinical characteristics of convulsive syncope and the usefulness of the tilt test in its diagnosis.

Methods

A total of 317 patients (aged 5-18 years old) under clinical suspicion of neurocardiogenic syncope underwent a multiparametric tilt test. Our tilt test protocol includes continuous noninvasive measurement of heart rate, blood pressure, and arterial oxygen saturation, as well as continuous noninvasive measurement of cerebral oxygen saturation by near-infrared spectrophotometry. In selected patients, simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) was performed.

Results

The tilt test was positive in 216 patients (68.1 %). Of these, 25 (11.6 %) showed seizures during the test (convulsive syncope). Convulsions were asymmetric-tonic in 15 patients (60 %), generalized tonic in 5 (20 %), and tonic-clonic in 5 (20 %). In all patients, convulsive episodes lasted less than 30 seconds and spontaneously ceased upon placing the patient in a horizontal or Trendelenburg position. When simultaneous EEG was performed, diffuse brain wave slowing was observed, without paroxysmal activity.

Conclusions

Convulsive syncope is not an uncommon event in children and is easily elicited by means of the tilt test. Pediatricians should be aware of this finding in order to avoid the frequently established unidirectional association between seizures and epileptic disorders. Consequently, the tilt test should be considered an essential tool in the differential diagnosis between convulsive syncope and epilepsy.

Key words:
Syncope
Seizure
Vasovagal syncope
Convulsive syncope
Head upright tilt-table test
Pediatrics
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
J.L. Pratt, G.R. Fleischer.
Syncope in children and adolescents.
Ped Emerg Care, 5 (1989), pp. 80-82
[2.]
M.L. McHarg, S. Shinnar, H. Rascoff, C.A. Walsh.
Syncope in childhood.
Pediatr Cardiol, 18 (1997), pp. 367-371
[3.]
D.W. Hannon, T.K. Knilans.
Syncope in children and adolescents.
Curr Probl Pediatr, 23 (1993), pp. 358-384
[4.]
M.D. Freed.
Advances in the diagnosis and therapy of syncope and palpitations in children.
Curr Opin Pediatr, 6 (1994), pp. 368-372
[5.]
J.A. Villelabeitia Deusto.
Syncope in pediatric age. Diagnostic evaluation.
An Esp Pediatr, 39 (1993), pp. 405-410
[6.]
J.M. Pellock.
Seizures and epilepsy in infancy and childhood.
Neurol Clin, 11 (1993), pp. 755-775
[7.]
J.B. Stephenson.
Anoxic seizures: Selft-terminating syncopes.
Epileptic Disord, 3 (2001), pp. 3-6
[8.]
R. Palencia.
Trastornos paroxísticos causados por anoxia/hipoxia.
Rev Neurol, 28 (1999), pp. 76-81
[9.]
JT-Y Lin, D.K. Ziegler, C-W Lai, W. Bayer.
Convulsive syncope in blood donors.
Ann Neurol, 11 (1982), pp. 525-528
[10.]
P.A. Kempster, J.I. Balla.
A clinical study of convulsive syncope.
Clin Exp Neurol, 22 (1986), pp. 53-55
[11.]
V.M. Voge, J.D. Hastings, W.E. Drew.
Convulsive syncope in the aviation environment.
Aviat Space Environ Med, 66 (1995), pp. 1198-1204
[12.]
J. Rowan.
Extracerebral causes of non-epileptic paroxysmal brain dysfunction.
Handbook of Clinical Neurology, pp. 259-266
[13.]
A. Zaidi, P. Clough, P. Cooper, B. Scheepers, A. Fitzpatrick.
Misdiagnosis of epilepsy: Many seizure-like attacks have a cardiovascular cause.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 36 (2000), pp. 181-184
[14.]
T. Lempert.
Syncope. Phenomenology and differentiation from epileptic seizures.
Nervenarzt, 68 (1997), pp. 620-624
[15.]
D. Smith, B.A. Defalla, D.W. Chadwick.
The misdiagnosis of epilepsy and the management of refractory epilepsy in a specialist clinic.
QJM, 92 (1999), pp. 15-23
[16.]
A. Zaidi, P. Clough, B. Scheepers, A. Fitzpatrick.
Treatment resistant epilepsy or convulsive syncope?.
BMJ, 317 (1998), pp. 869-870
[17.]
M.J. Morrell.
Differential diagnosis of seizures.
Neurol Clin, 11 (1993), pp. 737-754
[18.]
D. Samoil, B.P. Grubb, K. Kip, D.J. Kosinski.
Head-upright tilt table testing in children with unexplained syncope.
Pediatrics, 92 (1993), pp. 426-430
[19.]
M.J. Strieper, D.O. Auld, J. Hulse, R.M. Campbel.
Evaluation of recurrent pediatric syncope: Role of tilt table testing.
Pediatrics, 93 (1994), pp. 660-662
[20.]
W.N. Kapoor.
Using a tilt table to evaluate syncope.
Am J Med Sci, 317 (1999), pp. 110-116
[21.]
O.G. Thilenius, J.A. Quinones, T.S. Husayni, J. Novak.
Tilt test for diagnosis of unexplained syncope in pediatric patients.
Pediatrics, 87 (1991), pp. 334-338
[22.]
B.P. Grubb, G. Gerard, K. Roush, P. Temesy-Armos, L. Elliott, H. Hahn, et al.
Differentiation of convulsive syncope and epilepsy with head-up tilt testing.
Ann Intern Med, 115 (1991), pp. 871-876
[23.]
J. Eirís-Puñal, A. Rodríguez-Núñez, N. Fernández-Martínez, M. Fuster, M. Castro-Gago, J.M. Martinón.
Usefulness of head-upright tilt test for distinguishing syncope and epilepsy in children.
Epilepsia, 42 (2001), pp. 709-713
[24.]
B.P. Grubb, P. Temesy-Armos, J. Moore, D. Wolfe, H. Hahn, L. Elliott.
The use of head-upright tilt table testing in the evaluation and management of syncope in children and adolescents.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 15 (1992), pp. 742-748
[25.]
D.W. Hannon, B.A. Ross.
Head-up tilt testing in children who faint.
J Pediatr, 118 (1991), pp. 731-732
[26.]
A. Rodríguez-Núñez, J. Couceiro, C. Alonso, J. Eiris, M. Fuster, L. Sánchez, et al.
Cerebral oxigenation in children with syncope during head-upright tilt-test.
Pediatr Cardiol, 18 (1997), pp. 406-409
[27.]
F. Martinón-Torres, A. Rodríguez-Núñez, S. Fernández-Cebrián, J. Eirís-Puñal, A. Pérez Muñuzuri, J.M. Martinón Sánchez.
The relation between hyperventilation and pediatric syncope.
J Pediatr, 138 (2001), pp. 894-897
[28.]
I.K. Farquar.
Continuous direct and indirect blood presure measurement (Finapres) in the criticaly ill.
Anaesthesia, 46 (1991), pp. 1050-1055
[29.]
H. Tanaka, O. Thulesius, H. Yamaguchi, M. Mino.
Circulatory responses in children with unexplained syncope evaluated by continuous non-invasive finger blood pressure monitoring.
Acta Paediatr, 83 (1994), pp. 754-761
[30.]
P.W. McCormick, M. Stewart, M.G. Goetting, M. Dujovny, G. Lewis, J.I. Ausman.
Non invasive cerebral optical spectroscopy for monitoring cerebral oxygen delivery and hemodynamics.
Crit Care Med, 19 (1991), pp. 89-97
[31.]
J.M. Murkin.
Monitoring cerebral oxygenation.
Can J Anaesth, 41 (1994), pp. 1027-1032
[32.]
G. McDade, S.W. Brown.
Non-epileptic seizures: Management and predictive factors of outcome.
Seizure, 1 (1992), pp. 7-10
[33.]
L. Zivin, C.A. Marsan.
Incidence and prognostic significance of “ epileptiform” activity in the EEG of non epileptic subjets.
Brain, 91 (1968), pp. 751-778
[34.]
G.B. Cavazzuti, L. Cappella, A. Nalin.
Longitudinal study of epileptiform EEG patterns in normal children.
Epilepsia, 21 (1980), pp. 43-55
[35.]
C.D. Binnie, P.F. Prior.
Electroencephalography.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 57 (1994), pp. 1308-1319
[36.]
R.P. Brenner.
Electroencephalography in syncope.
J Clin Neurophysiol, 14 (1997), pp. 197-209
[37.]
D. Grossi, C. Buonomo, F. Mirizzi, R. Santostasi, F. Simone.
Electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic features in vasovagal syncope induced by head-up tilt.
Funct Neurol, 5 (1990), pp. 257-260
[38.]
W.A. Hoefnagels, G.W. Padberg, J. Overweg, R.A. Ross, J.G. Van Dijk, H.A. Kamphuisen.
Syncope or seizure? The diagnostic value of the EEG and hyperventilation test in transient loss of consciousness.
J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry, 54 (1991), pp. 953-956
[39.]
R.C. Duvoisin.
Convulsive syncope induced by the Weber maneuver.
Arch Neurol, 7 (1962), pp. 219-226
[40.]
L.J. Klein, H.A. Saltzman, A. Herman, et al.
Syncope induced by the Valsalva maneuver: A study of the effects of arterial blood gas tensions, glucose concentrations and blood pressure.
Am J Med, 37 (1964), pp. 263-268
[41.]
D.K. Ziegler, J. Lin, W.L. Bayer.
Convulsive syncope: Relationship to cerebral ischemia.
Trans Am Neurol Assoc, 103 (1978), pp. 150-154
Copyright © 2003. Asociación Española de Pediatría
Download PDF
Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?