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Vol. 56. Issue 6.
Pages 571-575 (1 June 2002)
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Vol. 56. Issue 6.
Pages 571-575 (1 June 2002)
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Presentación inusual de leucemia mieloblástica aguda en dos pacientes pediátricos
Atypical presentation of acute myeloblastic leukemia in two pediatric patients
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J.L. Pérez Naveroa,
Corresponding author
ucip@hrs.junta-andalucia.es

Correspondencia: Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Avda. Menéndez Pidal, s/n. 14005 Córdoba.
, L. Marroquín Yáñezb, I. Ibarra de la Rosaa, P. Gómez Garcíac
a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Servicio de Críticos y Urgencias Pediátricas.
b Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Hospital Infantil de México Dr. Federico Gómez. México.
c Servicio de Hematología. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba.
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La leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) es poco frecuente en la infancia, pero cuando se presenta suele revestir mayor gravedad que las formas linfoides. Las principales complicaciones, íntimamente relacionadas con su peor pronóstico, son la hemorragia aguda, la infección y las secundarias a leucostasis. Se presentan 2 pacientes pediátricos con LMA tipo M 5 a y M 2 en los que la enfermedad se manifestó con un proceso agudo grave (distrés respiratorio agudo y hemorragia cerebral, respectivamente), secundario a leucostasis y que motivó su ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Mientras que la evolución fue favorable en el primer paciente, permitiendo con posterioridad el trasplante de medula ósea, el segundo falleció a las pocas horas de su ingreso. Se discute la fisiopatología de cada caso, el tratamiento y el uso de leucoferesis como alternativa terapéutica en pacientes con hiperleucocitosis y leucostasis. Se insiste en la necesidad de mantener un alto grado de sospecha para realizar un diagnóstico lo más precoz posible que impida que un porcentaje elevado de pacientes fallezca aun antes de iniciar el tratamiento citostático.

Palabras clave:
Leucemia mieloide aguda
Leucostasis
Distrés respiratorio agudo
Hemorragia intracraneal
Cuidados intensivos
Leucoferesis

Acute myeloblastic leukemia (MLA) is an uncommon disease in childhood and its prognosis is worse than that of lymphoblastic leukemia. Severe hemorrhage, infections and perfusion disorders secondary to leukostasis are the main complications leading to its high mortality rate. Two pediatric patients with MLA (M 5 a and M 2 ) are presented. Both patients were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with acute respiratory distress syndrome and intra-cranial hemorrhage respectively, secondary to leukostasis. The first patient showed favorable clinical course and underwent bone marrow transplantation four months later; in contrast, the second patient died a few hours after admission. The physiopathology of each case, the therapeutic approach and the use of leukopheresis as a therapeutic alternative in patients with hyperleukocytosis and leukostasis are discussed. A high degree of suspicion is required to make a diagnosis as early as possible in order to avoid the death of a large percentage of patients before cytostatic treatment begins.

Key words:
Acute myeloblastic leukemia
Leukostasis
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Intracranial hemorrhage
Intensive care
Leukopheresis
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