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Vol. 60. Issue 2.
Pages 170-174 (1 February 2004)
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Vol. 60. Issue 2.
Pages 170-174 (1 February 2004)
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Litiasis biliar en la infancia: actitudes terapéuticas
Biliary lithiasis in childhood. Therapeutic approaches
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22596
H. Escobar Castroa,
Corresponding author
hescobar.hrc@salud.madrid.org

Correspondencia: Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9,1. 28034 Madrid. España
, M.aD. García Novob, P. Olivaresc
a Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal
b Hospital Universitario del Niño Jesús
c Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid. España
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Hasta hace pocos años, la litiasis biliar en la infancia se consideraba una enfermedad infrecuente. Según su composición, los cálculos biliares se clasifican en cálculos de colesterol y cálculos de pigmento. Los cálculos de pigmento están formados mayoritariamente por sales cálcicas de bilirrubina no conjugada y se subdividen en negros duros y marrones blandos. En los niños, el 75 % de los cálculos son de pigmento. Con frecuencia, los cálculos en los niños no tienen una causa conocida. La litiasis biliar en el niño presenta peculiaridades diferentes de la del adulto y existe poca literatura médica sobre los procedimientos terapéuticos más idóneos. Los cálculos asintomáticos tienen una evolución benigna y no precisan tratamiento médico ni quirúrgico. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la litiasis suelen ser poco específicas, incluyen molestias como dispepsias o dolores abdominales crónicos por los que los niños son estudiados ecográficamente, encontrándose los cálculos en la vesícula biliar. El tratamiento definitivo de la litiasis es la colecistectomía, pero esto no significa que siempre haya que optar por un tratamiento quirúrgico definitivo. El tratamiento médico con ácido ursodesoxicólico (AUDC) está indicado en las litiasis asintomáticas y oligosintomáticas con cálculos transparentes, blandos, ricos en colesterol y vesícula funcionante y en los casos con alto riesgo quirúrgico

Palabras clave:
Litiasis biliar
Cálculos biliares
Terapéutico
Infancia
Ácidos biliares
Sales biliares
Cálculos de colesterol
Cálculos de pigmento
Ácido ursodesoxicólico
Colecistectomía

Until recently, biliary lithiasis was considered infrequent in childhood. According to their composition, gallstones can be classified into cholesterol stones and pigment stones. The latter are mainly composed of calcium salts of unconjugated bilirubin and are divided into hard black and soft brown stones. In children, up to 75 % of gallstones are pigment stones. Their etiology is often unknown. Biliary lithiasis in children differs from that in adults and there is very little scientific evidence on the most suitable therapeutic procedures. Symptom-free stones usually have a benign course and do not require medical or surgical treatment. Symptoms are often nonspecific and include dyspepsia and chronic abdominal pain. These symptoms are an indication for ultrasonographic scan to rule out the presence of gallstones. Cholecystectomy is the definitive treatment for gallstones but is not always indicated. Medical treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid is indicated in oligosymptomatic and asymptomatic lithiasis with transparent, soft, cholesterol-rich stones and a functional bladder and in patients with a high surgical risk

Key words:
Biliary lithiasis
Gallstones
Therapeutics
Childhood
Biliary acids
Biliary salts
Cholesterol stones
Pigment stones
Ursodeoxycholic acid
Cholecystectomy
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Copyright © 2004. Asociación Española de Pediatría
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