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Vol. 57. Issue 4.
Pages 301-309 (1 October 2002)
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Vol. 57. Issue 4.
Pages 301-309 (1 October 2002)
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Estudio de la incidencia de enfermedad neumocócica invasora entre 0–5 años en el País Vasco y Navarra
Study of the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in neonates and children aged less than 5 years in the basque country and navarre (spain)
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E. Bernaola Iturbea, J. de Aristegui Fernándezb, M. Herranz Aguirrea,
Corresponding author
bernaola@teleline.es

Correspondencia: Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital Virgen del Camino. Irunlarrea, 4. 31008 Pamplona. España.
, C. García Calvoc, C. Fernández Pérezd, Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedad Invasora Neumocócica en el País Vasco y Navarra
a Servicios de Pediatría Hospital Virgen del Camino (Pamplona)
b Hospital de Basurto (Bilbao).
c Departamento Científico. Wyeth-Farma. Madrid.
d Unidad de Investigación. Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid. España.
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Antecedentes

Streptococcus pneumoniae es la causa más frecuente de bacteriemia y neumonía y la segunda causa de meningitis bacteriana en la edad pediátrica.

Objetivo

Establecer la incidencia, las características y los serotipos predominantes de enfermedad neumónica invasora (ENI) en niños menores de 5 años en 2 comunidades utónomas:País Vasco y Navarra. El período de estudio comprendiódel 31 de mayo de 1998 al 1 de junio de 2001.

Pacientes y métodos

Estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. La población de estudio incluyó a los niños diagnosticados de ENI en los hospitales públicos y privados con servicio de pediatría. Se definió la ENI por el aislamiento de S. pneumonia en hemocultivo, líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) u otros sitios estériles. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y se analizaron las características demográficas y diagnósticas. Se establecieron las frecuencias ajustadas por edades de ambas áreas, mediante estandarización directa. Los intervalos de confianza (IC) de las frecuencias se obtuvieron por la distribución de Poisson. Se utilizaron los paquetes informáticos SPSS para Windows 10.0 y Epidat 2.1. Se empleó la revisión poblacional del padrón municipal de 1999.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 171 niños con edades entre 0 y 5 años. El 40,9% (70 niños) eran menores de 12 meses y el 68,4% (117 niños) entre 0 y 2 años y predominaban los varones. El 16,4% habían recibido antibioticoterapia previa al diagnóstico. Las formas de presentación más frecuentes fueron bacteriemia oculta (45,6 %), neumonía bacteriémica (27,5 %) y meningitis (14,6 %). Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron las respiratorias, con derrame pleural en el 23 % de las neumonías. La incidencia anual estandarizada de ENI (casos por cada 100.000) en los niños entre 0 y 59 meses fue de 58,82 (IC 95 %, 27,99–89,65) en Navarra y de 55,35 casos (IC 95 %, 38,81–71,88) en el País Vasco. En el caso de niños entre 0 y 23 meses se observaron globalmente 93,49 casos/año/100.000 niños (IC 95 %, 77,32– 112,04) y en los niños entre 0 y 11 meses se alcanzaron los 110,21 casos/año/100.000 niños (IC 95 %, 85,91–139,24). La incidencia de meningitis y bacteriemia en los niños entre 0 y 23 meses fue de 15,98 (IC 95 %, 9,76–24,68) y 51,14 (IC 95 %, 39,38-65,30) casos/año/100.000 niños, respectivamente. Se serotipificaron 59 cepas, y los serotipos/serogrupos más frecuentes fueron el 1, 4, 6B, 14, 18C, 19 y 23F. El 52,15 % de las cepas fueron sensibles a penicilina y el 93 % a cefotaxima. Los serotipos/serogrupos más resistentes fueron el 6B, 14, 19, 23F y 35.

Conclusión

La incidencia observada en este estudio es similar a la reportada en otros países, como Estados Unidos, y superior a la comunicada en el resto de Europa. La cobertura de la vacuna es similar a la descrita en otros artículos.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad neumocócica invasora
Meningitis
Bacteriemia
Neumonía bacteriémica
Background

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of bacteremia and bacteremic pneumonia and the second most frequent cause of meningitis.

Objective

To establish the incidence, characteristics and serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged less than 5 years in two Autonomous Communities in Spain, the Basque country and Navarre, between 31 May 1988 and 1 June 2001.

Patients and methods

We performed a descriptive, observational and retrospective study. The study population was composed of children diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease in the public and private hospitals with a pediatrics departments. Invasive pneumococcal disease was defined as isolation of S. pneumoniae in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or any other sterile biological fluid. Medical records were reviewed and demographic and diagnostic variables were analyzed. Age-adjusted frequency rates were established for both regions using direct standardization. Confidence intervals were obtained by Poisson distribution. SPSS for Windows 10.0 and Epidat 2.1 were used for the analysis. Data were obtained from the 1999 municipal population census.

Results

One hundred seventy-one children aged 0–5 years wereincluded. A total of 40.9% (70 patients) were aged less than12 months and 68.4 % were aged 0–2 years; 16.4 % had receiveddrug therapy before diagnosis. The most commonforms of presentation were occult bacteremia (45.6 %), bacteremicpneumonia (27.5 %) and meningitis (14.6 %). Themost frequent complications involved the respiratory tract,with pleural effusion in 23 % of cases of pneumonia. Thestandardized annual incidence rate of invasive pneumococcaldisease (cases per 100,000) in children aged 0–59 monthswas 58.82 (95 % CI: 27.99–89.65) in Navarre and 55.35 (95%CI: 38.81–71.88) in the Basque Country. In children aged 0–23 months, the overall incidence was 93.49 cases per100,000 children (95% CI: 77.32–112.04) and in infants aged 0–11 months, it was 110,21 cases per 100,000 children (95%CI: 85.91–139.24). The incidence rates for meningitis andbacteremia in children aged 0–23 months was 15.98 (95%CI: 9.76–24.68) and 51.14 (95 % IC: 39.38–65.30) cases per100.000 children. Fifty-nine strains were serotyped. Themost frequent serotypes/groups were 1, 4, 6B, 14, 18C,19 and 23F. A total of 52.15 % of the serotypes were penicillin-susceptible and 93 % were cefotaxime-susceptible.The serotypes/groups with the highest rates of resistancewere 6B, 14,19, 23F and 35.

Conclusion

Our incidence rates are similar to those observed in othercountries such as the United States and are higher thanthose reported for the rest of Europe. Vaccine coverage issimilar to that described in other articles.

Key words:
Invasive pneumococcal disease
Meningitis
Bacteremia
Bacteremic pneumonia
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Trabajo promovido y financiado por Laboratorios Wyeth-Farma.

Copyright © 2002. Asociación Española de Pediatría
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