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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> is a gram-negative non-capsulated non-motile bacillus of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> family&#46; It causes bacillary dysentery and it is transmitted by the faecal-oral route&#46; It has a low infective dose that facilitates its dissemination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The genus comprises 4 species&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella dysenteriae&#44; Shigella flexneri</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella boydii</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella sonnei</span>&#46; The latter accounts for up to 80&#37; de of infections in Europe and North America and is considered an emergent pathogen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Most paediatric infections are asymptomatic or manifest with mild symptoms&#46; However&#44; it can also cause bacteraemia&#44; encephalopathy&#44; intestinal perforation and peritonitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Antibiotherapy is recommended to control outbreaks&#44; in patients who attend a child care centre or live in residential facilities and to reduce the duration of diarrhoea in cases of complicated dysentery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In high-income countries&#44; these infections are associated with sexual transmission in men who have sex with men &#40;MSM&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In 2022&#44; the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Contro &#40;ECDC&#41; warned of an increase in extensively-drug resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S sonnei</span> infections in several European countries&#44; chiefly in MSM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In Spain&#44; previous studies had reported the emergence of infections by multidrug-resistant &#40;MDR&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S sonnei</span> associated with transmission among MSM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present two cases of infection by MDR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S sonnei</span> in children who were&#44; to our knowledge&#44; the first paediatric cases with an MDR profile reported in Spain&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">Case 1</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Girl aged 4 years who presented with a typical febrile seizure&#44; fever of 39&#46;4&#8239;&#176;C&#44; vomiting and abundant watery diarrhoea&#46; A blood panel was ordered that revealed elevation of markers of infection &#40;C-reactive protein &#91;CRP&#93;&#44; 168&#8239;mg&#47;L&#59; procalcitonin &#91;PCT&#93;&#44; 7&#46;53&#8239;ng&#47;mL&#41;&#44; prompting initiation of treatment with cefotaxime at a dose of 200&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#44; which the patient received for 3 days&#46; The blood culture was negative&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella sonnei</span> was isolated from the stool culture&#44; and the isolate was found to be resistant to ampicillin&#44; cefotaxime&#44; amoxicillin&#44; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole&#44; azithromycin and levofloxacin&#44; and sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid&#44; piperacillin-tazobactam&#44; tigecycline and carbapenems&#46; Since the patient exhibited clinical improvement&#44; she was discharged after 4 days&#44; and completed one week of treatment with oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid&#46;</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">Case 2</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Girl aged 4 years managed in the same primary care centre as the previous case&#46; She presented with fever of up to 39&#46;5&#8239;&#176;C of 24&#8239;h&#8217; duration and watery and abandoned diarrhoea with onset one week prior&#46; There was an outbreak of gastroenteritis in her school&#46; After ensuring that the patient was clinically stable&#44; she was discharged home&#44; and a stool culture ordered&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella sonnei</span> was isolated from culture&#44; with the same antimicrobial susceptibility profile as the previous case&#46; In this case&#44; the patient had a favourable outcome with resolution of symptoms at the time of follow-up at the primary care centre&#44; Once the results of the stool culture were available&#44; and she did not receive any antibiotic treatment&#46;</p></span></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both isolates of MDR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S sonnei</span> were sequenced and analysed by means of cgMLST &#40;core&#47;whole genome multilocus sequence typing&#41;&#46; The comparison of the 2 isolates with the reference genomes available through the ECDC showed that these cases could be included in the same genetic cluster with a maximum difference of 3 alleles&#44; and the presence of the same IncFII plasmid carrying the blaCTX-M-27 gene&#44; which evinced the geographical spread of this strain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The number of episodes of enteritis caused by MDR pathogens is increasing in Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> A retrospective and descriptive study carried out our hospital of all the cases of shigellosis reported between January 2016 and April 2022<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> only identified two other paediatric cases with isolation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> species&#44; both in male patients with diarrhoea containing blood and mucus in 2019&#44; and both involving strains that were not MDR&#46; The first case corresponded to a boy from Angola aged 5 years&#44; and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> strain was only found to be resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and was sensitive to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin&#44; as well as all other tested antibiotics&#46; The second&#44; a boy aged 8 years with infection by a multisensitive <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> species that was only resistant to ampicillin&#46; However&#44; the 2 more recent cases that we present in this article&#44; detected in November 2022&#44; exhibited a MDR profile&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the increasing prevalence of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole&#44; ampicillin&#44; sulphonamides and tetracyclines&#44; the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; recommends fluoroquinolones as first-line treatment for patients of any age with shigellosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The increase of MDR in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> spp&#44; mainly to third-generation cephalosporins&#44; azithromycin and fluoroquinolones&#44; as observed in the cases presented here&#44; is a concern in developed countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ECDC underscores the importance of early detection and the prevention of the sexual transmission of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella&#46;</span> However&#44; given the nature of this infection and the magnitude of the problem in Europe&#44; we need to improve our knowledge of the epidemiology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> infections in children&#46; Many outbreaks of shigellosis take place in nurseries and schools&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Young children are most vulnerable to the potential complications of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Empirical treatments for acute enteritis by enteroinvasive strains could not be effective&#44; which poses a particularly serious risk to immunocompromised patients&#46; All of this poses a threat to public health&#44; so measures need to be developed for the early detection of infection and the prevention of transmission that contemplate the paediatric population&#46;</p></span>"
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Scientific Letter
Infecciones pediátricas por Shigella sonnei multirresistente en un hospital del sur de España
Multidrug-resistant Shigella sonnei pediatric infections attended in a hospital in southern Spain
Álvaro Vázquez-Péreza,
Corresponding author
, Silvia Herrera-Leónb, Juan Luis Santos-Péreza, José Gutiérrez-Fernándezc,d
a Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Materno Infantil Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
b Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
c Departamento de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
d Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
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However&#44; it can also cause bacteraemia&#44; encephalopathy&#44; intestinal perforation and peritonitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Antibiotherapy is recommended to control outbreaks&#44; in patients who attend a child care centre or live in residential facilities and to reduce the duration of diarrhoea in cases of complicated dysentery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In high-income countries&#44; these infections are associated with sexual transmission in men who have sex with men &#40;MSM&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In 2022&#44; the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Contro &#40;ECDC&#41; warned of an increase in extensively-drug resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S sonnei</span> infections in several European countries&#44; chiefly in MSM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In Spain&#44; previous studies had reported the emergence of infections by multidrug-resistant &#40;MDR&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S sonnei</span> associated with transmission among MSM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present two cases of infection by MDR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S sonnei</span> in children who were&#44; to our knowledge&#44; the first paediatric cases with an MDR profile reported in Spain&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">Case 1</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Girl aged 4 years who presented with a typical febrile seizure&#44; fever of 39&#46;4&#8239;&#176;C&#44; vomiting and abundant watery diarrhoea&#46; A blood panel was ordered that revealed elevation of markers of infection &#40;C-reactive protein &#91;CRP&#93;&#44; 168&#8239;mg&#47;L&#59; procalcitonin &#91;PCT&#93;&#44; 7&#46;53&#8239;ng&#47;mL&#41;&#44; prompting initiation of treatment with cefotaxime at a dose of 200&#8239;mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#44; which the patient received for 3 days&#46; The blood culture was negative&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella sonnei</span> was isolated from the stool culture&#44; and the isolate was found to be resistant to ampicillin&#44; cefotaxime&#44; amoxicillin&#44; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole&#44; azithromycin and levofloxacin&#44; and sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid&#44; piperacillin-tazobactam&#44; tigecycline and carbapenems&#46; Since the patient exhibited clinical improvement&#44; she was discharged after 4 days&#44; and completed one week of treatment with oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid&#46;</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleEnunciation" id="enun0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">Case 2</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Girl aged 4 years managed in the same primary care centre as the previous case&#46; She presented with fever of up to 39&#46;5&#8239;&#176;C of 24&#8239;h&#8217; duration and watery and abandoned diarrhoea with onset one week prior&#46; There was an outbreak of gastroenteritis in her school&#46; After ensuring that the patient was clinically stable&#44; she was discharged home&#44; and a stool culture ordered&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella sonnei</span> was isolated from culture&#44; with the same antimicrobial susceptibility profile as the previous case&#46; In this case&#44; the patient had a favourable outcome with resolution of symptoms at the time of follow-up at the primary care centre&#44; Once the results of the stool culture were available&#44; and she did not receive any antibiotic treatment&#46;</p></span></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both isolates of MDR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S sonnei</span> were sequenced and analysed by means of cgMLST &#40;core&#47;whole genome multilocus sequence typing&#41;&#46; The comparison of the 2 isolates with the reference genomes available through the ECDC showed that these cases could be included in the same genetic cluster with a maximum difference of 3 alleles&#44; and the presence of the same IncFII plasmid carrying the blaCTX-M-27 gene&#44; which evinced the geographical spread of this strain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The number of episodes of enteritis caused by MDR pathogens is increasing in Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> A retrospective and descriptive study carried out our hospital of all the cases of shigellosis reported between January 2016 and April 2022<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> only identified two other paediatric cases with isolation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> species&#44; both in male patients with diarrhoea containing blood and mucus in 2019&#44; and both involving strains that were not MDR&#46; The first case corresponded to a boy from Angola aged 5 years&#44; and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> strain was only found to be resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and was sensitive to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin&#44; as well as all other tested antibiotics&#46; The second&#44; a boy aged 8 years with infection by a multisensitive <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> species that was only resistant to ampicillin&#46; However&#44; the 2 more recent cases that we present in this article&#44; detected in November 2022&#44; exhibited a MDR profile&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the increasing prevalence of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole&#44; ampicillin&#44; sulphonamides and tetracyclines&#44; the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; recommends fluoroquinolones as first-line treatment for patients of any age with shigellosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The increase of MDR in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> spp&#44; mainly to third-generation cephalosporins&#44; azithromycin and fluoroquinolones&#44; as observed in the cases presented here&#44; is a concern in developed countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ECDC underscores the importance of early detection and the prevention of the sexual transmission of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella&#46;</span> However&#44; given the nature of this infection and the magnitude of the problem in Europe&#44; we need to improve our knowledge of the epidemiology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> infections in children&#46; Many outbreaks of shigellosis take place in nurseries and schools&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Young children are most vulnerable to the potential complications of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Empirical treatments for acute enteritis by enteroinvasive strains could not be effective&#44; which poses a particularly serious risk to immunocompromised patients&#46; All of this poses a threat to public health&#44; so measures need to be developed for the early detection of infection and the prevention of transmission that contemplate the paediatric population&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Whole genome analysis of the two clinical isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella sonnei&#46;</span> Comparison with three reference genomes&#58; SRR16940973&#44; SRR17405911 andSRR1713130663&#44; and genomic analysis of antimicrobial resistance genotype&#46; Genotyping was performed by high-throughput whole-genome sequencing with pair-end reads using the commercial kit NexteraTM DNA Flex Library Preparation Kit and the NextSeq sequencing system &#40;Illumina Inc&#44; San Diego&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The DNA was extracted with the Maxwell RSC automated platform &#40;Promega&#44; Madison&#44; Wisconsin&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The obtained sequences were assembled with the software tools SPAdesversion 3&#46;15&#46;4 and PROKKA version 1&#46;12&#46; Clustering was carried out with the software Ridom SeqSphere&#8239;&#43;&#8239;version 6&#46;0&#46;2 using the scheme defined for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> &#40;2528 loci&#41; and establishing a threshold of 10 alleles for the detection of clusters&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: 23412879
Original language: English
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