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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enuresis is a frequent problem in childhood that is underdiagnosed and undertreated&#46; The approach to its aetiology has changed over time&#44; from the attribution of psychopathological causes to the current perspective of a multifactorial aetiology with emphasis on physiological&#44; psychological&#44; genetic and environmental factors&#46; Although many different hypotheses have been formulated&#44; it is believed that they all converge and manifest through a specific impairment in waking in response to the sensation of a full bladder&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The development of our understanding of enuresis from the 1960s to present has been slow&#44; and the condition has gone from being considered a minor issue to an important problem for children for several reasons&#58; its high prevalence&#44; its psychological impact&#44; the impairment of quality of life and its sequelae in adulthood &#40;adult enuresis and overactive bladder&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epidemiological studies have established that the prevalence of enuresis is high in the early years of life&#44; with a rapid decline from age 5 to age 7&#8211;9 years &#40;spontaneous resolution&#41;&#44; that primary enuresis is more frequent than secondary enuresis and that monosymptomatic enuresis is more frequent than nonmonosymptomatic enuresis&#46; They have also identified certain associations and comorbidities&#46; Thus&#44; in addition to daytime urinary symptoms&#44; other manifestations that are not related to the urinary system are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder&#44; obesity&#44; severe sleep apnoea&#44; poor academic performance&#44; sickle cell anaemia etc&#46; Constipation has been growing in importance as a comorbidity&#44; and a few years ago evidence emerged that it was the intermediate factor in the association between enuresis and chronic headache&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current technology has facilitated performance of epidemiological studies through the analysis of population databases which&#44; despite their limitations&#44; allow obtaining large samples&#46; Recently&#44; a case-control study that analysed data from population databases confirmed the association between enuresis and chronic constipation in children aged 5&#8211;12 years&#44; without providing information about specific enuresis subtypes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The authors proposed assessing constipation before and after treatment of enuresis and any time an anticholinergic drug is introduced&#44; as these drugs can make constipation worse and interfere with its resolution&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current issue of <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Anales de Pediatr&#237;a</span> features a study that provides clarification on the issue&#44; based on data obtained through a questionnaire&#44; evincing that constipation is associated most strongly with the nonmonosymptomatic type&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most cross-sectional studies consist of surveys of the population that require identification of diseases and their characteristics through methods other than those used in clinical practice&#44; without performance of an anamnesis&#44; a physical examination or diagnostic tests&#46; Thus&#44; questionnaires become diagnostic tools and need to be &#8220;validated&#8221; to ensure that they produce reproducible results&#44; that they can be understood by survey respondents and that they provide information similar to the information obtained in clinical practice &#40;adequate sensitivity and specificity&#41;&#46; One of the problems commonly encountered is the absence of &#8220;survey definitions&#8221;&#46; Research publications should describe the combinations of items and answers used in the definitions of cases or factors under study&#46; An example of such adequate description is available in the article on the influence of constipation on enuresis published in the current issue of this journal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For years&#44; advances in enuresis have been compromised by biases in research&#44; whether intentional or not&#44; and the poor quality of published studies&#44; which results have confused clinicians and researchers alike&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another identified difficulty is the heterogeneous terminology used in the definition of enuresis&#46; The concept of enuresis has undergone an interesting evolution through the past few decades&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The initial milestone took place in 1968 when the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders &#40;DSM&#41;&#44; second edition &#40;DSM-II&#41; of the American Psychiatric Association proposed that enuresis was a psychophysiological symptom of psychopathology and classified it as a &#8220;special symptom not elsewhere classified&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twelve years later &#40;1980&#41;&#44; in the DSM-III&#44; the term was changed to &#8220;functional enuresis&#8221; with an emphasis on ruling out physical disease and the description of symptoms&#46; This edition defined enuresis as &#8220;repeated involuntary leak of urine&#8221; with &#8220;at least 2 such events per month for children between the ages of five and six&#44; and at least one event per month for older children&#8221;&#46; The term &#8220;enuresis&#8221; included both passage of urine during sleep and in daytime&#46; &#8220;Primary&#8221; enuresis was defined as enuresis in children that had not yet achieved continence and &#8220;secondary&#8221; as enuresis as enuresis preceded by a period of continence of at least one year&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; in 1994 the DSM-4-TR enuresis was redefined as a disorder&#44; which is a behavioural or psychological pattern&#46; The definition was expanded to also include intentional voiding of urine and the frequency criterion became more stringent&#44; with a minimum of 2 events per week required for diagnosis&#46; The age criterion of a developmental level equivalent to 5 years or older was introduced&#44; in addition to the alternative criterion for diagnosis that it &#8220;must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social&#44; academic &#40;occupational&#41;&#44; or other important areas of functioning&#8221;&#46; These modifications shifted the diagnostic approach to improve the definition of psychiatric disorders and remain in the current edition&#44; the DSM-5&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The International Children&#8217;s Continence Society &#40;ICCS&#41; was also established in the1990s&#44; publishing its first document for the standardization of terminology in 1998&#46; It defined enuresis as involuntary voiding while asleep with a frequency of at least 1 a month in children aged at least 5 years&#46; It already established the subtypes of primary enuresis &#40;without a previous dry period of 6 consecutive months&#41; and secondary enuresis &#40;with onset after such a dry period&#41;&#46; It also differentiated between nonmonosymptomatic and monosymptomatic based on the presence or absence&#44; respectively&#44; of daytime lower urinary tract symptoms&#46; These definitions have remained unchanged to present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In 2006&#44; the ICCS decided to use the term &#8220;enuresis&#8221; as synonymous with &#8220;nocturnal enuresis&#8221; and not for other types of daytime or continuous incontinence&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> presents the current definitions for enuresis and its subtypes proposed by different institutions&#58; the DSM-5&#44; ICCS and International Classification of Diseases &#40;ICD-10&#47;11&#41; criteria&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In one of the articles featured in the current issue of this journal&#44; its authors express the confusion generated by the use of different definitions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is essential that studies use the same terminology so that results can be compared and conclusions drawn&#44; both in clinical practice and in research&#46; In documents that are not specifically focused on psychiatric disorders&#44; we recommend using the terminology proposed by the ICCS&#46; This society gathers specialists from different fields involved in the management of enuresis &#40;paediatricians&#44; paediatric surgeons&#44; urologists&#44; nephrologists&#44; psychologists&#44; psychiatrists&#44; paediatric nurses&#8230;&#41; that&#44; in recent decades&#44; applying criteria based on clinical experience evidence-based medicine&#44; have succeeded in agreeing on many different aspects of enuresis with a broad perspective that encompasses organic and functional disease and that is more useful for paediatric clinical practice&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any external funding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">- Involuntary or intentional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- Involuntary or intentional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Frequency&#58;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Frequency and other criteria</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Frequency&#58;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- &#8805; 1 episode&#47;month for at least 3 months &#40;3 in 3 consecutive months&#41;&#46; A lower frequency is accepted in older children&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">One of the 2 following criteria&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- 2 or more events a month in children aged &#60; 7 years or at least 1 a month in children aged &#8805; 7 years&#44; for 3 consecutive months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age</span> &#8805; 5 years &#40;does not consider impaired quality of life for diagnosis&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- &#8805; 2 episodes&#47;week for 3 consecutive months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age</span> &#8805; 5 years &#40;or equivalent level of development&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Excluded if&#58;</span> Continuous urinary incontinence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- Clinically significant distress or impairment in social&#44; academic &#40;occupational&#41;&#44; or other important areas of functioning&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Excluded if&#58;</span> Attributable to seizures&#44; neurologic disorder&#44; structural abnormality of the urinary tract and other psychiatric or non-psychiatric diseases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age</span> &#8805; 5 years &#40;or equivalent developmental level&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Excluded if&#58;</span> Attributable to the physiological effects of a substance &#40;antipsychotic medication&#44; diuretic &#8230;&#41; or another medical condition &#40;diabetes&#44; epilepsies&#44; spina bifida&#8230;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">SUBTYPES</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Monosymptomatic</span>&#58; no significant daytime lower urinary tract symptoms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nocturnal only</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;monosymptomatic&#8221;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nocturnal only</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;monosymptomatic&#8221;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nonmonosymptomatic</span>&#58; with significant daytime lower urinary tract symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Diurnal only</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;urinary incontinence&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Diurnal only</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;urinary incontinence&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nocturnal and diurnal</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;nonmonosymptomatic&#8221;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nocturnal and diurnal</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;nonmonosymptomatic&#8221;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Primary</span>&#58; without a previous dry period lasting at least 6 consecutive months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Primary</span>&#58; without a previous dry period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Primary</span>&#58; present from birth&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Secondary</span>&#58; previous dry period of at least 6 consecutive months&#46; Not considered secondary if the dry period occurs during or after 2 years of treatment of enuresis &#40;relapse or failure&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Secondary</span>&#58; previous stable dry period &#40;of unspecified duration&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Secondary</span>&#58; following a period of acquired bladder control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Does not consider whether the dry period was spontaneous or the result of a treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2670115.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Significant daytime lower urinary tract symptoms&#58; incontinence while awake&#44; voiding urgency&#44; voiding frequency&#44; urinary tract infection&#44; straining to void&#44; weak stream&#44; large post-void residual&#44; dysfunctional voiding&#46; Not significant&#58; vaginal reflux&#44; giggle incontinence&#44; stress incontinence &#40;adults&#41;&#44; voiding postponement&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Diurnal incontinence&#58; urge incontinence and voiding postponement&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">If daytime lower urinary tract symptoms are present in the absence of incontinence &#40;urgency&#44; frequency&#44; straining&#44; weak stream&#44; functional obstruction&#41;&#44; enuresis is considered nocturnal&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Definitions and subtypes of enuresis based on the criteria of the major scientific societies&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Incontinence and headache in preschool children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "A&#46; von Gontard"
                            1 => "C&#46; Overs"
                            2 => "A&#46; Moritz"
                            3 => "S&#46; Thom&#233;-Granz"
                            4 => "J&#46; Hussong"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/nau.24134"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Neurourol Urodyn&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "38"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2280"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2287"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31397011"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Association between constipation and childhood nocturnal enuresis in Taiwan&#58; a population-based matched case-control study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Y&#46;C&#46; Hsiao"
                            1 => "J&#46;H&#46; Wang"
                            2 => "C&#46;L&#46; Chang"
                            3 => "C&#46;J&#46; Hsieh"
                            4 => "M&#46;C&#46; Chen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/s12887-020-1939-z"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Pediatrics&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "paginaInicial" => "35"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31992241"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Influencia del estre&#241;imiento en la enuresis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Rodr&#237;guez-Ruiz"
                            1 => "R&#46; Mendez-Gallart"
                            2 => "M&#46; Garc&#237;a M&#233;rida"
                            3 => "I&#46; Somoza-Arguibay"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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Editorial
Enuresis. Let's look towards the future. What concepts are useful?
Enuresis. Miremos al futuro. ¿Qué conceptos son útiles?
María Isabel Úbeda-Sansanoa,
Corresponding author
ubeda_isa@gva.es

Corresponding author.
, Roberto Martínez-Garcíab
a Centro de Salud La Eliana, Valencia, Spain
b Sección de Urología Funcional, Reconstructiva e Incontinencia Urinaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enuresis is a frequent problem in childhood that is underdiagnosed and undertreated&#46; The approach to its aetiology has changed over time&#44; from the attribution of psychopathological causes to the current perspective of a multifactorial aetiology with emphasis on physiological&#44; psychological&#44; genetic and environmental factors&#46; Although many different hypotheses have been formulated&#44; it is believed that they all converge and manifest through a specific impairment in waking in response to the sensation of a full bladder&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The development of our understanding of enuresis from the 1960s to present has been slow&#44; and the condition has gone from being considered a minor issue to an important problem for children for several reasons&#58; its high prevalence&#44; its psychological impact&#44; the impairment of quality of life and its sequelae in adulthood &#40;adult enuresis and overactive bladder&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epidemiological studies have established that the prevalence of enuresis is high in the early years of life&#44; with a rapid decline from age 5 to age 7&#8211;9 years &#40;spontaneous resolution&#41;&#44; that primary enuresis is more frequent than secondary enuresis and that monosymptomatic enuresis is more frequent than nonmonosymptomatic enuresis&#46; They have also identified certain associations and comorbidities&#46; Thus&#44; in addition to daytime urinary symptoms&#44; other manifestations that are not related to the urinary system are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder&#44; obesity&#44; severe sleep apnoea&#44; poor academic performance&#44; sickle cell anaemia etc&#46; Constipation has been growing in importance as a comorbidity&#44; and a few years ago evidence emerged that it was the intermediate factor in the association between enuresis and chronic headache&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current technology has facilitated performance of epidemiological studies through the analysis of population databases which&#44; despite their limitations&#44; allow obtaining large samples&#46; Recently&#44; a case-control study that analysed data from population databases confirmed the association between enuresis and chronic constipation in children aged 5&#8211;12 years&#44; without providing information about specific enuresis subtypes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The authors proposed assessing constipation before and after treatment of enuresis and any time an anticholinergic drug is introduced&#44; as these drugs can make constipation worse and interfere with its resolution&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current issue of <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Anales de Pediatr&#237;a</span> features a study that provides clarification on the issue&#44; based on data obtained through a questionnaire&#44; evincing that constipation is associated most strongly with the nonmonosymptomatic type&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most cross-sectional studies consist of surveys of the population that require identification of diseases and their characteristics through methods other than those used in clinical practice&#44; without performance of an anamnesis&#44; a physical examination or diagnostic tests&#46; Thus&#44; questionnaires become diagnostic tools and need to be &#8220;validated&#8221; to ensure that they produce reproducible results&#44; that they can be understood by survey respondents and that they provide information similar to the information obtained in clinical practice &#40;adequate sensitivity and specificity&#41;&#46; One of the problems commonly encountered is the absence of &#8220;survey definitions&#8221;&#46; Research publications should describe the combinations of items and answers used in the definitions of cases or factors under study&#46; An example of such adequate description is available in the article on the influence of constipation on enuresis published in the current issue of this journal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For years&#44; advances in enuresis have been compromised by biases in research&#44; whether intentional or not&#44; and the poor quality of published studies&#44; which results have confused clinicians and researchers alike&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another identified difficulty is the heterogeneous terminology used in the definition of enuresis&#46; The concept of enuresis has undergone an interesting evolution through the past few decades&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The initial milestone took place in 1968 when the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders &#40;DSM&#41;&#44; second edition &#40;DSM-II&#41; of the American Psychiatric Association proposed that enuresis was a psychophysiological symptom of psychopathology and classified it as a &#8220;special symptom not elsewhere classified&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twelve years later &#40;1980&#41;&#44; in the DSM-III&#44; the term was changed to &#8220;functional enuresis&#8221; with an emphasis on ruling out physical disease and the description of symptoms&#46; This edition defined enuresis as &#8220;repeated involuntary leak of urine&#8221; with &#8220;at least 2 such events per month for children between the ages of five and six&#44; and at least one event per month for older children&#8221;&#46; The term &#8220;enuresis&#8221; included both passage of urine during sleep and in daytime&#46; &#8220;Primary&#8221; enuresis was defined as enuresis in children that had not yet achieved continence and &#8220;secondary&#8221; as enuresis as enuresis preceded by a period of continence of at least one year&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; in 1994 the DSM-4-TR enuresis was redefined as a disorder&#44; which is a behavioural or psychological pattern&#46; The definition was expanded to also include intentional voiding of urine and the frequency criterion became more stringent&#44; with a minimum of 2 events per week required for diagnosis&#46; The age criterion of a developmental level equivalent to 5 years or older was introduced&#44; in addition to the alternative criterion for diagnosis that it &#8220;must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social&#44; academic &#40;occupational&#41;&#44; or other important areas of functioning&#8221;&#46; These modifications shifted the diagnostic approach to improve the definition of psychiatric disorders and remain in the current edition&#44; the DSM-5&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The International Children&#8217;s Continence Society &#40;ICCS&#41; was also established in the1990s&#44; publishing its first document for the standardization of terminology in 1998&#46; It defined enuresis as involuntary voiding while asleep with a frequency of at least 1 a month in children aged at least 5 years&#46; It already established the subtypes of primary enuresis &#40;without a previous dry period of 6 consecutive months&#41; and secondary enuresis &#40;with onset after such a dry period&#41;&#46; It also differentiated between nonmonosymptomatic and monosymptomatic based on the presence or absence&#44; respectively&#44; of daytime lower urinary tract symptoms&#46; These definitions have remained unchanged to present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In 2006&#44; the ICCS decided to use the term &#8220;enuresis&#8221; as synonymous with &#8220;nocturnal enuresis&#8221; and not for other types of daytime or continuous incontinence&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> presents the current definitions for enuresis and its subtypes proposed by different institutions&#58; the DSM-5&#44; ICCS and International Classification of Diseases &#40;ICD-10&#47;11&#41; criteria&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In one of the articles featured in the current issue of this journal&#44; its authors express the confusion generated by the use of different definitions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is essential that studies use the same terminology so that results can be compared and conclusions drawn&#44; both in clinical practice and in research&#46; In documents that are not specifically focused on psychiatric disorders&#44; we recommend using the terminology proposed by the ICCS&#46; This society gathers specialists from different fields involved in the management of enuresis &#40;paediatricians&#44; paediatric surgeons&#44; urologists&#44; nephrologists&#44; psychologists&#44; psychiatrists&#44; paediatric nurses&#8230;&#41; that&#44; in recent decades&#44; applying criteria based on clinical experience evidence-based medicine&#44; have succeeded in agreeing on many different aspects of enuresis with a broad perspective that encompasses organic and functional disease and that is more useful for paediatric clinical practice&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any external funding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as&#58; &#218;beda-Sansano MI&#44; Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a R&#46; Enuresis&#46; Miremos al futuro&#46; &#191;Qu&#233; conceptos son &#250;tiles&#63; An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2021&#59;95&#58;69&#8211;71&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ICCS - &#40;2016&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DSM-5 &#40;2013&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ICD-10&#47;11 &#40;1990&#41;&#47;&#40;2019&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DEFINITION</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- Urinary intermittent incontinence that occurs during periods of sleep&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- Repeated voiding of urine into clothes or bed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- Involuntary&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- Involuntary or intentional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- Involuntary or intentional&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Frequency&#58;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Frequency and other criteria</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Frequency&#58;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- &#8805; 1 episode&#47;month for at least 3 months &#40;3 in 3 consecutive months&#41;&#46; A lower frequency is accepted in older children&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">One of the 2 following criteria&#58;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- 2 or more events a month in children aged &#60; 7 years or at least 1 a month in children aged &#8805; 7 years&#44; for 3 consecutive months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age</span> &#8805; 5 years &#40;does not consider impaired quality of life for diagnosis&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- &#8805; 2 episodes&#47;week for 3 consecutive months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age</span> &#8805; 5 years &#40;or equivalent level of development&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Excluded if&#58;</span> Continuous urinary incontinence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">- Clinically significant distress or impairment in social&#44; academic &#40;occupational&#41;&#44; or other important areas of functioning&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Excluded if&#58;</span> Attributable to seizures&#44; neurologic disorder&#44; structural abnormality of the urinary tract and other psychiatric or non-psychiatric diseases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age</span> &#8805; 5 years &#40;or equivalent developmental level&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Excluded if&#58;</span> Attributable to the physiological effects of a substance &#40;antipsychotic medication&#44; diuretic &#8230;&#41; or another medical condition &#40;diabetes&#44; epilepsies&#44; spina bifida&#8230;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">SUBTYPES</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Monosymptomatic</span>&#58; no significant daytime lower urinary tract symptoms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nocturnal only</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;monosymptomatic&#8221;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nocturnal only</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;monosymptomatic&#8221;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nonmonosymptomatic</span>&#58; with significant daytime lower urinary tract symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Diurnal only</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;urinary incontinence&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Diurnal only</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;urinary incontinence&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nocturnal and diurnal</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;nonmonosymptomatic&#8221;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Nocturnal and diurnal</span> &#40;considered equivalent to &#8220;nonmonosymptomatic&#8221;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Primary</span>&#58; without a previous dry period lasting at least 6 consecutive months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Primary</span>&#58; without a previous dry period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Primary</span>&#58; present from birth&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Secondary</span>&#58; previous dry period of at least 6 consecutive months&#46; Not considered secondary if the dry period occurs during or after 2 years of treatment of enuresis &#40;relapse or failure&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Does not consider whether the dry period was spontaneous or the result of a treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Y&#46;C&#46; Hsiao"
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                            3 => "C&#46;J&#46; Hsieh"
                            4 => "M&#46;C&#46; Chen"
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                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "20"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31992241"
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                            2 => "M&#46; Garc&#237;a M&#233;rida"
                            3 => "I&#46; Somoza-Arguibay"
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Article information
ISSN: 23412879
Original language: English
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Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
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¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

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