Scientific Letter
Epidemiological update on SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spain. Comments on the management of infection in pediatrics
Actualización de la situación epidemiológica de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en España. Comentarios a las recomendaciones de manejo de la infección en pediatría
Cristina Calvoa,b,
, Alfredo Tagarrob,c, Enrique Otheod, Cristina Epalzab,e, Grupo de Seguimiento de la Infección por SARS-CoV2 en la Comunidad de Madrid
Corresponding author
a Servicio de Pediatría y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Fundación IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
b Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), Spain
c Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastian de los Reyes, Fundación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid Spain
e Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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Comentarios a las recomendaciones de manejo de la infección en pediatría" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the development of the document “Recomendaciones sobre el manejo clínico de la infección por el «nuevo coronavirus» SARS-CoV2”,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> there have been substantial changes in the epidemiological situation in Spain. At present, more than 500 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been detected, with the disease affecting all age groups, including children. Currently, the most important epidemiological factor linked to the disease is contact with individuals with confirmed infection, although travel to an area considered to be high-risk, such as Northern Italy, which is quite frequent due to its proximity to Spain, is also a significant factor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several paediatric case series have been published in China, confirming that paediatric cases amount from 0.8% to 2% of the total detected. The clinical presentation is mild in most children, even in infants, with fever of short duration and cold-like symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–6</span></a> The articles published so far have not reported an association with wheezing. Blood tests in children are usually normal and computed tomography (CT) scans reveal the presence of patchy infiltration (not always detectable in chest radiographs). There is evidence that children, even in cases of mild disease, can be an important source of transmission, with a rate of infection of close contacts of 7.4% in children aged less than 10 years, similar to the mean rate in the adult population of 7.9%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> There is also evidence that children may shed virus, mainly in stools, for a prolonged time that may even reach 1 month, and that respiratory secretions in children may have high viral loads.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> No deaths have been reported in children under 10 years and most recover in 14–30 days. No data are currently available on infection in immunocompromised children.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When it comes to treatment, some of the patients described in the literature<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> have received lopinavir/ritonavir despite having mild illness. We await the results of a clinical trial with lopinavir/ritonavir, which will shed light on the possibility of using this antiretroviral drug for treatment of COVID-19, as its efficacy is currently uncertain. Multiple studies in adults are comparing combination therapy with the antimalarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine and other antivirals, although there are no data on the paediatric population. Remdesivir, the nucleotide analogue antiviral developed to treat Ebola, continues to be the drug considered most promising to be effective, and dosages of this drug have been established for the paediatric population. Its use for treatment of COVID-19 is off-label and a request for authorisation must be placed with the Agencia del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios (Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices AEMPS).</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the time of this writing, 6 cases of COVID-19 have been detected in children in Spain, 2 in the autonomous community of Castilla La Mancha and 5 in the Community of Madrid, out of a total of 500 cases, which amounts to a proportion of approximately 1%.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As of March 7, 2020, less than 10 days after the first case of COVID-19 was reported in Madrid, at least 63 patients aged less than 14 years (54% male) have been tested for SARS-CoV-2 by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mean age of these patients was 4.5 years, and 10 (16%) had underlying disease. Of the 63 patients known to have been tested, 13 (20%) were contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases, 15 (28%) were patients with compatible symptoms and risk factors (travel to high-risk area or close contact with adults with compatible symptoms and a history of travel to a high-risk area), and 35 (63%) were patients admitted to hospital with severe respiratory illness and no known epidemiological risk factors. The most frequent clinical presentation in these patients was pneumonia (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 32/35; 91%), with or without associated wheezing (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The presence of SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed by testing of nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens in 5 patients (8%). Two of them were contacts of confirmed cases, 2 were first-degree relatives of a contact of a confirmed case, and 1 was a case with no identifiable source of infection.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the time being, these data corroborate that approximately 1% of cases of COVID-19 occur in children, as has been described in other countries. However, we must interpret these figures with caution, as the incidence varies based on the number of tested cases, and to date only a small percentage of paediatric patients have been screened for the virus. This could result in the underestimation of the actual percentage of cases, as many may go unnoticed due to a mild presentation, while still posing a risk of community spread.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The indications for screening change from week to week based on the epidemiological situation and the growing knowledge of the disease, and it is important to determine whether the purpose of testing is to isolate cases and contain infection, which would probably require testing individuals with mild illness too, or to guide the clinical management of more severe cases, which could affect the indications for testing. Lastly, the indications for testing must be carefully balanced with its potential social impact and the limited availability of human and material resources that the health care system may be facing in upcoming weeks.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Through its website, the Asociación Española de Pediatría (Spanish Association of Paediatrics) makes available documents, updated periodically, specifying the care protocols for different situations, including management of children who belong to high-risk groups. The website of the Spanish Ministry of Health also offers information updated daily.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-03-08" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-03-09" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Calvo C, Tagarro A, Otheo E, Epalza C. Actualización de la situación epidemiológica de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en España. Comentarios a las recomendaciones de manejo de la infección en pediatría. An Pediatr (Barc). 2020;92:239–240.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Members of the Working Group for the Followup of Infection by SARS-CoV-2 in the Community of Madrid: Francisco José Sanz Santaufemia (Hospital [H.] Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús), Marta Llorente Romano. (Hospital del Sureste. Arganda del Rey). Cinta Moraleda (H. Universitario 12 de Octubre), María Luz García García (H. Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés), Maria Dolores Rodríguez Mesa (H. Universitario Infanta Cristina. Parla), Elvira Cobo Vázquez (Fundación Hospital Alcorcón), Sara Pérez Muñoz (Hospital de Torrejón), María Penin (Hospital Príncipe de Asturias. Alcalá de Henares), Mar Santos (H. Universitario Gregorio Marañón), Arantxa Berzosa (Hospital Clínico San Carlos), Adriana Navas Carretero (H. Universitario Infanta Leonor). Paula Vidal Lana (Hospital Infanta Elena), María José Hernández Rodríguez (H. Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla), Pilar Galán del Río (H. Universitario de Fuenlabrada), Lucía Figueroa Ospina (Hospital de Villalba), Sara Guillen Martín (Hospital Universitario de Getafe), Ana Belén Jimenez (Fundación Jiménez Díaz), Amanda Bermejo Gomez (Hospital de Móstoles), María José Cilleruelo (H. Universitario Puerta de Hierro), Mariann Tóvizi (Hospital del Tajo, Aranjuez).</p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "identificador" => "sec0005" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Screened \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span> = 63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> = 5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34 (54%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4,5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2,5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Underlying disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (16%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (20%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Contact with confirmed case \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (14%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (40%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Relative of a contact or a suspected case \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (40%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Travel to a risk area or relative of a traveller to a risk area \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (14%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Admission for severe respiratory illness with no known epidemiological risk factors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 (63%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (20%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2291951.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Paediatric patients screened in the Community of Madrid.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Recomendaciones sobre el manejo clínico de la infección por el «nuevo coronavirus» SARS-CoV2. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2024 October | 54 | 38 | 92 |
| 2024 September | 58 | 34 | 92 |
| 2024 August | 73 | 55 | 128 |
| 2024 July | 46 | 27 | 73 |
| 2024 June | 48 | 24 | 72 |
| 2024 May | 74 | 33 | 107 |
| 2024 April | 50 | 31 | 81 |
| 2024 March | 58 | 31 | 89 |
| 2024 February | 51 | 32 | 83 |
| 2024 January | 37 | 34 | 71 |
| 2023 December | 39 | 30 | 69 |
| 2023 November | 59 | 63 | 122 |
| 2023 October | 44 | 28 | 72 |
| 2023 September | 47 | 30 | 77 |
| 2023 August | 39 | 21 | 60 |
| 2023 July | 60 | 24 | 84 |
| 2023 June | 52 | 26 | 78 |
| 2023 May | 71 | 24 | 95 |
| 2023 April | 34 | 14 | 48 |
| 2023 March | 58 | 25 | 83 |
| 2023 February | 56 | 23 | 79 |
| 2023 January | 38 | 22 | 60 |
| 2022 December | 65 | 35 | 100 |
| 2022 November | 62 | 36 | 98 |
| 2022 October | 77 | 45 | 122 |
| 2022 September | 56 | 36 | 92 |
| 2022 August | 62 | 38 | 100 |
| 2022 July | 145 | 55 | 200 |
| 2022 June | 43 | 43 | 86 |
| 2022 May | 62 | 43 | 105 |
| 2022 April | 58 | 38 | 96 |
| 2022 March | 66 | 52 | 118 |
| 2022 February | 54 | 39 | 93 |
| 2022 January | 111 | 52 | 163 |
| 2021 December | 91 | 49 | 140 |
| 2021 November | 82 | 60 | 142 |
| 2021 October | 93 | 99 | 192 |
| 2021 September | 58 | 48 | 106 |
| 2021 August | 44 | 42 | 86 |
| 2021 July | 59 | 34 | 93 |
| 2021 June | 62 | 54 | 116 |
| 2021 May | 93 | 41 | 134 |
| 2021 April | 162 | 136 | 298 |
| 2021 March | 108 | 55 | 163 |
| 2021 February | 82 | 23 | 105 |
| 2021 January | 121 | 28 | 149 |
| 2020 December | 103 | 37 | 140 |
| 2020 November | 76 | 27 | 103 |
| 2020 October | 78 | 23 | 101 |
| 2020 September | 92 | 40 | 132 |
| 2020 August | 73 | 20 | 93 |
| 2020 July | 156 | 31 | 187 |
| 2020 June | 179 | 39 | 218 |
| 2020 May | 261 | 51 | 312 |
| 2020 April | 578 | 194 | 772 |
| 2020 March | 247 | 95 | 342 |
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