Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease as regards the use of drugs in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with a known heart disease, as well as in the general paediatric population: position statement by the Spanish Paediatric Association

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IgA deficiency: values below the thresholds established by the laboratory for age or < 0.2g/L in children aged more than 3 years. 2. Ask the family not to initiate a low-gluten or gluten-free diet before the patient is evaluated in the Paediatric Gastroenterology department. 3. Convey the message that regardless of how the diagnosis is reached, treatment with a gluten-free diet is life-long. 4. In case of a positive anti-tTG IgA test with a low titre, confirm sufficient dietary gluten intake. Consider repeating serological tests adding the EMA test. 5. 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Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas, Spain" "etiqueta" => "k" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] 11 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Grupo de Cardiología Clínica, Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas, Spain" "etiqueta" => "l" "identificador" => "aff0060" ] 12 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Grupo de Arritmias de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas, Spain" "etiqueta" => "m" "identificador" => "aff0065" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Española de Cardiologia Pediatrica y Cardiopatias Congenitas en relacion al uso de medicamentos en el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en niños y adolescentes con cardiopatias conocidas y en la población pediatrica general, posicionamiento de la Asociación Española de Pediatria" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder usually with onset in childhood characterised by a persistent pattern of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity (DSM-5).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> Broadly speaking, in children and adolescents pharmacological treatment is only recommended when cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy has failed or in case of moderate to severe symptoms.The drugs authorised in Spain for treatment of ADHD are methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, atomoxetine and guanfacine. Due to the potential cardiovascular adverse effects of these drugs, mainly increases in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate, their use in patients with known or undiagnosed congenital heart defects (CHDs) is controversial.ObjectiveTo develop a consensus document of the Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas (Spanish Association of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, SECPCC) in collaboration with experts from other societies and agencies useful to paediatric cardiologists and physicians managing children and adolescents with ADHD.MethodologyAnalysis of the scientific literature and international clinical practice guidelines, summary of product characteristics of drugs authorised by the Agencia Española del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios (Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices) and the Guideline of the Spanish Ministry of Health.To this end, a working group was formed consisting of a coordinator, members of the Working Group on Clinical Cardiology and the Group on Arrhythmias of the SECPCC with relevant clinical experience on the subject. This group developed an initial version of the document that was revised by an external group of experts (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0075">Appendix A</a>) and an internal group of experts of the SECPCC (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0080">Appendix B</a>), eventually reaching a consensus on the final document.Recommendations of the Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas on the cardiovascular evaluation preceding treatmentIn children and adolescents with unknown cardiovascular diseaseBased on the current literature,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> and in agreement with the main international guidelines,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–8</a> the SECPCC recommends performing a cardiovascular evaluation before initiating treatment for ADHD in children and adolescents with unknown cardiovascular disease by means of a history taking and physical examination. Routine performance of an electrocardiogram (ECG) is not recommended, but should be reserved for selected cases as described below.History taking: emphasis should be placed on the identification of known heart diseases and the presence of warning signs such as syncope suggestive of a cardiac origin (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) or from a non-vasovagal cause, chest pain suggestive of a cardiac origin, palpitations or shortness of breath on exertion. It is also important to ask about the history of sudden death in relatives aged less than 40 years or the presence of heart disease in the family, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome or other channelopathies, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta, arterial hypertension (HTN) at an early age or renal disease. In case of warning signs or a reasonable suspicion of heart disease, the patient should be referred to a cardiologist before initiating pharmacological treatment.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Physical examination: It should include measurement of the weight and height of the patient. Particular attention should be paid to the detection of murmurs during auscultation and the identification of features of Marfan syndrome, such as tall final height relative to the predicted target height, tall and slender build, pectus carinatum or excavatum, long and narrow face, long and slender fingers, limited extension of the elbow or scoliosis, among others. In case of detection of a murmur or features of Marfan syndrome, the patient must be referred to a cardiologist prior to initiation of pharmacotherapy. Since several studies have found evidence of mild increases in heart rate and BP (both systolic and diastolic) in association with the use of stimulant and nonstimulant drugs for treatment of ADHD,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> we recommend including measurement of the heart rate and BP in the initial assessment prior to initiation of pharmacotherapy, with subsequent monitoring of both variables every 3–6 months.Blood pressure: we recommend adherence to the protocol for measurement of BP proposed by the European Society of Hypertension,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> using a cuff of appropriate size for the age of the patient, and calculating the percentiles of BP based on the height of the patient. If the initial BP value is high, the measurement should be repeated at least twice. If it remains high (> 95th percentile), an evaluation of HTN should be performed by means of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and if HTN is confirmed, this should be followed by an investigation of its aetiology and an evaluation of potential damage in target organs. If a high BP is detected in patients already undergoing pharmacological treatment for ADHD, the dose of medication could be reduced or medication suspended before starting the evaluation of HTN. Once a diagnosis is established, the management of the patient can include a combination of antihypertensive drugs and pharmacotherapy for ADHD with guanfacine, which is associated with hypotension, or the dosage of ADHD medication can be reduced or the medication discontinued altogether.Heart rate: in case of detection of a heart rate that is persistently above the 99th percentile (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>), potential psychological and medical causes should be explored, and an ECG performed to confirm that the patient has sinus tachycardia and not another form of arrhythmia. It is important to consider that patients with ADHD frequently experience anxiety symptoms that may in turn be associated with increased heart rate. It is possible, although rare, that the sinus tachycardia is severe enough to require adjustment or discontinuation of pharmacological treatment.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Electrocardiogram: performance of an ECG is not recommended as part of the routine cardiovascular assessment prior to initiating pharmacotherapy. In case of treatment with guanfacine and atomoxetine combined with other drugs that may prolong the QT interval (such as escitalopram or fluoxetine), or of treatment combining methylphenidate and risperidone,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> monitoring of the QTc interval is advisable. An ECG should be performed if the patient requires referral to a cardiologist due to abnormal findings in the cardiovascular assessment, symptoms suggesting cardiovascular origin or a family history of sudden death.In children and adolescents with known heart diseaseIf the patient has a known cardiac disease, we recommend consultation with a paediatric cardiologist prior to initiating pharmacotherapy.The cardiologist and ADHD specialist should discuss the appropriate approach for pharmacotherapy with the family, engaging in shared decision-making after providing the family with adequate information and taking into account the risks and benefits of treatment.We recommend measurement of BP and heart rate before initiation of treatment with additional measurements every 3–6 months (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). In patients with CHDs and a circulatory physiology that could be compromised by tachycardia or increased BP, the BP and heart rate should be monitored every 1 or 2 months. In case of detection of tachycardia or a history indicative of arrhythmia, the patient should be evaluated by means of 24-h Holter monitoring (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Recommendations of the Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas on the use of medication for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with cardiovascular diseasePatients with cardiovascular symptoms and no evidence of heart disease<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">•Children or adolescents with a diagnosis of neurocardiogenic syncope or symptoms suggestive of orthostatic hypotension can start pharmacotherapy for ADHD, avoiding the use of guanfacine due to its hypotensive effect.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">•Children or adolescents with a diagnosis of nonspecific chest pain or palpitations with a normal cardiological evaluation (ECG, echocardiogram, Holter ECG or cardiac stress test, as applicable), can start pharmacotherapy for ADHD using stimulant or nonstimulant drugs.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">•Children or adolescents with a family history of sudden death in the absence of evidence of inherited heart conditions, and with a normal cardiological evaluation (ECG, echocardiogram, Holter ECG or cardiac stress test, as applicable) and negative results of genetic testing or in who genetic testing is not indicated, can start pharmacotherapy for ADHD.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">•In children or adolescents with a family history of sudden death, a normal cardiological evaluation (ECG, echocardiogram, Holter ECG or cardiac stress test, as applicable) and positive results of genetic testing but a negative phenotype at the time of the evaluation, decisions regarding pharmacotherapy should be individualised.</li></ul>Congenital heart defectsThe following patients may receive medication for ADHD:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">•Patients with mild and haemodynamically insignificant CHDs that had not undergone corrective surgery and do not require treatment for the heart disease.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030">•Patients with simple or complex CHDs that have undergone successful corrective surgery, without residual lesions and not receiving treatment for the heart disease.</li></ul>The use of pharmacological treatment for ADHD should be individualised in the following cases:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035">•Patients particularly sensitive to an increase in afterload due to an increase in BP secondary to stimulant therapy, such as patients with ventriculoarterial valve or systemic atrioventricular valve regurgitation.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040">•Patients particularly sensitive to a decrease in afterload due to a potential decrease in BP secondary to treatment with guanfacine, such as patients with systemic ventricular outflow obstruction.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045">•Patients particularly sensitive to potential tachycardias secondary to stimulant therapy, such as those with diastolic dysfunction or mitral stenosis in whom a shortening of the diastole should be avoided, or patients with systolic dysfunction in whom an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption secondary to tachycardia should be avoided.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050">•Patients at risk of coronary failure: patients with Kawasaki disease, that have undergone coronary reimplantation (arterial switch procedure, Ross procedure, anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery), with anomalous origin or paths of coronary arteries, vasculitis, or early atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. In these cases, it is important to ensure that the coronary flow reserve is sufficient in case of a potential increase in myocardial oxygen consumption secondary to the use of sympathomimetic drugs.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055">•In all cases, we recommend clinical monitoring of the patient after treatment initiation, assessing changes in BP, heart rate and ECG features and the haemodynamic impact of these changes after initiating treatment and any increase in dosage. The frequency of these assessments should be established on a case-by-case basis.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060">•Dose adjustments or discontinuation of ADHD medication should be considered in case of a haemodynamic response that can have a negative impact on the patient’s heart condition.</li></ul>We recommend against initiating pharmacological treatment in:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065">•Patients with haemodynamically unstable CHD, before the haemodynamically or clinically significant lesion is corrected or treated.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070">•Patients with CHD and residual HTN. Adequate management and control of BP must precede initiation of pharmacological treatment for ADHD.</li></ul>CardiomyopathiesThe risks and benefits of ADHD treatment should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis in collaboration with the ADHD specialist (neurologist, psychiatrist or paediatrician).Initiation of pharmacotherapy is not recommended in patients with haemodynamically unstable cardiomyopathy.We recommend clinical monitoring of the patient after initiation of treatment, assessing changes in BP, heart rate and ECG features as well as the impact of these changes in the haemodynamic status of the patient. These variables should be assessed on treatment initiation and after each dose increase, if applicable.Dose adjustment or discontinuation of ADHD medication should be considered in patients exhibiting haemodynamic changes that may have a negative impact on the cardiomyopathy.Marfan syndrome and other aortopathiesPatients with a normal aortic root diameter, with or without ongoing treatment, can start pharmacotherapy for ADHD with monitoring of BP and heart rate every month or 2 months and whenever the dose is increased.In patients with a dilated aorta undergoing treatment with beta-blockers or angiotensin II receptor blockers, it is particularly important to be prudent in the decision to initiate ADHD medication, as an increase in heart rate or BP could be highly detrimental. In any case, the drug with the least sympathomimetic activity available should be selected, for instance, guanfacine. Another important aspect to consider is that since these patients are receiving hypotensive treatment, they may not tolerate further increases in BP.In case of HTN, ADHD treatment should be suspended and BP controlled with pharmacotherapy before gradually reintroducing ADHD medication.In case of concomitant mitral valve regurgitation, treatment should also adhere to the recommendations given in the CHD section of this guideline.High blood pressureBlood pressure should be measured following the technical recommendations and reference values of the European Society of Hypertension.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a>The BP should be measured before initiating and during treatment with ADHD drugs at intervals to be determined on a case-by-case basis considering everything that has been discussed to this point. It is important to use a cuff size appropriate for the age of the patients and to calculate the BP percentiles based on height.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060">12,13</a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075">•If the BP is below the 95th percentile, ADHD pharmacotherapy can be initiated/continued.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080">•If the BP is above the 95th percentile, it must be measured 2 more times after intervals of 10min of rest; if the BP continues to be high, the dose should be reduced or the ADHD medication suspended temporarily, with subsequent monitoring of BP.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085">aIf the BP is below the 95th percentile in the next check up, treatment can continue or resume.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090">bIf the BP is above the 95th percentile in the next check up, the patient should be referred to a paediatric nephrologist for performance of an evaluation including a 24-h ABPM. If the findings of ABPM are abnormal, we also recommend performance of an ECG and an echocardiographic evaluation. A second ABPM should be performed, and in case of abnormal findings, HTN should be diagnosed and the required treatment initiated.. If the second ABPM does not confirm the diagnosis of HTN, ADHD treatment can be initiated.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095">○Once HTN has been diagnosed and relevant treatment initiated, if control of BP is achieved with sustained values below the 95th percentile, it is possible to initiate or resume pharmacotherapy for ADHD.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100">○It is important to recommend nonpharmacological lifestyle interventions in all patients with high blood pressure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a>: physical activity, dietary recommendations (increased intake of fruit, vegetables and legumes, choosing low-fat dairy products, decreased intake of salt and sugars), weight loss as needed, and stress reduction.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105">○In children with ADHD, the prevalence of anxiety is much higher compared to the general population, so any measure aimed at reducing stress should be considered, as well as specific treatment for anxiety, if the patient requires it. Anxiety is associated to increase both BP and heart rate.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110">○We recommend against pharmacological treatment of ADHD (with stimulants or atomoxetine) in patients with moderate or severe HTN.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5,14</a></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115">○In case of elevation of BP with psychostimulant drugs (methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine), consider the addition of a beta-blocker on a case-by-case basis.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120">○It is important to take into account that stimulants may reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs, and caution should be exerted when they are administered along with drugs that also increase BP.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125">○In case of moderate HTN, treatment with guanfacine may be considered. It is important to remember that the dose of guanfacine should be tapered off before discontinuation to minimise the risk of rebound HTN.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130">○If during treatment with guanfacine the patient develops sustained orthostatic hypotension or episodes of syncope, the dose should be reduced or the ADHD medication switched to a different drug.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>Arrythmia and arrhythmogenic disordersTreatment for ADHD with stimulant or nonstimulant drugs can be initiated in:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135">•Patients with incidental findings in ECG that are frequent in childhood and adolescence and are not pathological: incomplete right bundle branch block, respiratory sinus arrhythmia or wandering atrial pacemaker.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140">•Patients with incidental finding in ECG of complete right bundle branch block or left anterior or posterior hemiblock, once structural heart disease has been ruled out.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145">•Asymptomatic patients with incidental detection of infrequent (< 60/h) monomorphic premature supraventricular contractions after ruling out relevant associated disease. We recommend performance of 24-h Holter monitoring after treatment initiation to assess for changes in the pattern of arrhythmia relative to baseline.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150">•Patients with Brugada syndrome, as the highest risk in these patients corresponds to situation with increased vagal tone.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155">•Patients with a history of supraventricular tachycardia currently not receiving antiarrhythmic drugs. In case of persistence or recurrence of tachycardia, consider the possibility of cardiac ablation for curative treatment.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160">•Asymptomatic patients with infrequent (< 60/h) monomorphic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) that are not complex, without underlying structural heart disease and with evidence of a decrease or disappearance of PVCs on exertion in the cardiac stress test. We recommend performance of 24-h Holter monitoring after treatment initiation to assess for changes in the pattern of arrhythmia relative to baseline.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165">•Asymptomatic patients with incidental finding of preexcitation in the ECG and evidence of disappearance of impulse conduction through the accessory pathway with development of a high heart rate in the cardiac stress test or 24-h Holter monitoring, in who it is not necessary to ablate the accessory pathway before initiating treatment.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170">•Asymptomatic patients with incidental finding of first degree or second degree (Mobitz I) atrioventricular block, avoiding the use of guanfacine.</li></ul>In the following cases, it is necessary to consult with a specialist in arrhythmias and individualise treatment:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175">•Patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. This is an infrequent disease with catecholamine-dependent features, so stimulant therapy is not recommended in these patients.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180">•Asymptomatic patients with frequent (> 60/h) monomorphic PVCs, polymorphic PVCs or complex PVCs, or with underlying structural heart disease.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185">•Asymptomatic patients with incidental finding of preexcitation on ECG and no evidence of disappearance of impulse conduction through the accessory pathway with development of a high heart rate in the cardiac stress test or 24-h Holter monitoring.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190">•Previous episode of aborted sudden cardiac death.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195">•Previous history of arrhythmia requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cardioversion, defibrillation or a pacemaker.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200">•History de arrythmia associated with sudden death.</li></ul>Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1308932" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Method" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1208408" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1308931" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Metodología" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1208407" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Methodology" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Recommendations of the Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas on the cardiovascular evaluation preceding treatment" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "In children and adolescents with unknown cardiovascular disease" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "In children and adolescents with known heart disease" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Recommendations of the Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas on the use of medication for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with cardiovascular disease" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Patients with cardiovascular symptoms and no evidence of heart disease" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Congenital heart defects" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Cardiomyopathies" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Marfan syndrome and other aortopathies" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "High blood pressure" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Arrythmia and arrhythmogenic disorders" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-07-14" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-09-10" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1208408" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Methylphenidate" 1 => "Atomoxetine" 2 => "Lisdexamphetamine" 3 => "Guanfacine" 4 => "Cardiovascular side effects" 5 => "Sudden death" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1208407" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Atomoxetina" 1 => "Lisdexanfetamina" 2 => "Guanfacina" 3 => "Efectos secundarios cardiovasculares" 4 => "Muerte súbita" 5 => "Cardiopatías congénitas" 6 => "Cardiopatías adquiridas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionApproved drugs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Spain are methylphenidate, lisdexamphetamine, atomoxetine and guanfacine. Due to adverse cardiovascular effects, mainly increased blood pressure and heart rate, its use in patients with known or undiagnosed heart disease may be controversial. ObjectiveTo obtain a consensus document from the Spanish Society of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases (SECPCC) and experts from other Agencies and Societies as a guide for the paediatric cardiologist and physicians who treat children and adolescents with ADHD. MethodAn analysis was performed on the bibliography and Clinical Practice Guidelines, technical data sheets approved by the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Health Devices, and the Spanish Ministry of Health Guidelines. A Working Group was formed, with a Coordinator, as well as members of the Clinical Cardiology Working Group and Arrhythmia Group of the SECPCC. This Group produced a preliminary document that was reviewed by a group of external experts (List 1) and a group of internal experts of the SECPCC (List 2) with a consensus being reached on the final document. ResultsThe recommendations of the SECPCC and the group of experts are presented on cardiovascular evaluation prior to treatment in children and adolescents with unknown cardiovascular disease and with known cardiovascular disease.The recommendations of the SECPCC and the group of experts are also presented on the use of medications for ADHD in children and adolescents with cardiological symptoms with no evidence of heart disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, Marfan syndrome and other aortic diseases, hypertension, and arrhythmias." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Method" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónLos fármacos aprobados para el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) en España son: metilfenidato, lisdexanfetamina, atomoxetina y guanfacina. Debido a los efectos adversos cardiovasculares que pueden producir, principalmente aumento de la tensión arterial y la frecuencia cardiaca, su uso en pacientes con cardiopatías conocidas o no diagnosticadas puede ser controvertido. ObjetivoRealización de un documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas (SECPCC) y expertos de otras Agencias y Sociedades como instrumento para el cardiólogo infantil y los médicos que tratan niños y adolescentes con TDAH. MetodologíaAnálisis de la bibliografía y Guías de Práctica Clínica, fichas técnicas aprobadas por la Agencia Española del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios y Guía del Ministerio de Sanidad español. Formación de un Grupo de trabajo con un Coordinador, miembros de los grupos de trabajo de Cardiología Clínica y Arritmias de la SECPCC. Este Grupo realizó un documento que fue revisado por un grupo de expertos externos (Anexo 1) y un grupo de expertos internos de la SECPCC (Anexo 2) llegando a un consenso para la obtención del documento final. ResultadosSe presentan las recomendaciones de la SECPCC y el grupo de expertos sobre la evaluación cardiovascular previa al tratamiento en niños y adolescentes sin enfermedad cardiovascular conocida y con enfermedad cardiovascular conocida. Se presentan las recomendaciones de la SECPCC y el grupo de expertos sobre el uso de medicamentos para el TDAH en niños y adolescentes con síntomas cardiológicos sin evidencia de cardiopatía, cardiopatías congénitas, miocardiopatías, síndrome de Marfan y otras aortopatías, hipertensión arterial y arritmias." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Metodología" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Picarzo JP-L, Malfaz FC, Marcos DC, Hernández RC, Soria TF, García BM. Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Española de Cardiologia Pediatrica y Cardiopatias Congenitas en relacion al uso de medicamentos en el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en niños y adolescentes con cardiopatias conocidas y en la población pediatrica general, posicionamiento de la Asociación Española de Pediatria. An Pediatr (Barc). 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.09.002" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "apendice" => "Agencia Española del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios (Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices). Almudena López Fando, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacosurveillance. Department of Medicinal Products for Human Use. Sociedad Española de Cardiología (Spanish Cardiology Association). Inmaculada Sánchez, Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal Madrid. Sociedad Española de Psiquiatría (Spanish Psychiatric Association). José Antonio Ramos Quiroga, coordinator of the Programme on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and coordinator of the Psychiatric Emergency Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona. Sociedad Española de Farmacología Clínica (Spanish Society of Clinical Pharmacology). Belén Ruiz Antorán, Expert Group of the European Medicines Agency, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid. Sociedad de Psiquiatría Infantil de la Asociación Española de Pediatría. Azucena Díez Suárez, Unidad de Psiquiatría Infantil y Adolescente, Clínica Universidad de Navarra. Asociación Española de Pediatría (Spanish Association of Pediatrics), Working Group on Evidence-Based Paediatrics. Carlos Ochoa Sangrador, Hospital Virgen de la Concha, Zamora. Sociedad Española de Neurología Pediátrica (Spanish Society of Paediatric Neurology). Francisco Javier López Pisón, Paediatric Neurology, Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza. Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Spanish Association of Primary Care Paediatrics, AEPap). José Miguel García Cruz, coordinator of the Group on ADHD and Psychoeducational Development of the AEPap. Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (Spanish Association of Outpatient and Primary Care Paediatrics). Adrián García Ron, Paediatric Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid." "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "identificador" => "sec0075" ] 1 => array:3 [ "apendice" => "Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas (Spanish Association of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease). Miguel Ángel Granados Ruiz, Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital 12 Octubre, Madrid. Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas (Spanish Associatio of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease). María del Mar Rodríguez Vázquez del Rey, Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada. Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas (Spanish Association of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease). Elena Montañés Delmas, Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital 12 Octubre, Madrid." "etiqueta" => "Appendix B" "identificador" => "sec0080" ] 2 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec9125" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "SCD, sudden cardiac death." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Presence of structural heart disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Family history of SCD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Syncope on exertion, associated with emotional states or in supine position \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Palpitations or chest pain of sudden onset followed by syncope \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Presence of organic murmur \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Abnormal ECG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2243015.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Syncope suggesting a cardiac origin." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "bpm, beats per minute.Adapted from Fleming et al. Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: A systematic review of observational studies. Lancet 2011;377:1011." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p10-p90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 to < 6 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">81-117 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">131 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 to < 8 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">74-111 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">123 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 to < 12 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67-103 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">115 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 to < 15 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62-96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">108 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15-18 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58-92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">104 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2243017.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Heart rate (bpm) by age group and percentile range." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "bpm, beats per minute.Adapted from Krasemann et al. Changes of the corrected QT interval in healthy boys and girls over day and night. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:202–208." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 to < 8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">87±11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">92±8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 to < 12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">83±9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">85±8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 to < 16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82±7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">84±8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 to < 18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">77±7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">80±2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2243016.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean heart rate (bpm) and standard deviation in 24-h Holter monitoring." ] ] 3 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 446256 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Disponible en: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html">http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html</a>." ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Se puede tratar el déficit de atención con hiperactividad sin hacer un electrocardiograma" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Aparicio Rodrigo" 1 => "J. González de Dios" 2 => "J. Ramos Lizana" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Evid Pediatr." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "80" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cardiovascular monitoring of children and adolescents with heart disease receiving medications for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [corrected]: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee and the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "V.L. Vetter" 1 => "J. Elia" 2 => "C. Erickson" 3 => "S. Berger" 4 => "N. Blum" 5 => "K. Uzark" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189473" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Circulation" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "117" "paginaInicial" => "2407" "paginaFinal" => "2423" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18427125" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "European Guidelines Group. European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J. Graham" 1 => "T. Banaschewski" 2 => "J. Buitelaar" 3 => "D. Coghill" 4 => "M. Danckaerts" 5 => "R.W. Dittmann" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00787-010-0140-6" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "17" "paginaFinal" => "37" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21042924" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance (CADDRA): Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines" ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "edicion" => "4th ed." 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Spanish Association of Paediatrics

Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease as regards the use of drugs in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with a known heart disease, as well as in the general paediatric population: position statement by the Spanish Paediatric Association

Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Española de Cardiologia Pediatrica y Cardiopatias Congenitas en relacion al uso de medicamentos en el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en niños y adolescentes con cardiopatias conocidas y en la población pediatrica general, posicionamiento de la Asociación Española de Pediatria

Javier Pérez-Lescure Picarzoa,k,

Corresponding author

jplescure@yahoo.es

Corresponding author.

, Fernando Centeno Malfazb,l, David Crespo Marcosa,l, Rosa Collell Hernándezc,l, Teresa Fernández Soriaa,l, Begoña Manso Garcíad,l, Henar Rojo Sombreroe,l, Anna Sabaté Rotésf,l, Georgia Sarquella-Brugadag,h,i,j,k,m

a Servicio de Pediatría, Cardiología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain

b Servicio de Pediatría, Cardiología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain

c Servicio de Pediatría, Cardiología Infantil, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain

d Servicio de Pediatría, Cardiología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain

e Servicio de Pediatría, Cardiología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

f Cardiología Infantil, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

g Unidad de Arritmias, Cardiopatías Familiares y Muerte Súbita, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain

h Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Girona, Spain

i Recerca Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain

j Guard-Heart, European Reference Center, Spain

k Junta Directiva Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas, Spain

l Grupo de Cardiología Clínica, Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas, Spain

m Grupo de Arritmias de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología Pediátrica y Cardiopatías Congénitas, Spain

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder &#40;ADHD&#41; is a neurodevelopmental disorder usually with onset in childhood characterised by a persistent pattern of symptoms of inattention&#44; hyperactivity and impulsivity &#40;DSM-5&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Broadly speaking&#44; in children and adolescents pharmacological treatment is only recommended when cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy has failed or in case of moderate to severe symptoms&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The drugs authorised in Spain for treatment of ADHD are methylphenidate&#44; lisdexamfetamine&#44; atomoxetine and guanfacine&#46; Due to the potential cardiovascular adverse effects of these drugs&#44; mainly increases in blood pressure &#40;BP&#41; and heart rate&#44; their use in patients with known or undiagnosed congenital heart defects &#40;CHDs&#41; is controversial&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Objective</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To develop a consensus document of the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica y Cardiopat&#237;as Cong&#233;nitas &#40;Spanish Association of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease&#44; SECPCC&#41; in collaboration with experts from other societies and agencies useful to paediatric cardiologists and physicians managing children and adolescents with ADHD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Methodology</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the scientific literature and international clinical practice guidelines&#44; summary of product characteristics of drugs authorised by the Agencia Espa&#241;ola del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios &#40;Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices&#41; and the Guideline of the Spanish Ministry of Health&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To this end&#44; a working group was formed consisting of a coordinator&#44; members of the Working Group on Clinical Cardiology and the Group on Arrhythmias of the SECPCC with relevant clinical experience on the subject&#46; This group developed an initial version of the document that was revised by an external group of experts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0075">Appendix A</a>&#41; and an internal group of experts of the SECPCC &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0080">Appendix B</a>&#41;&#44; eventually reaching a consensus on the final document&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Recommendations of the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica y Cardiopat&#237;as Cong&#233;nitas on the cardiovascular evaluation preceding treatment</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">In children and adolescents with unknown cardiovascular disease</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the current literature&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and in agreement with the main international guidelines&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;8</span></a> the SECPCC recommends performing a cardiovascular evaluation before initiating treatment for ADHD in children and adolescents with unknown cardiovascular disease by means of a history taking and physical examination&#46; Routine performance of an electrocardiogram &#40;ECG&#41; is not recommended&#44; but should be reserved for selected cases as described below&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">History taking&#58;</span> emphasis should be placed on the identification of known heart diseases and the presence of warning signs such as syncope suggestive of a cardiac origin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; or from a non-vasovagal cause&#44; chest pain suggestive of a cardiac origin&#44; palpitations or shortness of breath on exertion&#46; It is also important to ask about the history of sudden death in relatives aged less than 40 years or the presence of heart disease in the family&#44; including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy&#44; long QT syndrome or other channelopathies&#44; Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome&#44; bicuspid aortic valve&#44; coarctation of the aorta&#44; arterial hypertension &#40;HTN&#41; at an early age or renal disease&#46; In case of warning signs or a reasonable suspicion of heart disease&#44; the patient should be referred to a cardiologist before initiating pharmacological treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Physical examination&#58;</span> It should include measurement of the weight and height of the patient&#46; Particular attention should be paid to the detection of murmurs during auscultation and the identification of features of Marfan syndrome&#44; such as tall final height relative to the predicted target height&#44; tall and slender build&#44; pectus carinatum or excavatum&#44; long and narrow face&#44; long and slender fingers&#44; limited extension of the elbow or scoliosis&#44; among others&#46; In case of detection of a murmur or features of Marfan syndrome&#44; the patient must be referred to a cardiologist prior to initiation of pharmacotherapy&#46; Since several studies have found evidence of mild increases in heart rate and BP &#40;both systolic and diastolic&#41; in association with the use of stimulant and nonstimulant drugs for treatment of ADHD&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> we recommend including measurement of the heart rate and BP in the initial assessment prior to initiation of pharmacotherapy&#44; with subsequent monitoring of both variables every 3&#8211;6 months&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Blood pressure&#58;</span> we recommend adherence to the protocol for measurement of BP proposed by the European Society of Hypertension&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> using a cuff of appropriate size for the age of the patient&#44; and calculating the percentiles of BP based on the height of the patient&#46; If the initial BP value is high&#44; the measurement should be repeated at least twice&#46; If it remains high &#40;&#62; 95<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> percentile&#41;&#44; an evaluation of HTN should be performed by means of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring &#40;ABPM&#41;&#44; and if HTN is confirmed&#44; this should be followed by an investigation of its aetiology and an evaluation of potential damage in target organs&#46; If a high BP is detected in patients already undergoing pharmacological treatment for ADHD&#44; the dose of medication could be reduced or medication suspended before starting the evaluation of HTN&#46; Once a diagnosis is established&#44; the management of the patient can include a combination of antihypertensive drugs and pharmacotherapy for ADHD with guanfacine&#44; which is associated with hypotension&#44; or the dosage of ADHD medication can be reduced or the medication discontinued altogether&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heart rate&#58;</span> in case of detection of a heart rate that is persistently above the 99<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> percentile &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#44; potential psychological and medical causes should be explored&#44; and an ECG performed to confirm that the patient has sinus tachycardia and not another form of arrhythmia&#46; It is important to consider that patients with ADHD frequently experience anxiety symptoms that may in turn be associated with increased heart rate&#46; It is possible&#44; although rare&#44; that the sinus tachycardia is severe enough to require adjustment or discontinuation of pharmacological treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Electrocardiogram&#58;</span> performance of an ECG is not recommended as part of the routine cardiovascular assessment prior to initiating pharmacotherapy&#46; In case of treatment with guanfacine and atomoxetine combined with other drugs that may prolong the QT interval &#40;such as escitalopram or fluoxetine&#41;&#44; or of treatment combining methylphenidate and risperidone&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> monitoring of the QTc interval is advisable&#46; An ECG should be performed if the patient requires referral to a cardiologist due to abnormal findings in the cardiovascular assessment&#44; symptoms suggesting cardiovascular origin or a family history of sudden death&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">In children and adolescents with known heart disease</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the patient has a known cardiac disease&#44; we recommend consultation with a paediatric cardiologist prior to initiating pharmacotherapy&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The cardiologist and ADHD specialist should discuss the appropriate approach for pharmacotherapy with the family&#44; engaging in shared decision-making after providing the family with adequate information and taking into account the risks and benefits of treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recommend measurement of BP and heart rate before initiation of treatment with additional measurements every 3&#8211;6 months &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; In patients with CHDs and a circulatory physiology that could be compromised by tachycardia or increased BP&#44; the BP and heart rate should be monitored every 1 or 2 months&#46; In case of detection of tachycardia or a history indicative of arrhythmia&#44; the patient should be evaluated by means of 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-h Holter monitoring &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Recommendations of the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica y Cardiopat&#237;as Cong&#233;nitas on the use of medication for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with cardiovascular disease</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Patients with cardiovascular symptoms and no evidence of heart disease</span><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children or adolescents with a diagnosis of neurocardiogenic syncope or symptoms suggestive of orthostatic hypotension can start pharmacotherapy for ADHD&#44; avoiding the use of guanfacine due to its hypotensive effect&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children or adolescents with a diagnosis of nonspecific chest pain or palpitations with a normal cardiological evaluation &#40;ECG&#44; echocardiogram&#44; Holter ECG or cardiac stress test&#44; as applicable&#41;&#44; can start pharmacotherapy for ADHD using stimulant or nonstimulant drugs&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children or adolescents with a family history of sudden death in the absence of evidence of inherited heart conditions&#44; and with a normal cardiological evaluation &#40;ECG&#44; echocardiogram&#44; Holter ECG or cardiac stress test&#44; as applicable&#41; and negative results of genetic testing or in who genetic testing is not indicated&#44; can start pharmacotherapy for ADHD&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In children or adolescents with a family history of sudden death&#44; a normal cardiological evaluation &#40;ECG&#44; echocardiogram&#44; Holter ECG or cardiac stress test&#44; as applicable&#41; and positive results of genetic testing but a negative phenotype at the time of the evaluation&#44; decisions regarding pharmacotherapy should be individualised&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Congenital heart defects</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following patients may receive medication for ADHD&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with mild and haemodynamically insignificant CHDs that had not undergone corrective surgery and do not require treatment for the heart disease&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with simple or complex CHDs that have undergone successful corrective surgery&#44; without residual lesions and not receiving treatment for the heart disease&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of pharmacological treatment for ADHD should be individualised in the following cases&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients particularly sensitive to an increase in afterload due to an increase in BP secondary to stimulant therapy&#44; such as patients with ventriculoarterial valve or systemic atrioventricular valve regurgitation&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients particularly sensitive to a decrease in afterload due to a potential decrease in BP secondary to treatment with guanfacine&#44; such as patients with systemic ventricular outflow obstruction&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients particularly sensitive to potential tachycardias secondary to stimulant therapy&#44; such as those with diastolic dysfunction or mitral stenosis in whom a shortening of the diastole should be avoided&#44; or patients with systolic dysfunction in whom an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption secondary to tachycardia should be avoided&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients at risk of coronary failure&#58; patients with Kawasaki disease&#44; that have undergone coronary reimplantation &#40;arterial switch procedure&#44; Ross procedure&#44; anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery&#41;&#44; with anomalous origin or paths of coronary arteries&#44; vasculitis&#44; or early atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries&#46; In these cases&#44; it is important to ensure that the coronary flow reserve is sufficient in case of a potential increase in myocardial oxygen consumption secondary to the use of sympathomimetic drugs&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In all cases&#44; we recommend clinical monitoring of the patient after treatment initiation&#44; assessing changes in BP&#44; heart rate and ECG features and the haemodynamic impact of these changes after initiating treatment and any increase in dosage&#46; The frequency of these assessments should be established on a case-by-case basis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dose adjustments or discontinuation of ADHD medication should be considered in case of a haemodynamic response that can have a negative impact on the patient&#8217;s heart condition&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recommend against initiating pharmacological treatment in&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with haemodynamically unstable CHD&#44; before the haemodynamically or clinically significant lesion is corrected or treated&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with CHD and residual HTN&#46; Adequate management and control of BP must precede initiation of pharmacological treatment for ADHD&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Cardiomyopathies</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The risks and benefits of ADHD treatment should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis in collaboration with the ADHD specialist &#40;neurologist&#44; psychiatrist or paediatrician&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initiation of pharmacotherapy is not recommended in patients with haemodynamically unstable cardiomyopathy&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recommend clinical monitoring of the patient after initiation of treatment&#44; assessing changes in BP&#44; heart rate and ECG features as well as the impact of these changes in the haemodynamic status of the patient&#46; These variables should be assessed on treatment initiation and after each dose increase&#44; if applicable&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dose adjustment or discontinuation of ADHD medication should be considered in patients exhibiting haemodynamic changes that may have a negative impact on the cardiomyopathy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Marfan syndrome and other aortopathies</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with a normal aortic root diameter&#44; with or without ongoing treatment&#44; can start pharmacotherapy for ADHD with monitoring of BP and heart rate every month or 2 months and whenever the dose is increased&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with a dilated aorta undergoing treatment with beta-blockers or angiotensin II receptor blockers&#44; it is particularly important to be prudent in the decision to initiate ADHD medication&#44; as an increase in heart rate or BP could be highly detrimental&#46; In any case&#44; the drug with the least sympathomimetic activity available should be selected&#44; for instance&#44; guanfacine&#46; Another important aspect to consider is that since these patients are receiving hypotensive treatment&#44; they may not tolerate further increases in BP&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In case of HTN&#44; ADHD treatment should be suspended and BP controlled with pharmacotherapy before gradually reintroducing ADHD medication&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In case of concomitant mitral valve regurgitation&#44; treatment should also adhere to the recommendations given in the CHD section of this guideline&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">High blood pressure</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood pressure should be measured following the technical recommendations and reference values of the European Society of Hypertension&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The BP should be measured before initiating and during treatment with ADHD drugs at intervals to be determined on a case-by-case basis considering everything that has been discussed to this point&#46; It is important to use a cuff size appropriate for the age of the patients and to calculate the BP percentiles based on height&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the BP is below the 95th percentile&#44; ADHD pharmacotherapy can be initiated&#47;continued&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the BP is above the 95th percentile&#44; it must be measured 2 more times after intervals of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of rest&#59; if the BP continues to be high&#44; the dose should be reduced or the ADHD medication suspended temporarily&#44; with subsequent monitoring of BP&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the BP is below the 95th percentile in the next check up&#44; treatment can continue or resume&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the BP is above the 95th percentile in the next check up&#44; the patient should be referred to a paediatric nephrologist for performance of an evaluation including a 24-h ABPM&#46; If the findings of ABPM are abnormal&#44; we also recommend performance of an ECG and an echocardiographic evaluation&#46; A second ABPM should be performed&#44; and in case of abnormal findings&#44; HTN should be diagnosed and the required treatment initiated&#46;&#46; If the second ABPM does not confirm the diagnosis of HTN&#44; ADHD treatment can be initiated&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9675;</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once HTN has been diagnosed and relevant treatment initiated&#44; if control of BP is achieved with sustained values below the 95<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> percentile&#44; it is possible to initiate or resume pharmacotherapy for ADHD&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9675;</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to recommend nonpharmacological lifestyle interventions in all patients with high blood pressure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#58; physical activity&#44; dietary recommendations &#40;increased intake of fruit&#44; vegetables and legumes&#44; choosing low-fat dairy products&#44; decreased intake of salt and sugars&#41;&#44; weight loss as needed&#44; and stress reduction&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9675;</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In children with ADHD&#44; the prevalence of anxiety is much higher compared to the general population&#44; so any measure aimed at reducing stress should be considered&#44; as well as specific treatment for anxiety&#44; if the patient requires it&#46; Anxiety is associated to increase both BP and heart rate&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9675;</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recommend against pharmacological treatment of ADHD &#40;with stimulants or atomoxetine&#41; in patients with moderate or severe HTN&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;14</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9675;</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In case of elevation of BP with psychostimulant drugs &#40;methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine&#41;&#44; consider the addition of a beta-blocker on a case-by-case basis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9675;</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to take into account that stimulants may reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs&#44; and caution should be exerted when they are administered along with drugs that also increase BP&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9675;</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In case of moderate HTN&#44; treatment with guanfacine may be considered&#46; It is important to remember that the dose of guanfacine should be tapered off before discontinuation to minimise the risk of rebound HTN&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#9675;</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If during treatment with guanfacine the patient develops sustained orthostatic hypotension or episodes of syncope&#44; the dose should be reduced or the ADHD medication switched to a different drug&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Arrythmia and arrhythmogenic disorders</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Treatment for ADHD with stimulant or nonstimulant drugs can be initiated in&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with incidental findings in ECG that are frequent in childhood and adolescence and are not pathological&#58; incomplete right bundle branch block&#44; respiratory sinus arrhythmia or wandering atrial pacemaker&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with incidental finding in ECG of complete right bundle branch block or left anterior or posterior hemiblock&#44; once structural heart disease has been ruled out&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asymptomatic patients with incidental detection of infrequent &#40;&#60; 60&#47;h&#41; monomorphic premature supraventricular contractions after ruling out relevant associated disease&#46; We recommend performance of 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-h Holter monitoring after treatment initiation to assess for changes in the pattern of arrhythmia relative to baseline&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with Brugada syndrome&#44; as the highest risk in these patients corresponds to situation with increased vagal tone&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with a history of supraventricular tachycardia currently not receiving antiarrhythmic drugs&#46; In case of persistence or recurrence of tachycardia&#44; consider the possibility of cardiac ablation for curative treatment&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asymptomatic patients with infrequent &#40;&#60; 60&#47;h&#41; monomorphic premature ventricular contractions &#40;PVCs&#41; that are not complex&#44; without underlying structural heart disease and with evidence of a decrease or disappearance of PVCs on exertion in the cardiac stress test&#46; We recommend performance of 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-h Holter monitoring after treatment initiation to assess for changes in the pattern of arrhythmia relative to baseline&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asymptomatic patients with incidental finding of preexcitation in the ECG and evidence of disappearance of impulse conduction through the accessory pathway with development of a high heart rate in the cardiac stress test or 24-h Holter monitoring&#44; in who it is not necessary to ablate the accessory pathway before initiating treatment&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asymptomatic patients with incidental finding of first degree or second degree &#40;Mobitz I&#41; atrioventricular block&#44; avoiding the use of guanfacine&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the following cases&#44; it is necessary to consult with a specialist in arrhythmias and individualise treatment&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia&#46; This is an infrequent disease with catecholamine-dependent features&#44; so stimulant therapy is not recommended in these patients&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asymptomatic patients with frequent &#40;&#62; 60&#47;h&#41; monomorphic PVCs&#44; polymorphic PVCs or complex PVCs&#44; or with underlying structural heart disease&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asymptomatic patients with incidental finding of preexcitation on ECG and no evidence of disappearance of impulse conduction through the accessory pathway with development of a high heart rate in the cardiac stress test or 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-h Holter monitoring&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous episode of aborted sudden cardiac death&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous history of arrhythmia requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation&#44; cardioversion&#44; defibrillation or a pacemaker&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">History de arrythmia associated with sudden death&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Approved drugs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder &#40;ADHD&#41; in Spain are methylphenidate&#44; lisdexamphetamine&#44; atomoxetine and guanfacine&#46; Due to adverse cardiovascular effects&#44; mainly increased blood pressure and heart rate&#44; its use in patients with known or undiagnosed heart disease may be controversial&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To obtain a consensus document from the Spanish Society of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases &#40;SECPCC&#41; and experts from other Agencies and Societies as a guide for the paediatric cardiologist and physicians who treat children and adolescents with ADHD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Method</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An analysis was performed on the bibliography and Clinical Practice Guidelines&#44; technical data sheets approved by the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Health Devices&#44; and the Spanish Ministry of Health Guidelines&#46; A Working Group was formed&#44; with a Coordinator&#44; as well as members of the Clinical Cardiology Working Group and Arrhythmia Group of the SECPCC&#46; This Group produced a preliminary document that was reviewed by a group of external experts &#40;List 1&#41; and a group of internal experts of the SECPCC &#40;List 2&#41; with a consensus being reached on the final document&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The recommendations of the SECPCC and the group of experts are presented on cardiovascular evaluation prior to treatment in children and adolescents with unknown cardiovascular disease and with known cardiovascular disease&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The recommendations of the SECPCC and the group of experts are also presented on the use of medications for ADHD in children and adolescents with cardiological symptoms with no evidence of heart disease&#44; congenital heart disease&#44; cardiomyopathy&#44; Marfan syndrome and other aortic diseases&#44; hypertension&#44; and arrhythmias&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Method"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los f&#225;rmacos aprobados para el trastorno por d&#233;ficit de atenci&#243;n con hiperactividad &#40;TDAH&#41; en Espa&#241;a son&#58; metilfenidato&#44; lisdexanfetamina&#44; atomoxetina y guanfacina&#46; Debido a los efectos adversos cardiovasculares que pueden producir&#44; principalmente aumento de la tensi&#243;n arterial y la frecuencia cardiaca&#44; su uso en pacientes con cardiopat&#237;as conocidas o no diagnosticadas puede ser controvertido&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Realizaci&#243;n de un documento de consenso de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica y Cardiopat&#237;as Cong&#233;nitas &#40;SECPCC&#41; y expertos de otras Agencias y Sociedades como instrumento para el cardi&#243;logo infantil y los m&#233;dicos que tratan ni&#241;os y adolescentes con TDAH&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Metodolog&#237;a</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An&#225;lisis de la bibliograf&#237;a y Gu&#237;as de Pr&#225;ctica Cl&#237;nica&#44; fichas t&#233;cnicas aprobadas por la Agencia Espa&#241;ola del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios y Gu&#237;a del Ministerio de Sanidad espa&#241;ol&#46; Formaci&#243;n de un Grupo de trabajo con un Coordinador&#44; miembros de los grupos de trabajo de Cardiolog&#237;a Cl&#237;nica y Arritmias de la SECPCC&#46; Este Grupo realiz&#243; un documento que fue revisado por un grupo de expertos externos &#40;Anexo 1&#41; y un grupo de expertos internos de la SECPCC &#40;Anexo 2&#41; llegando a un consenso para la obtenci&#243;n del documento final&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se presentan las recomendaciones de la SECPCC y el grupo de expertos sobre la evaluaci&#243;n cardiovascular previa al tratamiento en ni&#241;os y adolescentes sin enfermedad cardiovascular conocida y con enfermedad cardiovascular conocida&#46; Se presentan las recomendaciones de la SECPCC y el grupo de expertos sobre el uso de medicamentos para el TDAH en ni&#241;os y adolescentes con s&#237;ntomas cardiol&#243;gicos sin evidencia de cardiopat&#237;a&#44; cardiopat&#237;as cong&#233;nitas&#44; miocardiopat&#237;as&#44; s&#237;ndrome de Marfan y otras aortopat&#237;as&#44; hipertensi&#243;n arterial y arritmias&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Metodolog&#237;a"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Picarzo JP-L&#44; Malfaz FC&#44; Marcos DC&#44; Hern&#225;ndez RC&#44; Soria TF&#44; Garc&#237;a BM&#46; Recomendaciones de la Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiologia Pediatrica y Cardiopatias Congenitas en relacion al uso de medicamentos en el trastorno por d&#233;ficit de atenci&#243;n e hiperactividad en ni&#241;os y adolescentes con cardiopatias conocidas y en la poblaci&#243;n pediatrica general&#44; posicionamiento de la Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola de Pediatria&#46; An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2019&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.09.002">https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;anpedi&#46;2019&#46;09&#46;002</span></p>"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agencia Espa&#241;ola del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios &#40;Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices&#41;&#46; Almudena L&#243;pez Fando&#44; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacosurveillance&#46; Department of Medicinal Products for Human Use&#46;</p> <p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a &#40;Spanish Cardiology Association&#41;&#46; Inmaculada S&#225;nchez&#44; Paediatric Cardiology&#44; Hospital Ram&#243;n y Cajal Madrid&#46;</p> <p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Psiquiatr&#237;a &#40;Spanish Psychiatric Association&#41;&#46; Jos&#233; Antonio Ramos Quiroga&#44; coordinator of the Programme on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and coordinator of the Psychiatric Emergency Department&#44; Hospital Universitari Vall d&#8217;Hebron&#44; Barcelona&#46;</p> <p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Farmacolog&#237;a Cl&#237;nica &#40;Spanish Society of Clinical Pharmacology&#41;&#46; Bel&#233;n Ruiz Antor&#225;n&#44; Expert Group of the European Medicines Agency&#44; Department of Clinical Pharmacology&#44; Hospital Puerta de Hierro&#44; Madrid&#46;</p> <p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sociedad de Psiquiatr&#237;a Infantil de la Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a&#46; Azucena D&#237;ez Su&#225;rez&#44; Unidad de Psiquiatr&#237;a Infantil y Adolescente&#44; Cl&#237;nica Universidad de Navarra&#46;</p> <p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a &#40;Spanish Association of Pediatrics&#41;&#44; Working Group on Evidence-Based Paediatrics&#46; Carlos Ochoa Sangrador&#44; Hospital Virgen de la Concha&#44; Zamora&#46;</p> <p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Neurolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica &#40;Spanish Society of Paediatric Neurology&#41;&#46; Francisco Javier L&#243;pez Pis&#243;n&#44; Paediatric Neurology&#44; Hospital Miguel Servet&#44; Zaragoza&#46;</p> <p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asociaci&#243;n Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a de Atenci&#243;n Primaria &#40;Spanish Association of Primary Care Paediatrics&#44; AEPap&#41;&#46; Jos&#233; Miguel Garc&#237;a Cruz&#44; coordinator of the Group on ADHD and Psychoeducational Development of the AEPap&#46;</p> <p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a Extrahospitalaria y Atenci&#243;n Primaria &#40;Spanish Association of Outpatient and Primary Care Paediatrics&#41;&#46; Adri&#225;n Garc&#237;a Ron&#44; Paediatric Neurology&#44; Hospital Cl&#237;nico San Carlos&#44; Madrid&#46;</p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "identificador" => "sec0075"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica y Cardiopat&#237;as Cong&#233;nitas &#40;Spanish Association of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease&#41;&#46; Miguel &#193;ngel Granados Ruiz&#44; Paediatric Cardiology&#44; Hospital 12 Octubre&#44; Madrid&#46;</p> <p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica y Cardiopat&#237;as Cong&#233;nitas &#40;Spanish Associatio of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease&#41;&#46; Mar&#237;a del Mar Rodr&#237;guez V&#225;zquez del Rey&#44; Paediatric Cardiology&#44; Hospital Virgen de las Nieves&#44; Granada&#46;</p> <p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica y Cardiopat&#237;as Cong&#233;nitas &#40;Spanish Association of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease&#41;&#46; Elena Monta&#241;&#233;s Delmas&#44; Paediatric Cardiology&#44; Hospital 12 Octubre&#44; Madrid&#46;</p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix B"
            "identificador" => "sec0080"
          ]
          2 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par9265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
            "identificador" => "sec9125"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SCD&#44; sudden cardiac death&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Presence of structural heart disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Family history of SCD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Syncope on exertion&#44; associated with emotional states or in supine position&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Palpitations or chest pain of sudden onset followed by syncope&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Presence of organic murmur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Abnormal ECG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab2243015.png"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Syncope suggesting a cardiac origin&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0010"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">bpm&#44; beats per minute&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adapted from Fleming et al&#46; Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age&#58; A systematic review of observational studies&#46; Lancet 2011&#59;377&#58;1011&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p10-p90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 to &#60; 6 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81-117&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">131&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 to &#60; 8 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74-111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">123&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 to &#60; 12 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67-103&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">115&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 to &#60; 15 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62-96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">108&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15-18 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58-92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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Article information

ISSN: 23412879
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.anpede.2019.09.006

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	211	31	242
2024 September	351	40	391
2024 August	358	66	424
2024 July	395	49	444
2024 June	291	34	325
2024 May	282	62	344
2024 April	207	38	245
2024 March	184	32	216
2024 February	153	25	178
2024 January	156	37	193
2023 December	163	31	194
2023 November	105	42	147
2023 October	131	36	167
2023 September	77	62	139
2023 August	67	29	96
2023 July	61	38	99
2023 June	76	37	113
2023 May	48	35	83
2023 April	64	42	106
2023 March	79	41	120
2023 February	43	24	67
2023 January	43	27	70
2022 December	65	56	121
2022 November	70	44	114
2022 October	59	61	120
2022 September	40	49	89
2022 August	36	58	94
2022 July	57	59	116
2022 June	40	54	94
2022 May	46	56	102
2022 April	48	43	91
2022 March	42	77	119
2022 February	53	42	95
2022 January	42	69	111
2021 December	38	69	107
2021 November	44	45	89
2021 October	55	99	154
2021 September	32	41	73
2021 August	28	39	67
2021 July	29	24	53
2021 June	32	37	69
2021 May	29	44	73
2021 April	94	184	278
2021 March	55	29	84
2021 February	57	40	97
2021 January	128	36	164
2020 December	65	22	87
2020 November	36	30	66
2020 October	52	21	73
2020 September	43	33	76
2020 August	13	14	27
2020 July	39	16	55
2020 June	34	18	52
2020 May	35	14	49
2020 April	49	18	67
2020 March	78	26	104
2020 February	159	43	202
2020 January	31	6	37

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