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Abdominal surgery in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus
Cirugía abdominal en prematuros con persistencia de ductus arterioso
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"cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cirugía abdominal en prematuros con persistencia de ductus arterioso" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a frequent disease in preterm infants, with an incidence that ranges between 40% and 55% in different studies. Depending on the size of the ductus and the volume of the shunt that results from the lack of spontaneous closure of the ductus, patients may develop significant haemodynamic changes, which in most cases manifest as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From a pathophysiological standpoint, PDA may lead to the development of significant left-to-right shunt, which increases the risk of complications such as necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular haemorrhage and death. Several studies have demonstrated that closure of the ductus prior to the development of a haemodynamically significant shunt improves outcomes and increases survival in these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When it comes to the management of PDA, most current guidelines support medical management as the first-line treatment, with surgical closure as second-line treatment if medical management is ineffective, the patient has contraindications for medical management or the patient becomes haemodynamically unstable. There are also patients in whom surgical management is considered the first-line treatment, such as preterm newborns delivered before 26 weeks’ gestation or with a birth weight of less than 750<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g with severe haemodynamic instability and respiratory compromise in whom the probability of successful pharmacological closure is low based on echocardiographic criteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years, several studies have analysed the therapeutic profile and adverse effects of the drugs used in the medical management of PDA, most of which belong to the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor family. Indomethacin was the most widely used drug for many years. Ibuprofen started to be used in European neonatal intensive care units from 2005 as an alternative to indomethacin, as the effectiveness and range of adverse effects are similar for both drugs. In Spain, ibuprofen has been used since 2010. Some studies have demonstrated that COX inhibitors, especially indomethacin, may cause vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion in several regions of the circulatory system, including the intestinal vasculature. This additional decrease in mesenteric blood flow could further compromise intestinal perfusion in patients with a haemodynamically significant shunt, increasing the incidence of gastrointestinal complications such as NEC and isolated intestinal perforations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–11</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, there have also been studies that did not find evidence of this association. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12–14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a retrospective observational and analytical study where we included all preterm newborns delivered before 37 weeks’ gestation and given a diagnosis of PDA between 1997 and 2017. We reviewed the health records of the patients to collect data on various epidemiological and clinical variables.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the treatment received, we divided the patients in 3 groups: medical treatment (A), medical and surgical treatment (B) or no treatment (C). We analysed prenatal and perinatal variables, the incidence of gastrointestinal complications (NEC and need of surgery due to NEC) and overall mortality. In the statistical analysis, we used the chi square or Fisher exact test or the Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test and Kruskal–Wallis test as applicable based on the type of variable. We defined statistical significance as a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value of 0.05 or less in any of the tests.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We defined NEC according to Bell's staging criteria modified by Kliegman and Walsh, by which NEC is classified into 6 stages based on the clinical manifestations and radiographic findings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis of PDA was made by bedside Doppler echocardiography, and the ductus was considered haemodynamically significant based on the classification proposed by McNamara and Sehgal, which takes into account various echocardiographic and clinical criteria to stratify patients according to the severity of haemodynamic instability produced by the ductus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The management of PDA conformed to the established protocol in the neonatal intensive care unit of our hospital, whereby medical management is the first-line treatment. Medical management included general supportive measures, such as maintenance of adequate oxygenation, fluid restriction and the use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and the use of vasoactive and diuretic drugs. Pharmacotherapy was used as a second therapeutic step, initiating treatment with intravenous indomethacin at a dose of 0.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg followed by 2 additional doses of 0.1–0.25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg depending on the postnatal age of the patient. The use of ibuprofen started in 2010, with administration of an initial course of 3 doses delivered intravenously by continuous infusion over 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 24-h intervals (initial dose of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg and subsequent doses of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg). In case of failure of the first course or reopening of the ductus, a second course was given 24–48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after completion of the first course, following the same schedule and dosage. After completion of medical treatment, bedside Doppler echocardiography was used to ascertain whether closure of the ductus had been successful. In cases where medical treatment failed or the patient had contraindications for medical treatment or severe haemodynamic instability, the initial treatment consisted of surgical closure of the PDA with metal clips, which in every case was performed in the neonatal intensive care unit of the hospital by a paediatric cardiovascular surgeon.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We obtained a sample of 144 patients that met the inclusion criteria during the period under study: 91 classified into group A, 16 into group B and 37 into group C.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean gestational age in each of these groups was of 28, 26.7 and 30.1 weeks, and the mean birth weight 1083.9, 909.3 and 1471.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g, respectively.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We collected data on clinical and epidemiological variables from the health records (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The Apgar score at 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min, need of prenatal steroid therapy and postnatal surfactant therapy and need of respiratory support were similar in the 3 groups of patients. However, we found that the gestational age and birth weight were significantly greater in the group of patients that did not receive any treatment (group C; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When it came to the incidence of NEC (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>), we found that a total of 21, 5 and 5 patients in groups A, B and C respectively required abdominal surgery, corresponding to 43%, 60% and 35% of that group. However, the statistical analysis did not detect significant differences between the incidence of NEC and need of surgery to treat it found in groups A and B compared to the group of patients that received no treatment (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.14 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.63, respectively).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mortality for groups A, B and C was 12%, 19% and 3%. Once again, the statistical analysis did not reveal any significant differences between these 3 groups.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patent ductus arteriosus is a frequent finding in preterm newborns. Depending on the severity of the systemic shunt resulting from PDA, there may be an increased risk of complications and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–6</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present, there is no consensus as to which patients require treatment, the optimal timing of treatment and which type of treatment is most appropriate. However, most current protocols establish that treatment should be given to patients with haemodynamically significant ductus and that medical management should be the first-line treatment, reserving surgery for cases where medical treatment fails.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have analysed the potential adverse effects of COX inhibitors used for treatment of PDA. Works published by different authors, such as Grosfeld et al., Fujii et al., Pezzati et al. and Havranek et al. have found that indomethacin produces vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion in the brain, heart, bowel and kidneys, increasing the risk of potential complications in these regions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–11</span></a> Other studies have demonstrated that treatment with COX inhibitors is a risk factor for the development of isolated intestinal perforations, especially when used in combination with steroid therapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a> For this reason, from 2005 most European protocols have introduced the use of ibuprofen, as this drug has a similar mechanism of action as has exhibited a similar effectiveness, but is associated with a lower incidence of adverse events. In addition, given the potential risk of nephrotoxicity associated with ibuprofen, studies are currently underway to assess the efficacy and safety of paracetamol as an alternative drug in the management of these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21,22</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When it comes to surgical closure of PDA, there is evidence that it may be associated with a higher incidence of complications in both the short and the long term. Early ligation of the ductus is an independent risk factor for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and may increase the risk of other complications such as psychomotor delay, retinopathy of prematurity, vocal cord paralysis and cardiovascular and respiratory instability compared to preterm newborns treated with medical approaches.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23–26</span></a> Furthermore, a study published by Mirea et al. found that surgical ligation of PDA in preterm newborns was associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality in analyses that were adjusted for several potential confounders.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, when we analysed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the sample we found that the group of patients that did not require any form of treatment had significantly greater gestational ages and birth weights compared to the group of patients that required medical treatment alone or followed by surgery. It is important to take into account that birth weight and prematurity themselves are independent risk factors for the development of various complications and are associated with a higher neonatal mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> For this reason, studies analyzing comparable groups based on the type of treatment received would be useful in order to eliminate the potential confounding effect of differences in gestational age and birth weight.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for gastrointestinal morbidity and mortality, we found a higher incidence of NEC, a more frequent need of surgery to treat NEC and a higher overall mortality in the group of patients that received medical or medical and surgical treatment. However, when we performed the statistical analysis, these differences in relation to the group of untreated patients were not statistically significant. These findings disagree with those of previous studies that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">evinced</span> an increased risk of NEC and other gastrointestinal complications in patients treated with indomethacin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8–11</span></a> On the other hand, our results are consistent with those of other, more recent studies that have not found an increased incidence of NEC, other gastrointestinal complications or mortality in patients treated for a haemodynamically significant PDA. O’Donovan et al. analysed a sample of 224 preterm newborns with a diagnosis of PDA with a mean gestational age of 26.2 weeks and a mean birth weight of 870<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g. They divided patients into 3 groups based on the treatment received (medical, surgical and medical-surgical). This study did not find statistically significant differences in the incidence of NEC, need of surgery to treat NEC and overall mortality in the comparison of these 3 groups of patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We believe that additional prospective and randomised studies are required with larger samples of patients to determine whether treatment of PDA is associated with a higher incidence of gastrointestinal complications and a greater overall mortality.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1251470" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1160208" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1251469" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Metodología" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1160209" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-09-20" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-12-21" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1160208" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Patent ductus arteriosus" 1 => "Necrotising enterocolitis" 2 => "Neonatal mortality" 3 => "Congenital heart disease" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1160209" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Persistencia de ductus arterioso" 1 => "Enterocolitis necrosante" 2 => "Mortalidad neonatal" 3 => "Cardiopatía congénita" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is considered a risk factor for necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and other gastrointestinal complications in preterm infants. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a higher incidence of abdominal surgery and the associated morbidity and mortality in preterm infants who require treatment due to a significant PDA.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An observational study was conducted that included preterm infants with <37 weeks of gestational age, and a diagnosis of PDA in the last 10 years. Depending on the treatment received, the patients were divided into 3 groups: medical (A), medical and surgical (B), and no treatment (C). An analysis was performed on the pre- and peri-natal variables, as well as the incidence of gastrointestinal complications (NEC, and need for surgery for this reason), and overall mortality.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included a sample of 144 patients, of whom 91 were assigned to group A, 16 to B, and 37 to C. The mean gestational age by groups was 28, 26.7, and 30.1 weeks, respectively. The mean birth weight was 1083.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g, 909.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g, and 1471.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g, respectively. As regards the incidence of NEC, a total of 21, 5, and 5 cases, respectively, were found in each group, with 43%, 60% and 35%, respectively requiring abdominal surgery. Mortality by groups was 12%, 19%, and 3%, respectively.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients who required treatment for a significant PDA had a higher incidence of gastrointestinal complications and higher mortality than untreated patients, with no statistically significant differences being found. In the group of patients that required treatment, lower gestational age and birth weight, could explain the increase in morbidity and mortality found in these patients.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La persistencia de ductus arterioso (PDA), se considera un factor de riesgo para enterocolitis necrosante (ECN) y otras complicaciones digestivas en prematuros. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar si existe un mayor riesgo de cirugía abdominal y morbimortalidad asociada en prematuros que precisaron tratamiento debido a una PDA significativa.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Metodología</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional, analítico y retrospectivo incluyendo prematuros menores de 37 semanas de gestación, con diagnóstico de PDA en los últimos 10 años. En función del tratamiento recibido, los pacientes fueron divididos en 3 grupos: tratamiento médico (A), tratamiento médico y quirúrgico (B) y sin tratamiento (C). Se analizaron variables pre y perinatales, incidencia de complicaciones digestivas (ECN y necesidad de cirugía por este motivo) y mortalidad global.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se obtuvo una muestra de 144 pacientes: 91 se asignaron al grupo A, 16 al B y 37 al C. La edad gestacional media por grupos fue de 28, 26,7 y 30,1 semanas. El peso medio al nacer fue de 1.083,9, 909,3 y 1471,2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g, respectivamente. En cuanto a la incidencia de ECN, se encontraron un total de 21, 5 y 5 casos en cada grupo, precisando cirugía abdominal un 43, 60 y 35%, respectivamente. La mortalidad por grupos fue del 12, 19 y 3%.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes que precisaron tratamiento por PDA, presentaron una mayor incidencia de complicaciones digestivas y una mayor mortalidad que los pacientes no tratados, sin embargo, no encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En el grupo de pacientes que requirieron tratamiento, la menor edad gestacional y peso al nacer, podrían explicar el incremento de la morbimortalidad encontrada en estos pacientes.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Metodología" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as: Hernández Díaz C, Ruiz Hierro C, Ortega Escudero M, Montero García J, Galvañ Felix Y, Martínez Díaz S, et al. Cirugía abdominal en prematuros con persistencia de ductus arterioso. An Pediatr (Barc). 2019;91:251–255.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sx, surgery; Tx, treatment.</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation or absolute frequency of patients (%).</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> (medical Tx)<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span> (medical Tx<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sx)<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C</span> (No Tx)<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45 (49) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (41) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">46 (51) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (63) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (59) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gestational age (wk)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Birth weight (g)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.083.97<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>359.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">909.38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>285.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.471.22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>623.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apgar (1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">min)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.157 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Steroid Tx, (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">85 (93) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (94) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 (78) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Surfactant Tx, (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82 (90) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 (68) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Respiratory support, (%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90 (99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (89) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Intraventricular haemorrhage grade III/IV</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.279 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82 (90) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (81) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 (97) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Maternal disease</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 (49) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.194 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58 (64) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (69) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 (51) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2140963.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical characteristics of patients by treatment received.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NEC, necrotising enterocolitis; Sx, surgery; Tx, treatment.</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation or absolute frequency of patients (%).</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> (medical Tx)<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span> (medical Tx<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sx)<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C</span> (No Tx)<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NEC, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NEC age, (days of life) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.096 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Previous feedings, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 (95) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (80) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Perforation associated with NEC, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (29) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sx for NEC, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (43) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Death associated with NEC, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mortality, (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11/91 (12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3/16 (19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1/37 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2140962.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gastrointestinal complications and mortality in patients by treatment received.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child health and human development neonatal research network, January 1995 through December 1996. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 October | 60 | 36 | 96 |
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| 2023 September | 53 | 20 | 73 |
| 2023 August | 31 | 22 | 53 |
| 2023 July | 37 | 26 | 63 |
| 2023 June | 33 | 32 | 65 |
| 2023 May | 43 | 18 | 61 |
| 2023 April | 20 | 13 | 33 |
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| 2022 December | 51 | 20 | 71 |
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| 2021 December | 30 | 50 | 80 |
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| 2021 February | 46 | 20 | 66 |
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| 2020 December | 46 | 7 | 53 |
| 2020 November | 207 | 21 | 228 |
| 2020 October | 40 | 13 | 53 |
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| 2020 May | 32 | 18 | 50 |
| 2020 April | 27 | 17 | 44 |
| 2020 March | 48 | 11 | 59 |
| 2020 February | 64 | 13 | 77 |
| 2020 January | 79 | 15 | 94 |
| 2019 December | 75 | 18 | 93 |
| 2019 November | 73 | 8 | 81 |
| 2019 October | 100 | 16 | 116 |
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