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Moritz et al&#46; first proposed the use of isotonic fluids as a safer alternative to the traditional approach&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> a suggestion that was disputed in 2 articles written in response by Holliday et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The latter structured their arguments around 2 main points&#44; the normalization of the excess of ADH by intravenous administration of a bolus of isotonic fluid at a rate of 20&#8211;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;kg over 2&#8211;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; and the current lack of evidence from clinical trials supporting the approach proposed by Moritz et al&#46; However&#44; the public health systems of different countries took the evidence on the risks of hypotonic fluids seriously and issued very clear recommendations on the subject&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Two meta-analyses published in 2014<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> concluded that the use of isotonic fluids for MIVFT compared to hypotonic fluids decreased the risk &#40;although not completely eliminating it&#41; of development of hyponatraemia without increasing the risk of complications such as hypernatraemia&#44; high blood pressure and&#47;or oedema&#44; as evinced by the clinical trial conducted by McNab et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> However&#44; most of the patients included in the reviewed studies were postsurgical patients or patients with severe illness admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit &#40;PICU&#41;&#44; so the conclusions of these meta-analyses may not be applicable to patients in non-intensive care wards&#46; In 2015&#44; Friedman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> published a clinical trial that found no differences in sodium serum levels at 24 and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h from initiation of MIVFT&#44; regardless of whether the administered fluid was isotonic &#40;sodium chloride &#91;NaCl&#93; 0&#46;9&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dextrose &#91;D&#93; 5&#37;&#41; or hypotonic &#40;NaCl 0&#46;45&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D 5&#37;&#41;&#46; However&#44; the 2 observed cases of hyponatraemia occurred in 2 patients of the hypotonic fluid group&#44; requiring their removal from the study 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after initiation of infusion&#46; In the same study&#44; there were cases of high blood pressure&#44; hypernatraemia and oedema in the isotonic fluid group&#44; which seriously challenged the strong evidence in favour of isotonic fluids of the meta-analyses published a year before&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the past decade&#44; several studies have found variability in the approaches to the delivery of MIVFT&#44; and at present&#44; the Holliday&#8211;Segar method continues to prevail in everyday clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;19</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this framework&#44; the aim of our study was to describe the knowledge and attitudes of health care providers in Spain regarding MIVFT in paediatrics&#44; their variability&#44; and the possible factors at play&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design and universe</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a cross-sectional observational study&#46; We started by reviewing the consensus guidelines on intravenous fluid therapy of the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a Hospitalaria &#40;Spanish Society of Paediatric Inpatient Care&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> and 2 other publications on the subject<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> to develop a 19-item questionnaire &#40;see the supplemental material in Appendix B&#41; in Google Drive&#46; Since there were no validated instruments that could be used for a study of this nature&#44; we had to develop a questionnaire that&#44; in the opinion of our research team&#44; explored essential aspects of MIVFT taking into account the objectives of the study and based on the scientific evidence published to date&#58; total volume to administer in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; tonicity and fluid ion composition&#46; The questionnaire also had to explore factors related to the clinician and the care setting that might influence prescription practices&#44; as had been done in previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;16</span></a> We distributed the final questionnaire electronically to Spanish regional and national as well as international medical and surgical societies whose members engage in paediatric care and may prescribe MIVFT&#44; requesting their collaboration to distribute the questionnaire to their members&#46; We also sent the link to the questionnaire to the Board of Physicians of the province where the study originated asking for help in distributing it to the remaining Boards in Spain&#46; The online form that was distributed specified that only health providers that prescribed MIVFT to paediatric patients should complete the questionnaire&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Inclusion criteria</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our survey was aimed at all health care providers managing MIVFT in paediatric patients aged 1 month through 14 years in 4 key settings&#58; emergency care&#44; acute ward care&#44; surgical care and paediatric intensive care&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Data collection</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We distributed the questionnaire online at three different time points following a pre-established protocol&#58; first distribution&#44; December 2016&#59; second distribution&#44; February to March 2017&#59; third distribution&#44; May 2017&#46; We collected responses until December 31&#44; 2017&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis of the data</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the variables under study were qualitative&#44; and we summarised the data as absolute frequencies and percentages with the corresponding 95&#37; confidence intervals&#46; We analysed the association between these variables by means of the chi square test&#46; This was followed by a multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression&#44; with a single dependent variable &#40;&#8220;routine use of hypotonic fluids for MIVFT&#8221;&#41; and including in the model the variables that had been significant or marginally significant in the bivariate analysis&#44; or those that were not statistically significant but we considered clinically relevant&#46; We defined statistical significance as a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p-</span>value of less than 0&#46;05 and marginal significance as a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p-</span>value of at least 0&#46;05 but less than 0&#46;25&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We calculated that a sample size of 385 would be sufficient to estimate population proportions&#44; for an assumed proportion of approximately 50&#37;&#44; with a 95&#37; level of confidence and a precision of &#177;5 percentage points&#46; We performed the statistical analysis with the software SPSS for Windows version 21&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#59; Chicago&#44; United States&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the ethics and research committee of the coordinating hospital&#46; It included no patient data&#44; and participation in the survey was voluntary and anonymous&#46; The researchers involved in the project were the sole individuals that had access to the survey data&#44; which were collected solely for the purpose of statistical analysis&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We received a total of 487 responses&#44; 456 from paediatricians&#44; of whom 67 &#40;14&#46;69&#37;&#41; were residents in training&#46; Based on data published by the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a Hospitalaria&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> the total number of paediatricians employed in public and private hospitals in Spain amounted to 4194 in 2011&#46; This entails that the response rate for our survey was of approximately 10&#46;8&#37;&#46; We received the most answers from the following 6 autonomous regions in Spain&#58; Madrid&#44; 115 &#40;25&#46;21&#37;&#41;&#59; Valencia&#44; 105 &#40;23&#46;02&#37;&#41;&#59; Andalusia&#44; 55 &#40;12&#46;06&#37;&#41;&#59; Canary Islands&#44; 32 &#40;7&#46;03&#37;&#41;&#59; Castilla La Mancha&#44; 31 &#40;6&#46;81&#37;&#41;&#59; and Catalonia&#44; 28&#44; &#40;6&#46;14&#37;&#41;&#46; We received a total of 90 responses from the remaining autonomous regions combined &#40;19&#46;73&#37;&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarises the questionnaire items and the answer choices&#46; The most salient findings were that 7&#46;45&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 4&#46;22&#8211;10&#46;68&#37;&#41; of respondents did not correctly differentiate between hypotonic and isotonic from a conceptual standpoint&#46; Hypotonic fluids were used habitually by 28&#46;95&#37; of clinicians &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 24&#46;77&#8211;33&#46;13&#37;&#41;&#44; and only 14&#46;47&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 11&#46;23&#8211;17&#46;72&#41; used volumes smaller than the volumes that would be administered using the Holliday&#8211;Segar method&#46; In addition&#44; 14&#46;91&#37; of respondents &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 11&#46;63&#8211;18&#46;19&#37;&#41; reported that there was no consensus regarding this issue in their care team&#46; On the other hand&#44; we found an association between the use of hypotonic fluids and the characteristics of prescribing clinicians and their work settings&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> presents the results of the bivariate and multivariate analyses on this aspect&#44; highlighting the factors with the strongest correlation to the prescription of hypotonic fluids&#46; The use of volumes smaller than those proposed traditionally was also associated to a specific professional profile&#44; as clinicians employed in PICU settings were more likely to use smaller volumes compared to those employed in non-intensive care settings &#40;28&#37; versus 11&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Only 19 of the surveyed paediatricians &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41; used volumes greater than recommended by Holliday and Segar&#44; and 9 of them &#40;2&#37; of the total&#41; also prescribed hypotonic fluids&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> presents results on other aspects related to the prescription of MIVFT and some factors that may be associated with it&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a substantial amount of evidence that supports the use of isotonic fluids for MIVFT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;24</span></a> Thus&#44; it seems that the time has come to consider switching from the use of hypotonic fluids &#40;NaCl<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;45&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D 5&#37;&#41; to the use of isotonic fluids &#40;NaCl 0&#46;9&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D 5&#37;&#41; in the majority of patients receiving MIVFT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;27</span></a> However&#44; studies conducted in different countries show that this is not happening&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;19</span></a> including our own&#44; as 28&#46;9&#37; of respondents reported the routine use of hypotonic fluids in their usual clinical practice&#46; Furthermore&#44; 7&#46;4&#37; of the clinicians included in our study did not correctly differentiate intravenous fluids based on tonicity&#46; On the other hand&#44; from a physiological perspective it seems logical that using as reference the volumes proposed by Holliday and Segar&#44; which are calculated based on healthy children with normal activity&#44; we may be overestimating the fluid requirements of hospitalised patients&#44; given the inactivity associated with any hospital stay and the retention of free water that may result from the elevation of ADH in response to various non-osmotic stimuli present in these patients&#46; For this reason&#44; some providers prescribe lower total volumes for MIVFT&#44; as evinced by the study of Davies et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In our study&#44; 14&#46;4&#37; of respondents overall restricted the volume of fluids delivered for maintenance in their patients&#44; and this proportion rose to 28&#37; when it came to clinicians in the PICU&#46; However&#44; it is not possible to accurately determine the potency of the non-osmotic stimuli that patients experience during hospitalization&#46; Surgical patients and patients with conditions involving the central nervous system &#40;meningitis&#44; encephalitis and severe head trauma&#41; are likely to have the most elevated levels of ADH&#44; and thus may be at highest risk of dilutional hypernatraemia if they are given hypotonic fluids in volumes calculated with the Holliday&#8211;Segar method&#46; However&#44; there are other hospitalised patients with mild diseases who&#44; unlike the subsets of patients mentioned above&#44; may not experience non-osmotic stimuli for ADH secretion and in whom prescription of volumes following the Holliday&#8211;Segar method may therefore be appropriate&#46; The highest risk of dilutional hyponatraemia for paediatric inpatients would probably be associated with administration of hypotonic fluids at volumes above those recommended by Holliday and Segar&#44; although we cannot assert this with confidence on the basis of the evidence that is currently available&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We ought to highlight that while this practice was rare in our sample&#44; reported by only 2&#37; of respondents&#44; we cannot assume that this is the case in the real world given the results of the study conducted in 2008 by Davies et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> in which up to 38&#37; used maintenance rates above the Holliday&#8211;Segar standard which&#44; combined with the use of hypotonic fluids&#44; constituted an unsafe practice for the patient&#46; Similarly&#44; a recent systematic review with meta-analysis found an association between fluid overload and an increase in morbidity and mortality in critically ill paediatric patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did not find any studies in the literature describing clinical practice on this regard focused specifically on paediatricians&#46; Most studies on the subject&#44; with a survey format&#44; assessed the knowledge of health care providers as to the type of fluids that must be administered in terms of tonicity and total volume with the presentation of different clinical scenarios&#46; They found substantial variability on the type of fluid that would be used&#44; with an overall predominance of hypotonic fluids&#44; and no restriction on their volume&#46; These differences have not been studied in depth&#44; although Way et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> concluded that having received more extensive specific training on the subject and having performed more interventions on paediatric patients were associated with a higher probability of prescribing isotonic fluids&#46; In a single-centre study conducted on a heterogeneous group of physicians&#44; Keijzers et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> found that the correct choice of fluids in terms of tonicity and volume of infusion for a given clinical scenario was correlated to the amount of experience in the management of paediatric patients&#44; with being a paediatrician or emergency care specialist versus a physician of any other specialty &#40;surgery&#44; anaesthesia&#41;&#44; and with having received specific training on the prescription of fluids for maintenance in paediatric patients&#46; Other studies have simply assessed the knowledge of clinicians in relation to the best available evidence at the moment&#44; with some authors concluding that there is an increased tendency to prescribe hypotonic fluids in clinical situations that call for isotonic fluids when the patient is an infant aged less than 12 months compared to older patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; we found that working in a public versus a private health care facility&#44; working in a PICU versus any other non-intensive care setting&#44; being a paediatrician versus a resident in paediatrics and the presence versus the absence of a consensus on the practices related to MIVFT in the care team are factors that could be associated to the prescription or non-prescription of hypotonic fluids and the alternative use of isotonic fluids for MIVFT&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also analysed prescription practices regarding the addition of potassium and calcium ions as components of MIVFT&#46; We did not find any articles in the literature addressing specific aspects on the subject&#44; such as deferring the addition of potassium to MIVFT until adequate urine output has been verified in the patient&#46; Some manuals recommend doses of KCl of 20&#8211;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;L&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> and we found no evidence in the literature on the optimal dosage&#46; Another salient finding was the differences in opinion we found in regard to the addition of calcium&#44; with the highest frequency of this practice found in intensive care specialists&#46; Calcium homeostasis is of utmost importance in critical patients&#44; especially those with polytrauma or in shock&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> This may be the reason why providers working in intensive care units are more likely to add this ion to the infusion&#46; However&#44; further and more specific studies are needed to clarify the rationale for these choices&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are several limitations to our study&#46; The main one is that we used a questionnaire developed by our team specifically for this study&#44; and thus it has not been previously validated&#46; The questionnaire was distributed by email and filled out online&#44; which resulted in a limited response rate and thus a limited generalizability of the results&#46; There was also a geographical bias in the distribution of respondents according to the autonomous region where they practiced&#44; with a disproportionate predominance of responses from the Valencian Community&#44; Madrid and Castilla La Mancha&#46; Second&#44; a significant bias that is difficult to avoid in studies of this nature is voluntary response bias&#44; by which professionals who have an interest in the subject and who may have more updated knowledge on it are more likely to participate&#44; thus skewing the distribution towards this group and altering the results&#44; which consequently do not reflect the actual status quo&#46; The third limitation is that whatever respondents reported was the customary clinical practice may not have been a reliable reflection of reality&#44; as sometimes professionals answer according to what they believe should be done&#44; rather than reporting what is done in actual practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Another aspect to consider is that our study took place 14 years after Moritz et al&#46; first proposed the use of isotonic fluids for maintenance&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and 11 after the publication of the first study that analysed the prescription of MIVFT in the field of paediatrics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However&#44; this fact&#44; rather than devaluing our study&#44; should be considered a reason for concern&#44; as our findings suggest that there are still clinicians in Spain that prescribe MIVFT schemes that do not meet the needs of individual patients based on the best available evidence&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We ought to highlight the detail that our survey targeted paediatricians exclusively&#44; since we did not find any other study on this subject in the literature that focused specifically on this medical specialty&#46; Our study is also the largest one based on the number of responses obtained&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;19</span></a> Furthermore&#44; we analysed additional aspects MIVFT that had not been investigated to date&#44; such as the addition of potassium or calcium to fluids used for maintenance&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More than 1&#47;4 of Spanish paediatricians continue to prescribe hypotonic fluids for MIVFT&#46; We found several factors that may be associated to the variability exhibited by surveyed paediatricians in the application of scientific evidence to care delivery&#46; Studies like the one presented here reflect the slow pace at which scientific evidence is translated to clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> The ability to develop clinical practice guidelines that synthesise knowledge in order to convey and disseminate it effectively is what makes our health organizations institutions that offer high-quality and safe services to patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Isotonic fluids&#44; in most cases&#44; are the safest way to dispense fluids intravenously&#46; The aim of this study was to determine the prescription of maintenance intravenous fluids and to study possible associated factors&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive&#44; cross-sectional&#44; multi-centre study was performed&#46; A questionnaire was sent nationwide to several healthcare providers via an online survey&#44; sent by email through different Medical Scientific Societies&#44; and the Official Spanish Medical Association&#44; between December 2016 and December 2017&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 487 questionnaires were received&#44; of which 456 were submitted by paediatricians&#46; More than one quarter &#40;28&#46;95&#37;&#41; &#40;95&#37; CI&#59; 24&#46;77&#8211;33&#46;13&#41; of the paediatricians usually dispense hypotonic fluids and 81&#46;14&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#59; 77&#46;54&#8211;84&#46;74&#41; prescribe infusion rates based on the Holliday and Segar protocol&#46; The general profile of paediatricians who prescribe hypotonic fluids intravenously in Spain are medical residents&#44; paediatricians working in paediatric non-intensive care units&#44; in private hospitals&#44; and those who recognise that no consensus exists among their direct work colleagues regarding this subject&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">More than twenty-five per cent of all paediatricians in our country continue to use hypotonic fluids as maintenance intravenous fluid therapy&#46; There might be several potential factors associated to this&#46; These kind of studies provide evidence of the great difficulties in transferring scientific knowledge to clinical practice&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material and method"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los fluidos isot&#243;nicos&#44; en la mayor&#237;a de los casos&#44; constituyen la forma m&#225;s segura de administraci&#243;n de l&#237;quidos por v&#237;a intravenosa&#46; Los objetivos de nuestro trabajo han sido describir las pr&#225;cticas de prescripci&#243;n de los fluidos intravenosos de mantenimiento y estudiar los posibles factores asociados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal&#44; descriptivo&#44; multic&#233;ntrico de &#225;mbito nacional&#44; mediante encuesta <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">on-line</span>&#44; difundida a trav&#233;s de sociedades cient&#237;ficas m&#233;dicas y la Organizaci&#243;n M&#233;dica Colegial&#44; entre diciembre de 2016 y diciembre de 2017&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 487 encuestas fueron recibidas&#44; 456 de pediatras&#46; El 28&#44;95&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 24&#44;77-33&#44;13&#41; de ellos prescrib&#237;an habitualmente fluidos hipot&#243;nicos y el 81&#44;14&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 77&#44;54-84&#44;74&#41; se basaba en la regla de Holliday y Segar para calcular el volumen total a infundir&#46; El perfil del pediatra en Espa&#241;a que utiliza fluidos hipot&#243;nicos intravenosos es el de m&#233;dico residente de pediatr&#237;a&#44; pediatra que trabaja en &#225;reas diferentes a las unidades de cuidados intensivos pedi&#225;tricos&#44; en hospitales privados&#44; y aquellos que reconocen que no existe un consenso al respecto en su grupo de trabajo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">M&#225;s de una cuarta parte de los pediatras en nuestro pa&#237;s sigue utilizando los fluidos hipot&#243;nicos como fluidoterapia intravenosa de mantenimiento&#46; Diferentes factores podr&#237;an estar asociados a este hecho&#46; Estos estudios son prueba de las grandes dificultades existentes para trasladar el conocimiento a la pr&#225;ctica&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todo"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as&#58; Rius Peris JM&#44; Rivas-Juesas C&#44; Mara&#241;a P&#233;rez AI&#44; Pi&#241;eiro P&#233;rez R&#44; Modesto i Alapont V&#44; Miranda Mallea J&#44; et al&#46; Uso de sueros hipot&#243;nicos en la prescripci&#243;n de la fluidoterapia intravenosa de mantenimiento&#46; An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2019&#59;91&#58;158&#8211;165&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2018.10.016">https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;anpedi&#46;2018&#46;10&#46;016</span></p>"
      ]
    ]
    "apendice" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "seccion" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "apendice" => "<p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
            "identificador" => "sec0060"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:4 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The left column presents the question asked&#44; expressing the number of answers received as absolute frequency and percentage of the total in parenthesis&#46; The right column shows the different answer choices and gives the absolute frequency and the percentage corresponding to each of them with the 95&#37; confidence interval in parenthesis&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CI&#44; confidence interval&#59; KCl&#44; potassium chloride&#59; MIVFT&#44; maintenance intravenous fluid therapy&#59; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#44; 2 molar&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46; Correctly differentiates the different types of intravenous fluids based on tonicity&#44; 456 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Differentiates correctly&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>422 &#40;92&#46;54&#37;&#59; 90&#37; CI&#44; 12&#8211;94&#46;96&#37;&#41;Isotonic fluid is Ringer&#39;s lactate&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9 &#40;1&#46;97&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 0&#46;69&#8211;3&#46;26&#37;&#41;Fluids are isotonic if they have a 0&#46;20&#37; concentration &#40;1&#47;5&#41; or 0&#46;33&#37; concentration &#40;1&#47;3&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25 &#40;5&#46;48&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 3&#46;39&#8211;7&#46;58&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46; Type of MIVFT used habitually in your everyday practice in normonatraemic patients&#44; 455 &#40;99&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Predominantly isotonic&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>297 &#40;65&#46;13&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 60&#46;74&#8211;69&#46;52&#37;&#41;Isotonic and hypotonic alike&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27 &#40;5&#46;92&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 3&#46;75&#8211;8&#46;10&#37;&#41;Predominantly hypotonic&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>131 &#40;28&#46;95&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 24&#46;77&#8211;33&#46;13&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46; Total volume of MIVFT given in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; 455 &#40;99&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">As specified by H &#38; S&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>370 &#40;81&#46;14&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 77&#46;54&#8211;84&#46;74&#37;&#41;Usually use lower volumes than calculated with the Holliday&#8211;Segar equation&#44; of about 80&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>66 &#40;14&#46;47&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 11&#46;23&#8211;17&#46;72&#37;&#41;Use higher volumes than calculated with the Holliday&#8211;Segar equation&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19 &#40;4&#46;39&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 2&#46;50&#8211;6&#46;27&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46; Timing of addition of KCl to MIVFT&#44; 456 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">KCl always added to MIVFT from initiation of infusion&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33 &#40;7&#46;24&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 4&#46;85&#8211;9&#46;62&#37;&#41;KCl added after verifying adequate urine output in patient&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100 &#40;21&#46;93&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 18&#46;12&#8211;25&#46;74&#37;&#41;Depends on clinical condition and level of dehydration of the patient&#46; If the clinical condition is not good&#44; use of KCl is deferred until patient improves and urine output is assessed&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>323 &#40;70&#46;83&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 66&#46;65&#8211;75&#46;02&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46; Millilitres of KCl 2M added to MIVFT&#44; 455 &#40;99&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of KCl 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M per kg of body weight per 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17 &#40;3&#46;73&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 1&#46;98&#8211;5&#46;47&#37;&#41;&#46;Depending on patient weight&#58; if weight<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#44; 2&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of KCl 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M per 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of infused solution&#59; if weight <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#44; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL per 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of infused solution&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120 &#40;26&#46;32&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 22&#46;26&#8211;30&#46;37&#37;&#41;Does not consider it&#46; Uses standard fluids that already include KCl&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18 &#40;3&#46;95&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 2&#46;15&#8211;5&#46;74&#37;&#41;Based on basal requirements&#44; 20&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;L of infused fluid&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150 &#40;32&#46;89&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 28&#46;57&#8211;37&#46;22&#41;None of the above&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150 &#40;33&#46;11&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 28&#46;78&#8211;37&#46;45&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46; Amount of calcium to deliver in MIVFT&#44; 355 &#40;77&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">In children&#44; 20&#8211;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#44; and in infants&#44; 40&#8211;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17 &#40;4&#46;79&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 2&#46;56&#8211;7&#46;02&#37;&#41;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL calcium gluconate per 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of fluid&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37 &#40;10&#46;40&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 7&#46;89&#8211;12&#46;91&#37;&#41;I do not add calcium in MIVFT&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>301 &#40;84&#46;82&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 80&#46;32&#8211;89&#46;32&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46; Means used to remain up to date on the subject&#44; 456 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reading books and manuals&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 &#40;3&#46;51&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 1&#46;81&#8211;5&#46;20&#37;&#41;Reading scientific journals&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>119 &#40;26&#46;10&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 22&#46;05&#8211;30&#46;14&#37;&#41;Attendance to courses&#44; conferences and congresses&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 &#40;13&#46;16&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 10&#46;04&#8211;16&#46;27&#37;&#41;Clinical team meetings&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>247 &#40;54&#46;17&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 49&#46;58&#8211;58&#46;76&#37;&#41;Conversations with colleagues&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 &#40;3&#46;07&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 1&#46;48&#8211;4&#46;66&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46; Consensus regarding fluid therapy in my care team&#44; 456 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Only verbal consensus&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>130 &#40;28&#46;51&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 24&#46;35&#8211;32&#46;67&#37;&#41;Verbal consensus and written protocol&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>258 &#40;56&#46;58&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 52&#46;01&#8211;61&#46;15&#37;&#41;No verbal consensus or written protocol&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>68 &#40;14&#46;91&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 11&#46;63&#8211;18&#46;19&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46; Time that provider has used isotonic fluids if ever used for MIVFT&#44; 302 &#40;66&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">More than 5 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>59 &#40;19&#46;54&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 15&#46;04&#8211;24&#46;03&#37;&#41;Between 2 and 5 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>112 &#40;37&#46;09&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 31&#46;61&#8211;42&#46;56&#37;&#41;Less than 2 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>131 &#40;43&#46;38&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 37&#46;76&#8211;49&#46;00&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bivariate analysis</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;68&#8211;1&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">312 &#40;68&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;28&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Professional experience</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;5 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;27&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;29&#8211;2&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#8211;15 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">158 &#40;34&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;27&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;35&#8211;4&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;15 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">137 &#40;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;25&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&#8211;3&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Still doing the residency<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;12&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;43&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Level of care</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;28&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;13&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;18&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;33&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">89 &#40;81&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Professional experience</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">456</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;5 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">106 &#40;23&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96 &#40;90&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;27&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73 &#40;85&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#8211;15 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">149 &#40;94&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;19&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">93 &#40;80&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;15 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Still doing the residency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;25&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;18&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of facility of employment</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Public&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">386 &#40;84&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">359 &#40;93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;25&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;15&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;23&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">130 &#40;33&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">249 &#40;83&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Private&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;7&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;86&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;8&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;36&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;85&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Both&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;7&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;94&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;39&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;20&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;20&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;95&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paediatrician vs resident</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Paediatrician&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">389 &#40;85&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">362 &#40;93&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">101 &#40;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63 &#40;16&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81 &#40;20&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135 &#40;34&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">254 &#40;84&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Resident in paediatrics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;14&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">60 &#40;89&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;44&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;4&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;28&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;22&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;88&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Intensivist</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PICU&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">82 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79 &#40;96&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;14&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;7&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;42&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;61&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Non-PICU&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">374 &#40;82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">343 &#40;91&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">119 &#40;31&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;11&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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Original Article
Use of hypotonic fluids in the prescription of maintenance intravenous fluid therapy
Uso de sueros hipotónicos en la prescripción de la fluidoterapia intravenosa de mantenimiento
Juan Manuel Rius Perisa,b,
Corresponding author
riusjua@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Cristina Rivas-Juesasc, Ana Isabel Maraña Péreza,b, Roi Piñeiro Pérezd, Vicente Modesto i Alaponte, Javier Miranda Malleaf, Abel Cuellar de Leóng
a Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain
b Instituto de Tecnología, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
c Hospital de Sagunto, Sagunto, Valencia, Spain
d Hospital General de Villalba, Collado Villalba, Madrid, Spain
e Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
f Hospital Vithas Nisa 9 de Octubre, Valencia, Spain
g Unidad Móvil de Emergencias de la GUETS, Motilla del Palancar, Cuenca, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the publication of the article by Holliday and Segar in 1957&#44; maintenance intravenous fluid therapy &#40;MIVFT&#41; in paediatrics has consisted in the administration of hypotonic fluids&#44; with the total volume calculated based on the estimated energy expenditure&#44; which falls between the basal metabolic rate and the expenditure expected during normal physical activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> From then to now&#44; there have been reports of cases of dilutional hyponatraemia secondary to the use of hypotonic fluids with an excess of electrolyte-free water&#44; administration of excessive volumes or elevation of antidiuretic hormone &#40;ADH&#41; secondary to some disease-related processes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> In 2003&#44; Moritz et al&#46; first proposed the use of isotonic fluids as a safer alternative to the traditional approach&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> a suggestion that was disputed in 2 articles written in response by Holliday et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> The latter structured their arguments around 2 main points&#44; the normalization of the excess of ADH by intravenous administration of a bolus of isotonic fluid at a rate of 20&#8211;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;kg over 2&#8211;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; and the current lack of evidence from clinical trials supporting the approach proposed by Moritz et al&#46; However&#44; the public health systems of different countries took the evidence on the risks of hypotonic fluids seriously and issued very clear recommendations on the subject&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> Two meta-analyses published in 2014<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> concluded that the use of isotonic fluids for MIVFT compared to hypotonic fluids decreased the risk &#40;although not completely eliminating it&#41; of development of hyponatraemia without increasing the risk of complications such as hypernatraemia&#44; high blood pressure and&#47;or oedema&#44; as evinced by the clinical trial conducted by McNab et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> However&#44; most of the patients included in the reviewed studies were postsurgical patients or patients with severe illness admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit &#40;PICU&#41;&#44; so the conclusions of these meta-analyses may not be applicable to patients in non-intensive care wards&#46; In 2015&#44; Friedman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> published a clinical trial that found no differences in sodium serum levels at 24 and 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h from initiation of MIVFT&#44; regardless of whether the administered fluid was isotonic &#40;sodium chloride &#91;NaCl&#93; 0&#46;9&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dextrose &#91;D&#93; 5&#37;&#41; or hypotonic &#40;NaCl 0&#46;45&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D 5&#37;&#41;&#46; However&#44; the 2 observed cases of hyponatraemia occurred in 2 patients of the hypotonic fluid group&#44; requiring their removal from the study 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after initiation of infusion&#46; In the same study&#44; there were cases of high blood pressure&#44; hypernatraemia and oedema in the isotonic fluid group&#44; which seriously challenged the strong evidence in favour of isotonic fluids of the meta-analyses published a year before&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the past decade&#44; several studies have found variability in the approaches to the delivery of MIVFT&#44; and at present&#44; the Holliday&#8211;Segar method continues to prevail in everyday clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;19</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this framework&#44; the aim of our study was to describe the knowledge and attitudes of health care providers in Spain regarding MIVFT in paediatrics&#44; their variability&#44; and the possible factors at play&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design and universe</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a cross-sectional observational study&#46; We started by reviewing the consensus guidelines on intravenous fluid therapy of the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a Hospitalaria &#40;Spanish Society of Paediatric Inpatient Care&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> and 2 other publications on the subject<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> to develop a 19-item questionnaire &#40;see the supplemental material in Appendix B&#41; in Google Drive&#46; Since there were no validated instruments that could be used for a study of this nature&#44; we had to develop a questionnaire that&#44; in the opinion of our research team&#44; explored essential aspects of MIVFT taking into account the objectives of the study and based on the scientific evidence published to date&#58; total volume to administer in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; tonicity and fluid ion composition&#46; The questionnaire also had to explore factors related to the clinician and the care setting that might influence prescription practices&#44; as had been done in previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;16</span></a> We distributed the final questionnaire electronically to Spanish regional and national as well as international medical and surgical societies whose members engage in paediatric care and may prescribe MIVFT&#44; requesting their collaboration to distribute the questionnaire to their members&#46; We also sent the link to the questionnaire to the Board of Physicians of the province where the study originated asking for help in distributing it to the remaining Boards in Spain&#46; The online form that was distributed specified that only health providers that prescribed MIVFT to paediatric patients should complete the questionnaire&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Inclusion criteria</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our survey was aimed at all health care providers managing MIVFT in paediatric patients aged 1 month through 14 years in 4 key settings&#58; emergency care&#44; acute ward care&#44; surgical care and paediatric intensive care&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Data collection</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We distributed the questionnaire online at three different time points following a pre-established protocol&#58; first distribution&#44; December 2016&#59; second distribution&#44; February to March 2017&#59; third distribution&#44; May 2017&#46; We collected responses until December 31&#44; 2017&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis of the data</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the variables under study were qualitative&#44; and we summarised the data as absolute frequencies and percentages with the corresponding 95&#37; confidence intervals&#46; We analysed the association between these variables by means of the chi square test&#46; This was followed by a multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression&#44; with a single dependent variable &#40;&#8220;routine use of hypotonic fluids for MIVFT&#8221;&#41; and including in the model the variables that had been significant or marginally significant in the bivariate analysis&#44; or those that were not statistically significant but we considered clinically relevant&#46; We defined statistical significance as a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p-</span>value of less than 0&#46;05 and marginal significance as a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p-</span>value of at least 0&#46;05 but less than 0&#46;25&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We calculated that a sample size of 385 would be sufficient to estimate population proportions&#44; for an assumed proportion of approximately 50&#37;&#44; with a 95&#37; level of confidence and a precision of &#177;5 percentage points&#46; We performed the statistical analysis with the software SPSS for Windows version 21&#46;0 &#40;SPSS Inc&#59; Chicago&#44; United States&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the ethics and research committee of the coordinating hospital&#46; It included no patient data&#44; and participation in the survey was voluntary and anonymous&#46; The researchers involved in the project were the sole individuals that had access to the survey data&#44; which were collected solely for the purpose of statistical analysis&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We received a total of 487 responses&#44; 456 from paediatricians&#44; of whom 67 &#40;14&#46;69&#37;&#41; were residents in training&#46; Based on data published by the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Pediatr&#237;a Hospitalaria&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> the total number of paediatricians employed in public and private hospitals in Spain amounted to 4194 in 2011&#46; This entails that the response rate for our survey was of approximately 10&#46;8&#37;&#46; We received the most answers from the following 6 autonomous regions in Spain&#58; Madrid&#44; 115 &#40;25&#46;21&#37;&#41;&#59; Valencia&#44; 105 &#40;23&#46;02&#37;&#41;&#59; Andalusia&#44; 55 &#40;12&#46;06&#37;&#41;&#59; Canary Islands&#44; 32 &#40;7&#46;03&#37;&#41;&#59; Castilla La Mancha&#44; 31 &#40;6&#46;81&#37;&#41;&#59; and Catalonia&#44; 28&#44; &#40;6&#46;14&#37;&#41;&#46; We received a total of 90 responses from the remaining autonomous regions combined &#40;19&#46;73&#37;&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarises the questionnaire items and the answer choices&#46; The most salient findings were that 7&#46;45&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 4&#46;22&#8211;10&#46;68&#37;&#41; of respondents did not correctly differentiate between hypotonic and isotonic from a conceptual standpoint&#46; Hypotonic fluids were used habitually by 28&#46;95&#37; of clinicians &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 24&#46;77&#8211;33&#46;13&#37;&#41;&#44; and only 14&#46;47&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 11&#46;23&#8211;17&#46;72&#41; used volumes smaller than the volumes that would be administered using the Holliday&#8211;Segar method&#46; In addition&#44; 14&#46;91&#37; of respondents &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 11&#46;63&#8211;18&#46;19&#37;&#41; reported that there was no consensus regarding this issue in their care team&#46; On the other hand&#44; we found an association between the use of hypotonic fluids and the characteristics of prescribing clinicians and their work settings&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> presents the results of the bivariate and multivariate analyses on this aspect&#44; highlighting the factors with the strongest correlation to the prescription of hypotonic fluids&#46; The use of volumes smaller than those proposed traditionally was also associated to a specific professional profile&#44; as clinicians employed in PICU settings were more likely to use smaller volumes compared to those employed in non-intensive care settings &#40;28&#37; versus 11&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; Only 19 of the surveyed paediatricians &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41; used volumes greater than recommended by Holliday and Segar&#44; and 9 of them &#40;2&#37; of the total&#41; also prescribed hypotonic fluids&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> presents results on other aspects related to the prescription of MIVFT and some factors that may be associated with it&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a substantial amount of evidence that supports the use of isotonic fluids for MIVFT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;24</span></a> Thus&#44; it seems that the time has come to consider switching from the use of hypotonic fluids &#40;NaCl<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;45&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D 5&#37;&#41; to the use of isotonic fluids &#40;NaCl 0&#46;9&#37;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D 5&#37;&#41; in the majority of patients receiving MIVFT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;27</span></a> However&#44; studies conducted in different countries show that this is not happening&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;19</span></a> including our own&#44; as 28&#46;9&#37; of respondents reported the routine use of hypotonic fluids in their usual clinical practice&#46; Furthermore&#44; 7&#46;4&#37; of the clinicians included in our study did not correctly differentiate intravenous fluids based on tonicity&#46; On the other hand&#44; from a physiological perspective it seems logical that using as reference the volumes proposed by Holliday and Segar&#44; which are calculated based on healthy children with normal activity&#44; we may be overestimating the fluid requirements of hospitalised patients&#44; given the inactivity associated with any hospital stay and the retention of free water that may result from the elevation of ADH in response to various non-osmotic stimuli present in these patients&#46; For this reason&#44; some providers prescribe lower total volumes for MIVFT&#44; as evinced by the study of Davies et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In our study&#44; 14&#46;4&#37; of respondents overall restricted the volume of fluids delivered for maintenance in their patients&#44; and this proportion rose to 28&#37; when it came to clinicians in the PICU&#46; However&#44; it is not possible to accurately determine the potency of the non-osmotic stimuli that patients experience during hospitalization&#46; Surgical patients and patients with conditions involving the central nervous system &#40;meningitis&#44; encephalitis and severe head trauma&#41; are likely to have the most elevated levels of ADH&#44; and thus may be at highest risk of dilutional hypernatraemia if they are given hypotonic fluids in volumes calculated with the Holliday&#8211;Segar method&#46; However&#44; there are other hospitalised patients with mild diseases who&#44; unlike the subsets of patients mentioned above&#44; may not experience non-osmotic stimuli for ADH secretion and in whom prescription of volumes following the Holliday&#8211;Segar method may therefore be appropriate&#46; The highest risk of dilutional hyponatraemia for paediatric inpatients would probably be associated with administration of hypotonic fluids at volumes above those recommended by Holliday and Segar&#44; although we cannot assert this with confidence on the basis of the evidence that is currently available&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We ought to highlight that while this practice was rare in our sample&#44; reported by only 2&#37; of respondents&#44; we cannot assume that this is the case in the real world given the results of the study conducted in 2008 by Davies et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> in which up to 38&#37; used maintenance rates above the Holliday&#8211;Segar standard which&#44; combined with the use of hypotonic fluids&#44; constituted an unsafe practice for the patient&#46; Similarly&#44; a recent systematic review with meta-analysis found an association between fluid overload and an increase in morbidity and mortality in critically ill paediatric patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did not find any studies in the literature describing clinical practice on this regard focused specifically on paediatricians&#46; Most studies on the subject&#44; with a survey format&#44; assessed the knowledge of health care providers as to the type of fluids that must be administered in terms of tonicity and total volume with the presentation of different clinical scenarios&#46; They found substantial variability on the type of fluid that would be used&#44; with an overall predominance of hypotonic fluids&#44; and no restriction on their volume&#46; These differences have not been studied in depth&#44; although Way et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> concluded that having received more extensive specific training on the subject and having performed more interventions on paediatric patients were associated with a higher probability of prescribing isotonic fluids&#46; In a single-centre study conducted on a heterogeneous group of physicians&#44; Keijzers et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> found that the correct choice of fluids in terms of tonicity and volume of infusion for a given clinical scenario was correlated to the amount of experience in the management of paediatric patients&#44; with being a paediatrician or emergency care specialist versus a physician of any other specialty &#40;surgery&#44; anaesthesia&#41;&#44; and with having received specific training on the prescription of fluids for maintenance in paediatric patients&#46; Other studies have simply assessed the knowledge of clinicians in relation to the best available evidence at the moment&#44; with some authors concluding that there is an increased tendency to prescribe hypotonic fluids in clinical situations that call for isotonic fluids when the patient is an infant aged less than 12 months compared to older patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17&#44;19</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; we found that working in a public versus a private health care facility&#44; working in a PICU versus any other non-intensive care setting&#44; being a paediatrician versus a resident in paediatrics and the presence versus the absence of a consensus on the practices related to MIVFT in the care team are factors that could be associated to the prescription or non-prescription of hypotonic fluids and the alternative use of isotonic fluids for MIVFT&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also analysed prescription practices regarding the addition of potassium and calcium ions as components of MIVFT&#46; We did not find any articles in the literature addressing specific aspects on the subject&#44; such as deferring the addition of potassium to MIVFT until adequate urine output has been verified in the patient&#46; Some manuals recommend doses of KCl of 20&#8211;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;L&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> and we found no evidence in the literature on the optimal dosage&#46; Another salient finding was the differences in opinion we found in regard to the addition of calcium&#44; with the highest frequency of this practice found in intensive care specialists&#46; Calcium homeostasis is of utmost importance in critical patients&#44; especially those with polytrauma or in shock&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> This may be the reason why providers working in intensive care units are more likely to add this ion to the infusion&#46; However&#44; further and more specific studies are needed to clarify the rationale for these choices&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are several limitations to our study&#46; The main one is that we used a questionnaire developed by our team specifically for this study&#44; and thus it has not been previously validated&#46; The questionnaire was distributed by email and filled out online&#44; which resulted in a limited response rate and thus a limited generalizability of the results&#46; There was also a geographical bias in the distribution of respondents according to the autonomous region where they practiced&#44; with a disproportionate predominance of responses from the Valencian Community&#44; Madrid and Castilla La Mancha&#46; Second&#44; a significant bias that is difficult to avoid in studies of this nature is voluntary response bias&#44; by which professionals who have an interest in the subject and who may have more updated knowledge on it are more likely to participate&#44; thus skewing the distribution towards this group and altering the results&#44; which consequently do not reflect the actual status quo&#46; The third limitation is that whatever respondents reported was the customary clinical practice may not have been a reliable reflection of reality&#44; as sometimes professionals answer according to what they believe should be done&#44; rather than reporting what is done in actual practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Another aspect to consider is that our study took place 14 years after Moritz et al&#46; first proposed the use of isotonic fluids for maintenance&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and 11 after the publication of the first study that analysed the prescription of MIVFT in the field of paediatrics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However&#44; this fact&#44; rather than devaluing our study&#44; should be considered a reason for concern&#44; as our findings suggest that there are still clinicians in Spain that prescribe MIVFT schemes that do not meet the needs of individual patients based on the best available evidence&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We ought to highlight the detail that our survey targeted paediatricians exclusively&#44; since we did not find any other study on this subject in the literature that focused specifically on this medical specialty&#46; Our study is also the largest one based on the number of responses obtained&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;19</span></a> Furthermore&#44; we analysed additional aspects MIVFT that had not been investigated to date&#44; such as the addition of potassium or calcium to fluids used for maintenance&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More than 1&#47;4 of Spanish paediatricians continue to prescribe hypotonic fluids for MIVFT&#46; We found several factors that may be associated to the variability exhibited by surveyed paediatricians in the application of scientific evidence to care delivery&#46; Studies like the one presented here reflect the slow pace at which scientific evidence is translated to clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> The ability to develop clinical practice guidelines that synthesise knowledge in order to convey and disseminate it effectively is what makes our health organizations institutions that offer high-quality and safe services to patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-06-21"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-10-17"
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            0 => "Fluid therapy"
            1 => "Infusions intravenous"
            2 => "Hyponatraemia"
            3 => "Health care surveys"
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            5 => "Clinical practice pattern"
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            0 => "Fluidoterapia"
            1 => "Infusiones intravenosas"
            2 => "Hiponatremia"
            3 => "Encuestas de atenci&#243;n de salud"
            4 => "Pediatras"
            5 => "Pautas de pr&#225;ctica en medicina"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Isotonic fluids&#44; in most cases&#44; are the safest way to dispense fluids intravenously&#46; The aim of this study was to determine the prescription of maintenance intravenous fluids and to study possible associated factors&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive&#44; cross-sectional&#44; multi-centre study was performed&#46; A questionnaire was sent nationwide to several healthcare providers via an online survey&#44; sent by email through different Medical Scientific Societies&#44; and the Official Spanish Medical Association&#44; between December 2016 and December 2017&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 487 questionnaires were received&#44; of which 456 were submitted by paediatricians&#46; More than one quarter &#40;28&#46;95&#37;&#41; &#40;95&#37; CI&#59; 24&#46;77&#8211;33&#46;13&#41; of the paediatricians usually dispense hypotonic fluids and 81&#46;14&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#59; 77&#46;54&#8211;84&#46;74&#41; prescribe infusion rates based on the Holliday and Segar protocol&#46; The general profile of paediatricians who prescribe hypotonic fluids intravenously in Spain are medical residents&#44; paediatricians working in paediatric non-intensive care units&#44; in private hospitals&#44; and those who recognise that no consensus exists among their direct work colleagues regarding this subject&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">More than twenty-five per cent of all paediatricians in our country continue to use hypotonic fluids as maintenance intravenous fluid therapy&#46; There might be several potential factors associated to this&#46; These kind of studies provide evidence of the great difficulties in transferring scientific knowledge to clinical practice&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction"
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            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material and method"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los fluidos isot&#243;nicos&#44; en la mayor&#237;a de los casos&#44; constituyen la forma m&#225;s segura de administraci&#243;n de l&#237;quidos por v&#237;a intravenosa&#46; Los objetivos de nuestro trabajo han sido describir las pr&#225;cticas de prescripci&#243;n de los fluidos intravenosos de mantenimiento y estudiar los posibles factores asociados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal&#44; descriptivo&#44; multic&#233;ntrico de &#225;mbito nacional&#44; mediante encuesta <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">on-line</span>&#44; difundida a trav&#233;s de sociedades cient&#237;ficas m&#233;dicas y la Organizaci&#243;n M&#233;dica Colegial&#44; entre diciembre de 2016 y diciembre de 2017&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 487 encuestas fueron recibidas&#44; 456 de pediatras&#46; El 28&#44;95&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 24&#44;77-33&#44;13&#41; de ellos prescrib&#237;an habitualmente fluidos hipot&#243;nicos y el 81&#44;14&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 77&#44;54-84&#44;74&#41; se basaba en la regla de Holliday y Segar para calcular el volumen total a infundir&#46; El perfil del pediatra en Espa&#241;a que utiliza fluidos hipot&#243;nicos intravenosos es el de m&#233;dico residente de pediatr&#237;a&#44; pediatra que trabaja en &#225;reas diferentes a las unidades de cuidados intensivos pedi&#225;tricos&#44; en hospitales privados&#44; y aquellos que reconocen que no existe un consenso al respecto en su grupo de trabajo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">M&#225;s de una cuarta parte de los pediatras en nuestro pa&#237;s sigue utilizando los fluidos hipot&#243;nicos como fluidoterapia intravenosa de mantenimiento&#46; Diferentes factores podr&#237;an estar asociados a este hecho&#46; Estos estudios son prueba de las grandes dificultades existentes para trasladar el conocimiento a la pr&#225;ctica&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Please cite this article as&#58; Rius Peris JM&#44; Rivas-Juesas C&#44; Mara&#241;a P&#233;rez AI&#44; Pi&#241;eiro P&#233;rez R&#44; Modesto i Alapont V&#44; Miranda Mallea J&#44; et al&#46; Uso de sueros hipot&#243;nicos en la prescripci&#243;n de la fluidoterapia intravenosa de mantenimiento&#46; An Pediatr &#40;Barc&#41;&#46; 2019&#59;91&#58;158&#8211;165&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2018.10.016">https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;anpedi&#46;2018&#46;10&#46;016</span></p>"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The left column presents the question asked&#44; expressing the number of answers received as absolute frequency and percentage of the total in parenthesis&#46; The right column shows the different answer choices and gives the absolute frequency and the percentage corresponding to each of them with the 95&#37; confidence interval in parenthesis&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CI&#44; confidence interval&#59; KCl&#44; potassium chloride&#59; MIVFT&#44; maintenance intravenous fluid therapy&#59; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#44; 2 molar&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46; Correctly differentiates the different types of intravenous fluids based on tonicity&#44; 456 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Differentiates correctly&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>422 &#40;92&#46;54&#37;&#59; 90&#37; CI&#44; 12&#8211;94&#46;96&#37;&#41;Isotonic fluid is Ringer&#39;s lactate&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9 &#40;1&#46;97&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 0&#46;69&#8211;3&#46;26&#37;&#41;Fluids are isotonic if they have a 0&#46;20&#37; concentration &#40;1&#47;5&#41; or 0&#46;33&#37; concentration &#40;1&#47;3&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25 &#40;5&#46;48&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 3&#46;39&#8211;7&#46;58&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46; Type of MIVFT used habitually in your everyday practice in normonatraemic patients&#44; 455 &#40;99&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Predominantly isotonic&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>297 &#40;65&#46;13&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 60&#46;74&#8211;69&#46;52&#37;&#41;Isotonic and hypotonic alike&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27 &#40;5&#46;92&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 3&#46;75&#8211;8&#46;10&#37;&#41;Predominantly hypotonic&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>131 &#40;28&#46;95&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 24&#46;77&#8211;33&#46;13&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46; Total volume of MIVFT given in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; 455 &#40;99&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">As specified by H &#38; S&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>370 &#40;81&#46;14&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 77&#46;54&#8211;84&#46;74&#37;&#41;Usually use lower volumes than calculated with the Holliday&#8211;Segar equation&#44; of about 80&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>66 &#40;14&#46;47&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 11&#46;23&#8211;17&#46;72&#37;&#41;Use higher volumes than calculated with the Holliday&#8211;Segar equation&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19 &#40;4&#46;39&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 2&#46;50&#8211;6&#46;27&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46; Timing of addition of KCl to MIVFT&#44; 456 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">KCl always added to MIVFT from initiation of infusion&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33 &#40;7&#46;24&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 4&#46;85&#8211;9&#46;62&#37;&#41;KCl added after verifying adequate urine output in patient&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100 &#40;21&#46;93&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 18&#46;12&#8211;25&#46;74&#37;&#41;Depends on clinical condition and level of dehydration of the patient&#46; If the clinical condition is not good&#44; use of KCl is deferred until patient improves and urine output is assessed&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>323 &#40;70&#46;83&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 66&#46;65&#8211;75&#46;02&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46; Millilitres of KCl 2M added to MIVFT&#44; 455 &#40;99&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of KCl 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M per kg of body weight per 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17 &#40;3&#46;73&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 1&#46;98&#8211;5&#46;47&#37;&#41;&#46;Depending on patient weight&#58; if weight<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#44; 2&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of KCl 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M per 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of infused solution&#59; if weight <span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#44; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL per 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of infused solution&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120 &#40;26&#46;32&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 22&#46;26&#8211;30&#46;37&#37;&#41;Does not consider it&#46; Uses standard fluids that already include KCl&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18 &#40;3&#46;95&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 2&#46;15&#8211;5&#46;74&#37;&#41;Based on basal requirements&#44; 20&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mEq&#47;L of infused fluid&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150 &#40;32&#46;89&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 28&#46;57&#8211;37&#46;22&#41;None of the above&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>150 &#40;33&#46;11&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 28&#46;78&#8211;37&#46;45&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46; Amount of calcium to deliver in MIVFT&#44; 355 &#40;77&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">In children&#44; 20&#8211;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#44; and in infants&#44; 40&#8211;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17 &#40;4&#46;79&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 2&#46;56&#8211;7&#46;02&#37;&#41;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL calcium gluconate per 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of fluid&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37 &#40;10&#46;40&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 7&#46;89&#8211;12&#46;91&#37;&#41;I do not add calcium in MIVFT&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>301 &#40;84&#46;82&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 80&#46;32&#8211;89&#46;32&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46; Means used to remain up to date on the subject&#44; 456 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reading books and manuals&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16 &#40;3&#46;51&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 1&#46;81&#8211;5&#46;20&#37;&#41;Reading scientific journals&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>119 &#40;26&#46;10&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 22&#46;05&#8211;30&#46;14&#37;&#41;Attendance to courses&#44; conferences and congresses&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60 &#40;13&#46;16&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 10&#46;04&#8211;16&#46;27&#37;&#41;Clinical team meetings&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>247 &#40;54&#46;17&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 49&#46;58&#8211;58&#46;76&#37;&#41;Conversations with colleagues&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14 &#40;3&#46;07&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 1&#46;48&#8211;4&#46;66&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46; Consensus regarding fluid therapy in my care team&#44; 456 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Only verbal consensus&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>130 &#40;28&#46;51&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 24&#46;35&#8211;32&#46;67&#37;&#41;Verbal consensus and written protocol&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>258 &#40;56&#46;58&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 52&#46;01&#8211;61&#46;15&#37;&#41;No verbal consensus or written protocol&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>68 &#40;14&#46;91&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 11&#46;63&#8211;18&#46;19&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46; Time that provider has used isotonic fluids if ever used for MIVFT&#44; 302 &#40;66&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">More than 5 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>59 &#40;19&#46;54&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 15&#46;04&#8211;24&#46;03&#37;&#41;Between 2 and 5 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>112 &#40;37&#46;09&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 31&#46;61&#8211;42&#46;56&#37;&#41;Less than 2 years&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>131 &#40;43&#46;38&#37;&#59; CI&#44; 37&#46;76&#8211;49&#46;00&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CI&#44; confidence interval&#59; PICU&#44; paediatric intensive care unit&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bivariate analysis</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Multivariate analysis</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Factor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Routinely uses hypotonic fluids for MIVFT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Odds ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;68&#8211;1&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">312 &#40;68&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;28&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">144 &#40;31&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;28&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Professional experience</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;5 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">106 &#40;23&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;27&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;29&#8211;2&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#8211;15 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;15 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Still doing the residency<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;12&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Private<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;7&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;39&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20&#8211;1&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paediatrician vs resident</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Paediatrician<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;45&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">KCl&#44; potassium chloride&#59; H &#38; S&#44; Holliday and Segar&#59; MIVFT&#44; maintenance intravenous fluid therapy&#59; PICU&#44; paediatric intensive care unit&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">t</span>&#44; total volume&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;20&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46 &#40;29&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">93 &#40;80&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;15 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">137 &#40;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">127 &#40;92&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;25&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;13&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54 &#40;39&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96 &#40;85&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Still doing the residency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;12&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;90&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;43&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;25&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;18&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;90&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of facility of employment</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Public&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">386 &#40;84&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">359 &#40;93&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100 &#40;25&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;15&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;23&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">130 &#40;33&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">249 &#40;83&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Private&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;8&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;36&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;85&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Both&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;7&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;94&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;39&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;20&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;20&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;95&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paediatrician vs resident</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>003&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#46;</span>17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Paediatrician&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">389 &#40;85&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Resident in paediatrics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">263 &#40;84&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Primary care&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 23412879
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.anpede.2018.10.010
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