Scientific Letter
Eosinophilic gastroenteropathy and digestive obstruction
Gastroenteropatía eosinofílica y obstrucción digestiva
Laura Tesouro Rodríguez
, Carmen Lázaro de Lucas, Lorena Nélida Magallares García, Eva Martínez-Ojinaga Nodal, Esther Ramos Boluda
Corresponding author
Unidad de Rehabilitación Intestinal, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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"referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carmen" "apellidos" => "Lázaro de Lucas" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lorena Nélida" "apellidos" => "Magallares García" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eva" "apellidos" => "Martínez-Ojinaga Nodal" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Esther" "apellidos" => "Ramos Boluda" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Rehabilitación Intestinal, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Gastroenteropatía eosinofílica y obstrucción digestiva" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 835 "Ancho" => 974 "Tamanyo" => 108082 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oedema and erosion of gastric mucosa with pyloric stenosis and ulcer in the angular notch.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is a rare disease characterised by eosinophilic infiltration in one or more segments of the gastrointestinal tract; it has a variable presentation and its aetiology is unknown.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have made a retrospective review of the cases of EG in patients managed at our hospital during the 2010–2015 period, analysing their clinical, endoscopic and histological characteristics, the treatment received and the long-term outcomes.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During this 5-year period, 5 patients received a diagnosis of EG. All were male, and they were aged 1–13 years. Two had underlying disease: one had undergone multivisceral transplantation, and the other had type 1 diabetes. The most frequent symptom was vomiting, found in 4 patients (80%), followed by abdominal pain in 2 (40%), faltering weight in 2 (40%), abdominal distension with ascites in 1 (20%) and diarrhoea in 1 (20%). The median duration of symptoms was 2 months (range, 1–5). All patients had serum albumin levels at the threshold of hypoalbuminaemia and 80% had peripheral blood eosinophilia. One patient had elevated IgE (111<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU/L) with a positive skin test for cow's milk protein allergy. Microbiological testing was negative in all. The ultrasound examination revealed increased thickness of the gastrointestinal tract wall (at the level of the pylorus in 2, the gastric antrum and duodenum in 2, and the small intestine in 1). The endoscopic examination revealed a swollen and nodular mucosa in all patients, pyloric stenosis in 3, duodenal stenosis in 1, and duodenal ulcer in 1 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a>). Microscopic examination of biopsies revealed eosinophilic infiltration in the oesophagus in 80%, in the stomach in 100%, and in the small bowel in 60%. All patients were treated with glucocorticoids (oral methylprednisolone at 1–2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg/day tapered off over 2 months) with a favourable response; the disease recurred in 3 patients, who required an additional course of glucocorticoids. As adjuvant treatment, 2 were fed with extensively hydrolysed casein formula, 2 received antisecretory drugs, and 1 underwent pyloroplasty.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an uncommon disease characterised by continuous or patchy eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract. Its aetiology remains unknown. Several hypotheses have been proposed; the most widely accepted posits that it involves an immediate or type I hypersensitivity reaction to food allergens. We only found evidence of sensitisation to cow's milk protein in 1 of our patients. Its incidence is estimated at around 1–20 cases per 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 births.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Its clinical manifestations depend on the extent, location and depth of the inflammatory infiltrate. The gastric antrum and small bowel are the areas involved most frequently. It can be classified into 3 forms based on the depth of eosinophilic infiltration: mucosal disease (the most common, manifesting with abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss and malabsorption), muscular layer disease (thickening of intestinal wall manifesting with symptoms of obstruction, usually at the level of the pylorus) and subserosal disease (transmural infiltration with development of eosinophilic ascites).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Four of our patients had symptoms of obstruction, an unusual presentation,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and one had features of ascites on ultrasound examination. Many cases also manifest with peripheral eosinophilia and protein-losing enteropathy. It is diagnosed based on the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms and histologic evidence of eosinophilic infiltration in one or more areas of the gastrointestinal tract in the absence of another cause of eosinophilia (parasitic disease, drug allergy, hypereosinophilic syndrome, coeliac disease or neoplasia). Imaging tests may reveal thickening of the mucosa and intestinal ulceration or partial obstruction. Endoscopic findings include oedema and congestion, and less frequently ulcerous lesions and narrowed areas (pylorus/duodenum).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Microscopic examination of biopsy samples reveals a dense eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate, with gastroenteropathy defined as presence of 25–30 or more eosinophils per high power field.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Collection of multiple biopsy samples (at least 6) from each segment is recommended, as involvement may be patchy. Its management is based on dietary restrictions and treatment with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> A high percentage of patients experience recurrence on discontinuation of steroid therapy and require an additional course of glucocorticoids or maintenance treatment with budesonide or azathioprine. Some cases of localised EG with muscle-layer involvement may require surgical correction of bowel obstruction, as was the case in one of our patients.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, EG is an uncommon disease with nonspecific manifestations. It should be suspected in the presence of symptoms of obstruction (vomiting, abdominal distension and pain) or unexplained ascites. Peripheral eosinophilia is a frequent finding. It is a histological diagnosis, requiring biopsies from every segment of the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with glucocorticoids is effective and safe, although symptoms often recur; furthermore, the disease may manifest with obstruction and require surgical intervention.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Tesouro Rodríguez L, Lázaro de Lucas C, Magallares García LN, Martínez-Ojinaga Nodal E, Ramos Boluda E. Gastroenteropatía eosinofílica y obstrucción digestiva. An Pediatr (Barc). 2018;88:280–281.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2183 "Ancho" => 2667 "Tamanyo" => 380279 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Congestion and oedema of antral mucosa with pyloric stenosis.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 835 "Ancho" => 974 "Tamanyo" => 108082 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oedema and erosion of gastric mucosa with pyloric stenosis and ulcer in the angular notch.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Variation in prevalence, diagnostic criteria, and initial management options for eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases in the United States" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.M. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2024 October | 57 | 32 | 89 |
| 2024 September | 81 | 28 | 109 |
| 2024 August | 83 | 62 | 145 |
| 2024 July | 96 | 36 | 132 |
| 2024 June | 92 | 33 | 125 |
| 2024 May | 70 | 39 | 109 |
| 2024 April | 62 | 37 | 99 |
| 2024 March | 59 | 33 | 92 |
| 2024 February | 91 | 23 | 114 |
| 2024 January | 56 | 21 | 77 |
| 2023 December | 66 | 13 | 79 |
| 2023 November | 58 | 26 | 84 |
| 2023 October | 52 | 22 | 74 |
| 2023 September | 39 | 22 | 61 |
| 2023 August | 45 | 16 | 61 |
| 2023 July | 42 | 30 | 72 |
| 2023 June | 63 | 34 | 97 |
| 2023 May | 68 | 25 | 93 |
| 2023 April | 39 | 18 | 57 |
| 2023 March | 66 | 20 | 86 |
| 2023 February | 68 | 17 | 85 |
| 2023 January | 43 | 39 | 82 |
| 2022 December | 62 | 37 | 99 |
| 2022 November | 76 | 34 | 110 |
| 2022 October | 64 | 53 | 117 |
| 2022 September | 49 | 31 | 80 |
| 2022 August | 71 | 61 | 132 |
| 2022 July | 56 | 41 | 97 |
| 2022 June | 62 | 34 | 96 |
| 2022 May | 69 | 38 | 107 |
| 2022 April | 98 | 46 | 144 |
| 2022 March | 133 | 73 | 206 |
| 2022 February | 106 | 29 | 135 |
| 2022 January | 116 | 42 | 158 |
| 2021 December | 76 | 59 | 135 |
| 2021 November | 85 | 53 | 138 |
| 2021 October | 82 | 101 | 183 |
| 2021 September | 54 | 46 | 100 |
| 2021 August | 48 | 33 | 81 |
| 2021 July | 40 | 26 | 66 |
| 2021 June | 51 | 34 | 85 |
| 2021 May | 73 | 35 | 108 |
| 2021 April | 236 | 98 | 334 |
| 2021 March | 112 | 39 | 151 |
| 2021 February | 65 | 19 | 84 |
| 2021 January | 76 | 21 | 97 |
| 2020 December | 77 | 15 | 92 |
| 2020 November | 50 | 18 | 68 |
| 2020 October | 62 | 21 | 83 |
| 2020 September | 46 | 26 | 72 |
| 2020 August | 42 | 10 | 52 |
| 2020 July | 61 | 22 | 83 |
| 2020 June | 46 | 10 | 56 |
| 2020 May | 184 | 22 | 206 |
| 2020 April | 192 | 13 | 205 |
| 2020 March | 142 | 25 | 167 |
| 2020 February | 138 | 17 | 155 |
| 2020 January | 130 | 17 | 147 |
| 2019 December | 103 | 22 | 125 |
| 2019 November | 75 | 12 | 87 |
| 2019 October | 90 | 14 | 104 |
| 2019 September | 69 | 12 | 81 |
| 2019 August | 59 | 19 | 78 |
| 2019 July | 49 | 29 | 78 |
| 2019 June | 61 | 32 | 93 |
| 2019 May | 70 | 57 | 127 |
| 2019 April | 75 | 34 | 109 |
| 2019 March | 34 | 16 | 50 |
| 2019 February | 35 | 15 | 50 |
| 2019 January | 32 | 17 | 49 |
| 2018 December | 50 | 25 | 75 |
| 2018 November | 88 | 21 | 109 |
| 2018 October | 96 | 11 | 107 |
| 2018 September | 46 | 13 | 59 |
| 2018 August | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2018 July | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2018 June | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2018 April | 0 | 30 | 30 |
| 2018 March | 0 | 7 | 7 |
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