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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paediatric rheumatology &#40;PR&#41; is the medical speciality that focuses on inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions of the musculoskeletal system in children and adolescents&#46; It is one of the most recent paediatric specialities&#44; and this may explain why it is still not as well known as it should to families and to many paediatricians&#46; It would be difficult otherwise to explain the observation that whereas children with non-surgical heart&#44; respiratory or kidney conditions are referred to the appropriate paediatric specialist&#44; rather than to a cardiovascular&#44; thoracic or urological surgeon&#44; respectively&#44; children with non-surgical&#44; non-orthopaedic and non-traumatic conditions of the musculoskeletal system are commonly referred to an orthopaedic surgeon&#44; even if paediatric rheumatology units are available in their area&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paediatric rheumatology may be young&#44; but it is well past puberty&#46; An editorial published in 2014 discussed its origins&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> placing them in the 1950s&#44; both in the USA and in Europe&#46; The speciality was officially recognised in the US in 1992&#44; with the first accreditation examination in paediatric rheumatology&#44; the Subboard of Pediatric Rheumatology&#44; conducted by the American Board of Pediatrics&#46; The United Kingdom followed a similar process&#44; and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health recognised the speciality in 1996&#46; As for Spain&#44; the paediatric rheumatology section of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics was founded in 1995 and the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Reumatolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica &#40;Spanish Paediatric Rheumatology Society&#41; in 1998&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The low priority given to teaching the musculoskeletal system compared with other organs and systems in undergraduate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and postgraduate courses also does not help to divulge PR&#46; This inadequate training in musculoskeletal medicine could explain why examination of the locomotor system is rarely recorded in the clinical history of paediatric patients who are hospitalised<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> or assessed in the emergency services&#46; Indeed&#44; in emergency reports on patients receiving attention for non-traumatic limp or limb pain it is not uncommon to find an exhaustive assessment of their level of consciousness&#44; capillary refill or absence of meningeal signs&#44; while the exploration of their musculoskeletal system&#44; often incomplete&#44; is based on descriptions such as &#8220;there does not seem to be <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">much</span> pain&#8221;&#44; &#8220;knee <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">somewhat</span> swollen&#8221; or &#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">apparently</span> without limitation of motion&#8221;&#46; Such vague terms indicate the lack of confidence of the person conducting the assessment when examining the musculoskeletal system or&#44; being more optimistic&#44; their uncertainty about how to record such an examination&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An additional difficulty in rheumatology is that the response pattern of the joint to insults is limited&#58; either it is inflamed or it swells or not&#46; Therefore full anamnesis and physical examination&#44; important in all areas of medicine&#44; are crucial in rheumatology&#46; A monoarthritis of the ankle is a monoarthritis&#44; but it can have many possible causes&#46; Taking a good medical history can provide clues to its aetiology&#44; even before confirming that the ankle is swollen&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The type of pain pattern&#44; &#8220;inflammatory&#8221; when the pain increases at rest &#40;morning stiffness&#41; and improves with activity&#44; or &#8220;mechanical&#8221; when the opposite is true&#44; is as important as the date of onset&#44; clinical course or functional limitations&#46; A history of low-grade fever&#44; macular rash and joint pain will raise suspicions of a viral infection&#44; intense pain accompanied by fever and functional limitation will suggest a septic arthritis&#44; history of a direct trauma will point towards a fracture or traumatic arthritis&#44; the appearance of a purpuric rash on the lower extremities in a child without fever will guide us towards Sch&#246;nlein&#8211;Henoch purpura&#44; and so on&#46; In this same clinical context a personal history of juvenile idiopathic arthritis&#44; bleeding disorder or primary immunodeficiency changes the spectrum of possible aetiologies&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also important to take the family history&#46; Although there is not usually any history of rheumatic diseases in the family&#44; with the exception of systemic lupus erythematosus or HLA-B27-associated diseases &#40;spondyloarthropathies or inflammatory bowel disease&#41;&#44; it is common for family members to have been diagnosed with other autoimmune diseases &#40;thyroiditis&#44; psoriasis&#44; vitiligo&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information obtained in the medical history is supplemented by the examination&#44; which must be complete and systematic&#44; including the skin&#44; skin appendages and mucous membranes&#44; cardiopulmonary auscultation and assessment of enlarged organs and glands&#46; Only after performing the complete general examination should one proceed to examine the joints&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The examination of the joints&#44; crucial in rheumatology&#44; is what finally confirms both the diagnostic impression suggested by the medical history &#40;presence of arthritis or other findings&#41; and the type &#40;oligoarthritis or polyarthritis&#41;&#46; This calls for technical skill and training that a large number of paediatricians&#44; for various reasons&#44; have not received&#44; which explains the interest aroused by the practical joint examination workshops organised by various paediatric societies&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limited expression of articular disease in paediatrics makes it essential to examine all the joints&#44; because &#40;1&#41; paediatric inflammatory diseases tend to be asymmetrical and joint range of motion varies with age and sex&#44; and therefore the best reference is the mobility of the contralateral joint&#59; &#40;2&#41; inflammatory arthritis&#44; unlike septic arthritis&#44; does not usually associate pain or other external signs of inflammation &#40;heat&#44; redness&#41;&#44; not being uncommon that subclinical arthritis alter the differential diagnosis &#40;oligoarthritis versus monoarthritis&#41;&#59; &#40;3&#41; the presence of referred pain&#59; &#40;4&#41; the articular pattern of the disease &#40;symmetrical or asymmetrical&#44; involving large or small joints&#41; may suggest the diagnosis&#59; and &#40;5&#41; some findings are pathognomonic&#44; including the dactylitis characteristic of psoriatic arthritis or the tarsitis characteristic of spondyloarthropathies&#47;enthesitis-related arthritis&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paediatric rheumatology is a recognised speciality in many countries&#44; with clearly defined &#40;1&#41; which inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions are within its scope&#59; &#40;2&#41; what theoretical and practical training the professionals who practise it should receive&#59; &#40;3&#41; what its specific techniques are&#44; including arthrocentesis and joint injections&#44; capillaroscopy and musculoskeletal ultrasound&#59; and &#40;4&#41; which criteria must be met by the units where care is delivered&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the fact that paediatric rheumatology fulfils the criteria for a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">specific training area</span>&#44; children with rheumatic diseases are still frequently cared for by physicians who&#44; at best&#44; have received minimal training in paediatric rheumatology or have spent a short-term elective in a specialised unit&#44; but who&#44; for organisational reasons&#44; have had to undertake the treatment of these children&#46; This situation is not confined to Spain&#44; and it gave rise to an editorial in the Pediatric <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rheumatology</span> online journal which highlighted the unsuitability of both paediatricians and rheumatologists without specific training to practise this speciality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Spain there are paediatric rheumatology units with properly trained staff who have the capacity and experience needed to treat patients with these conditions&#46; In 2016 it is no longer acceptable for physicians without specific training&#44; whether paediatricians or rheumatologists&#44; to take on the task of treating these patients on a more or less occasional basis&#44; at their own wish or on the instructions of their superiors&#46; This was the standard scenario when paediatric specialities began to be developed in the 1970s&#44; but it is far from being the appropriate model forty years later&#46; As the above-mentioned editorial concluded&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> our patients deserve better&#46;</p></span>"
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Editorial
Paediatric rheumatology: The importance of anamnesis and physical examination
Reumatología pediátrica: la importancia de la anamnesis y la exploración
J. de Inocencio Arocena
Unidad de Reumatología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paediatric rheumatology &#40;PR&#41; is the medical speciality that focuses on inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions of the musculoskeletal system in children and adolescents&#46; It is one of the most recent paediatric specialities&#44; and this may explain why it is still not as well known as it should to families and to many paediatricians&#46; It would be difficult otherwise to explain the observation that whereas children with non-surgical heart&#44; respiratory or kidney conditions are referred to the appropriate paediatric specialist&#44; rather than to a cardiovascular&#44; thoracic or urological surgeon&#44; respectively&#44; children with non-surgical&#44; non-orthopaedic and non-traumatic conditions of the musculoskeletal system are commonly referred to an orthopaedic surgeon&#44; even if paediatric rheumatology units are available in their area&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paediatric rheumatology may be young&#44; but it is well past puberty&#46; An editorial published in 2014 discussed its origins&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> placing them in the 1950s&#44; both in the USA and in Europe&#46; The speciality was officially recognised in the US in 1992&#44; with the first accreditation examination in paediatric rheumatology&#44; the Subboard of Pediatric Rheumatology&#44; conducted by the American Board of Pediatrics&#46; The United Kingdom followed a similar process&#44; and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health recognised the speciality in 1996&#46; As for Spain&#44; the paediatric rheumatology section of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics was founded in 1995 and the Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Reumatolog&#237;a Pedi&#225;trica &#40;Spanish Paediatric Rheumatology Society&#41; in 1998&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The low priority given to teaching the musculoskeletal system compared with other organs and systems in undergraduate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and postgraduate courses also does not help to divulge PR&#46; This inadequate training in musculoskeletal medicine could explain why examination of the locomotor system is rarely recorded in the clinical history of paediatric patients who are hospitalised<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> or assessed in the emergency services&#46; Indeed&#44; in emergency reports on patients receiving attention for non-traumatic limp or limb pain it is not uncommon to find an exhaustive assessment of their level of consciousness&#44; capillary refill or absence of meningeal signs&#44; while the exploration of their musculoskeletal system&#44; often incomplete&#44; is based on descriptions such as &#8220;there does not seem to be <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">much</span> pain&#8221;&#44; &#8220;knee <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">somewhat</span> swollen&#8221; or &#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">apparently</span> without limitation of motion&#8221;&#46; Such vague terms indicate the lack of confidence of the person conducting the assessment when examining the musculoskeletal system or&#44; being more optimistic&#44; their uncertainty about how to record such an examination&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An additional difficulty in rheumatology is that the response pattern of the joint to insults is limited&#58; either it is inflamed or it swells or not&#46; Therefore full anamnesis and physical examination&#44; important in all areas of medicine&#44; are crucial in rheumatology&#46; A monoarthritis of the ankle is a monoarthritis&#44; but it can have many possible causes&#46; Taking a good medical history can provide clues to its aetiology&#44; even before confirming that the ankle is swollen&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The type of pain pattern&#44; &#8220;inflammatory&#8221; when the pain increases at rest &#40;morning stiffness&#41; and improves with activity&#44; or &#8220;mechanical&#8221; when the opposite is true&#44; is as important as the date of onset&#44; clinical course or functional limitations&#46; A history of low-grade fever&#44; macular rash and joint pain will raise suspicions of a viral infection&#44; intense pain accompanied by fever and functional limitation will suggest a septic arthritis&#44; history of a direct trauma will point towards a fracture or traumatic arthritis&#44; the appearance of a purpuric rash on the lower extremities in a child without fever will guide us towards Sch&#246;nlein&#8211;Henoch purpura&#44; and so on&#46; In this same clinical context a personal history of juvenile idiopathic arthritis&#44; bleeding disorder or primary immunodeficiency changes the spectrum of possible aetiologies&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also important to take the family history&#46; Although there is not usually any history of rheumatic diseases in the family&#44; with the exception of systemic lupus erythematosus or HLA-B27-associated diseases &#40;spondyloarthropathies or inflammatory bowel disease&#41;&#44; it is common for family members to have been diagnosed with other autoimmune diseases &#40;thyroiditis&#44; psoriasis&#44; vitiligo&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information obtained in the medical history is supplemented by the examination&#44; which must be complete and systematic&#44; including the skin&#44; skin appendages and mucous membranes&#44; cardiopulmonary auscultation and assessment of enlarged organs and glands&#46; Only after performing the complete general examination should one proceed to examine the joints&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The examination of the joints&#44; crucial in rheumatology&#44; is what finally confirms both the diagnostic impression suggested by the medical history &#40;presence of arthritis or other findings&#41; and the type &#40;oligoarthritis or polyarthritis&#41;&#46; This calls for technical skill and training that a large number of paediatricians&#44; for various reasons&#44; have not received&#44; which explains the interest aroused by the practical joint examination workshops organised by various paediatric societies&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limited expression of articular disease in paediatrics makes it essential to examine all the joints&#44; because &#40;1&#41; paediatric inflammatory diseases tend to be asymmetrical and joint range of motion varies with age and sex&#44; and therefore the best reference is the mobility of the contralateral joint&#59; &#40;2&#41; inflammatory arthritis&#44; unlike septic arthritis&#44; does not usually associate pain or other external signs of inflammation &#40;heat&#44; redness&#41;&#44; not being uncommon that subclinical arthritis alter the differential diagnosis &#40;oligoarthritis versus monoarthritis&#41;&#59; &#40;3&#41; the presence of referred pain&#59; &#40;4&#41; the articular pattern of the disease &#40;symmetrical or asymmetrical&#44; involving large or small joints&#41; may suggest the diagnosis&#59; and &#40;5&#41; some findings are pathognomonic&#44; including the dactylitis characteristic of psoriatic arthritis or the tarsitis characteristic of spondyloarthropathies&#47;enthesitis-related arthritis&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Paediatric rheumatology is a recognised speciality in many countries&#44; with clearly defined &#40;1&#41; which inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions are within its scope&#59; &#40;2&#41; what theoretical and practical training the professionals who practise it should receive&#59; &#40;3&#41; what its specific techniques are&#44; including arthrocentesis and joint injections&#44; capillaroscopy and musculoskeletal ultrasound&#59; and &#40;4&#41; which criteria must be met by the units where care is delivered&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the fact that paediatric rheumatology fulfils the criteria for a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">specific training area</span>&#44; children with rheumatic diseases are still frequently cared for by physicians who&#44; at best&#44; have received minimal training in paediatric rheumatology or have spent a short-term elective in a specialised unit&#44; but who&#44; for organisational reasons&#44; have had to undertake the treatment of these children&#46; This situation is not confined to Spain&#44; and it gave rise to an editorial in the Pediatric <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rheumatology</span> online journal which highlighted the unsuitability of both paediatricians and rheumatologists without specific training to practise this speciality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Spain there are paediatric rheumatology units with properly trained staff who have the capacity and experience needed to treat patients with these conditions&#46; In 2016 it is no longer acceptable for physicians without specific training&#44; whether paediatricians or rheumatologists&#44; to take on the task of treating these patients on a more or less occasional basis&#44; at their own wish or on the instructions of their superiors&#46; This was the standard scenario when paediatric specialities began to be developed in the 1970s&#44; but it is far from being the appropriate model forty years later&#46; As the above-mentioned editorial concluded&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> our patients deserve better&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 23412879
Original language: English
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Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
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