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Vol. 57. Issue 6.
Pages 547-553 (1 December 2002)
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Vol. 57. Issue 6.
Pages 547-553 (1 December 2002)
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Decisiones de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico en recién nacidos críticos: estudio multicéntrico
Decisions on limiting treatment in critically-ill neonates: a multicenter study
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J.C. Tejedor Torres
Corresponding author
jctejedor@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Unidad Neonatal. Hospital General de Móstoles. Río Júcar, s/n. 28935 Móstoles. Madrid. España.
, Grupo de Trabajo de la Sociedad Española de Neonatología sobre Limitación del Esfuerzo Terapéutico y Cuidados Paliativos en recién nacidos
Hospital General de Móstoles. Madrid. España
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Antecedentes

Hay pacientes de mal pronóstico en los que se plantean serias dudas sobre el beneficio real de los tratamientos de soporte vital utilizados, considerándose la posibilidad de limitar dichos tratamientos, decisión que conlleva interrogantes éticas y de procedimiento.

Objetivos

Conocer la frecuencia con la cual se toman decisiones de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico (LET) en recién nacidos, las características de los pacientes y los criterios utilizados por los responsables de la decisión.

Pacientes y métodos

Estudio multicéntrico descriptivo y prospectivo. Se incluyeron los recién nacidos correspondientes a 15 unidades de neonatología fallecidos durante su estancia hospitalaria en el período 15 de enero de 1999 a 15 de enero de 2000 y aquellos pacientes en los que se tomó una decisión de LET. Se definió LET como aquella decisión clínica de no iniciar o retirar un tratamiento de soporte vital.

Resultados

Se han incluido un total de 330 pacientes. Se efectuó LET en 171 neonatos de 330 (52 %), de los que fallecieron 169 (98,8 %). Los otros 159 pacientes restantes (48,2 %) fallecieron sin limitación alguna de tratamiento. La patología que mayor contribución tuvo en la decisión de LET fueron las malformaciones congénitas (47 %) y la patología neurológica secundaria a asfixia perinatal y hemorragia intracraneal-leucomalacia periventricular (37%). No se inició tratamiento en 80 de 171 niños y en 91 de 171 se retiró el soporte vital, siendo la ventilación mecánica el soporte retirado más frecuente (68 %). Los criterios relevantes utilizados en la decisión de LET fueron el mal pronóstico vital (79,5 %), la calidad de vida actual (37 %), la calidad de vida futura (48 %). Los factores externos al paciente tales como un entorno familiar desfavorable o las posibles consecuencias negativas para el equilibrio familiar se observaron en el 5%.

Conclusiones

El presente estudio, el primero de estas características realizado en España, pone en evidencia aspectos poco conocidos de nuestra práctica clínica en relación al inicio y/o retirada de tratamientos de soporte vital en recién nacidos gravemente enfermos. Se observó que son frecuentes las decisiones de LET (52 %), y que dichas decisiones se acompañaron del fallecimiento de la mayoría de los pacientes (98,8 %). Los criterios predominantes en la toma de decisiones fueron el mal pronóstico desde el punto de vista de la supervivencia del paciente y su calidad de vida, actual y futura.

Palabras clave:
No inicio y retirada de tratamiento
Soporte vital
Decisiones éticas
Recién nacidos
Calidad de vida
Mejor interés del niño
Backgrounds

Some patients with a poor prognosis cause serious doubts about the real benefit of life-sustaining treatment. In some cases the possibility of limiting those treatments is raised. Such end-of-life decisions provoke ethical dilemmas and questions about procedure.

Objectives

Two determine the frequency of end-of-life decisions in neonates, patient characteristics, and the criteria used by those taking decisions Patients and methods We performed a multicenter, descriptive, prospective study. Neonates from 15 neonatal intensive care units who died during their stay in the hospital between 1999 and 2000, as well as those in whom end-of-life decisions were taken, were included. End-of-life decisions were defined as clinical decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment.

Results

A total of 330 patients were included. End-of-life decisions were taken in 171 (52 %); of these, 169 (98.8 %) died. The remaining 159 patients (48.2 %) died without treatment limitation. The main disorders involving end-of-life decisions were congenital malformation (47 %), neurologic disorders secondary to perinatal asphyxia and intracranial hemorrhage-periventricular leukomalacia (37 %). Of the 171 neonates, treatment was withheld in 80 and vital support was withdrawn in 91. The most frequently withdrawn life-sustaining treatment was mechanical ventilation (68 %). The criteria most commonly used in end-of-life decisions were poor vital prognosis (79.5%), and current and future quality of life (37 % and 48 % respectively). The patient's external factors such as unfavorable family environment or possible negative consequences for familial equilibrium were a factor in 5% of decisions.

Conclusions

The present study, the first of this type performed in Spain, reveals little-known aspects about the clinical practice of withholding and/or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment in critically ill neonates. End-of-life decisions were frequent (52%) and were followed by death in most of the patients (98,8 %). The main criteria in decision-making were poor vital prognosis and the patient's current and future quality of life.

Key words:
Withholding and withdrawing therapy
Life-sustaining treatment
Ethical decision-making
Neonates
Quality of life
Infants' best interests
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