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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El paciente con extrema agitaci&#243;n&#44; delirio&#44; comportamiento violento o psicosis aguda es un problema de evaluaci&#243;n frecuente en la sala de urgencias de un hospital general&#46; En cambio&#44; en los servicios de urgencias pedi&#225;tricas&#44; la tradicional infrecuencia de este tipo de cuadros puede conducir a un cierto grado de imprevisi&#243;n e ineficiencia en la atenci&#243;n inicial a estos casos&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El actual incremento conocido de la patolog&#237;a de origin psicosocial en las urgencias pedi&#225;tricas&#44; las nuevas terapias medicamentosas de los procesos psic&#243;ticos juveniles y&#44; m&#225;s en particular su incumplimiento&#44; as&#237; como la aproximaci&#243;n m&#225;s temprana de nuestros j&#243;venes al consume de sustancias adictivas&#44; cada vez m&#225;s variadas&#44; nos enfrentan a un aumento en la frecuencia y la diversidad de este tipo de crisis&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El tratamiento de la agitaci&#243;n&#44; agresi&#243;n y&#47;o violencia empieza con el tratamiento exitoso del episodio agudo&#44; seguido por estrategias destinadas a reducir la intensidad y frecuencia de los episodios subsiguientes&#46; La clave para la seguridad es intervenir precozmente con objeto de prevenir la progresi&#243;n de la agitaci&#243;n a agresi&#243;n y violencia&#46; Por eso&#44; las medidas urgentes&#44; destinadas a inhibir la agitaci&#243;n&#44; deben ser adoptadas sin demora por el personal que atiende primero al paciente&#44; y que suele ser en las unidades de urgencias&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes en crisis de agitaci&#243;n psicomotriz &#40;CAPM&#41; pueden requerir medidas urgentes de contenci&#243;n f&#237;sicay&#47;o qu&#237;mica&#44; para asegurar su propia integridad&#44; la seguridad de sus cuidadores sanitarios&#44; prevenir secuelas cl&#237;nicas graves y permitir su evaluaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica para determiner la etiolog&#237;a&#46; Pero los riesgos derivados de las medidas de contenci&#243;n deben conocerse y ser sopesados frente a los beneficios en cada caso&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El prop&#243;sito de este art&#237;culo es exponer la actuaci&#243;n urgente que se debe seguir ante un ni&#241;o con CAPM&#44; intentando definir las distintas situaciones etiol&#243;gicas y los criterios de elecci&#243;n de medicamentos para el control qu&#237;mico en cada una de ellas&#44; as&#237; como advertir de las complicaciones asociadas a los agentes medicamentosos que emplear y de la conveniencia&#44; por tanto&#44; de que los profesionales se familiaricen con las distintas opciones farmacol&#243;gicas&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with extreme agitation&#44; delirium&#44; violent behavior or acute psychosis are frequently evaluated in the emergency departments of general hospitals&#46; However&#44; the traditional infrequency of this type of situation in pediatric emergency services can lead to a certain lack of foresight and efficiency in the initial management of these patients&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Because of the current known increase of psychosocial disorders in pediatric emergencies&#44; new pharmacological treatments for juvenile psychotic processes&#44; and particularly the lack of compliance with these treatments&#44; as well as the earlier consumption of ever more varied illicit drugs among young people&#44; the frequency and diversity of this kind of disorder is on the increase&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The treatment of agitation&#44; aggression and violence begins with successful management of the acute episode&#44; followed by strategies designed to reduce the intensity and frequency of subsequent episodes&#46; The key to safety is early intervention to prevent progression from agitation to aggression and violence&#46; Consequently&#44; urgent measures designed to inhibit agitation should be adopted without delay by the staff initially dealing with the patient&#44; usually in the emergency unit&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with psychomotor agitation disorder &#40;PMAD&#41; may require emergency physical and&#47;or chemical restraints for their own safety and that of the healthcare provider in order to prevent harmful clinical sequelae and to expedite medical evaluation to determine the cause&#46; However&#44; the risks of restraint measures must be weighed against the benefits in each case&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This review aims to present the emergency measures to be taken in children with PMAD&#46; The distinct etiological situations and criteria for the choice of drugs for chemical restraint in each situation&#44; as well as the complications associated with certain drugs&#44; are discussed&#46; It is advisable&#44; therefore&#44; that health professionals become familiar with the distinct pharmacological options&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 63. Issue 6.
Pages 526-536 (1 December 2005)
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Vol. 63. Issue 6.
Pages 526-536 (1 December 2005)
Artículo especial
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Atención al paciente agitado, violento o psicótico en urgencias: un protocolo pendiente para una patología en aumento
Management of agitated, violent or psychotic patients in the emergency department: an overdue protocol for an increasing problem
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M.T. Jiménez Busseloa,
Corresponding author
maite.jimenez@telefonica.net

Correspondencia: Dra. M.ª T. Jiménez Busselo. Urgencias de Pediatría. Hospital Infantil Universitario La Fe. Avda. Campanar, s/n. 46009 Valencia. España.
, J. Aragó Domingoa, A. Nuño Ballesterosa, J. Loño Capoteb, G. Ochando Peralesb
a Área de Urgencias de Pediatría. Hospital Infantil Universitario La Fe. Valencia. España
b Unidad de Paidopsiquiatría. Hospital Infantil Universitario La Fe. Valencia. España
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Article information

El paciente con extrema agitación, delirio, comportamiento violento o psicosis aguda es un problema de evaluación frecuente en la sala de urgencias de un hospital general. En cambio, en los servicios de urgencias pediátricas, la tradicional infrecuencia de este tipo de cuadros puede conducir a un cierto grado de imprevisión e ineficiencia en la atención inicial a estos casos.

El actual incremento conocido de la patología de origin psicosocial en las urgencias pediátricas, las nuevas terapias medicamentosas de los procesos psicóticos juveniles y, más en particular su incumplimiento, así como la aproximación más temprana de nuestros jóvenes al consume de sustancias adictivas, cada vez más variadas, nos enfrentan a un aumento en la frecuencia y la diversidad de este tipo de crisis.

El tratamiento de la agitación, agresión y/o violencia empieza con el tratamiento exitoso del episodio agudo, seguido por estrategias destinadas a reducir la intensidad y frecuencia de los episodios subsiguientes. La clave para la seguridad es intervenir precozmente con objeto de prevenir la progresión de la agitación a agresión y violencia. Por eso, las medidas urgentes, destinadas a inhibir la agitación, deben ser adoptadas sin demora por el personal que atiende primero al paciente, y que suele ser en las unidades de urgencias.

Los pacientes en crisis de agitación psicomotriz (CAPM) pueden requerir medidas urgentes de contención físicay/o química, para asegurar su propia integridad, la seguridad de sus cuidadores sanitarios, prevenir secuelas clínicas graves y permitir su evaluación clínica para determiner la etiología. Pero los riesgos derivados de las medidas de contención deben conocerse y ser sopesados frente a los beneficios en cada caso.

El propósito de este artículo es exponer la actuación urgente que se debe seguir ante un niño con CAPM, intentando definir las distintas situaciones etiológicas y los criterios de elección de medicamentos para el control químico en cada una de ellas, así como advertir de las complicaciones asociadas a los agentes medicamentosos que emplear y de la conveniencia, por tanto, de que los profesionales se familiaricen con las distintas opciones farmacológicas.

Palabras clave:
Agitación psicomotriz
Contención química
Contención física
Crisis psicótica
Comportamiento violento
Servicio de urgencias
Niños

Patients with extreme agitation, delirium, violent behavior or acute psychosis are frequently evaluated in the emergency departments of general hospitals. However, the traditional infrequency of this type of situation in pediatric emergency services can lead to a certain lack of foresight and efficiency in the initial management of these patients.

Because of the current known increase of psychosocial disorders in pediatric emergencies, new pharmacological treatments for juvenile psychotic processes, and particularly the lack of compliance with these treatments, as well as the earlier consumption of ever more varied illicit drugs among young people, the frequency and diversity of this kind of disorder is on the increase.

The treatment of agitation, aggression and violence begins with successful management of the acute episode, followed by strategies designed to reduce the intensity and frequency of subsequent episodes. The key to safety is early intervention to prevent progression from agitation to aggression and violence. Consequently, urgent measures designed to inhibit agitation should be adopted without delay by the staff initially dealing with the patient, usually in the emergency unit.

Patients with psychomotor agitation disorder (PMAD) may require emergency physical and/or chemical restraints for their own safety and that of the healthcare provider in order to prevent harmful clinical sequelae and to expedite medical evaluation to determine the cause. However, the risks of restraint measures must be weighed against the benefits in each case.

This review aims to present the emergency measures to be taken in children with PMAD. The distinct etiological situations and criteria for the choice of drugs for chemical restraint in each situation, as well as the complications associated with certain drugs, are discussed. It is advisable, therefore, that health professionals become familiar with the distinct pharmacological options.

Key words:
Psychomotor agitation
Chemical restraint
Physical restraint
Violent behavior
Psychotic disorder
Emergency department
Children
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