Journal Information
Vol. 55. Issue 1.
Pages 45-52 (1 July 2001)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 55. Issue 1.
Pages 45-52 (1 July 2001)
Full text access
Alteraciones cromosómicas en la leucemia linfoblástica aguda
Cytogenetic abnormalities in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Visits
19488
M.L. Martín Ramos
Corresponding author
mlmartin@tdi.es

Correspondencia: Servicio de Genética. Hospital 12 de Octubre (Edificio Materno-Infantil). Ctra. Andalucía, km 5,7. 28041 Madrid
, F.J. Fernández Martínez, E. Barreiro Miranda
Servicio de Genética. Hospital 12 de Octubre. Madrid
This item has received
Article information

El análisis citogenético de las células blásticas en niños con leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) ha permitido el reconocimiento de alteraciones cromosómicas específicas de gran importancia pronóstica. La mayoría de los casos de LLA tienen cariotipos alterados, bien en el número de cromosomas (ploidía) bien como cambios estructurales: translocaciones, deleciones o inversiones. Una gran parte de estas alteraciones se asocian con determinados tipos citomorfológicos e inmunológicos; sin embargo, el mayor impacto en el tratamiento de pacientes con LLA ha sido la demostración de que la citogenética es un indicador pronóstico independiente de otras variables clínicas. Determinados cariotipos se asocian con un buen pronóstico, mientras que otros indican un peor resultado, lo cual ha llevado a la administración de terapias alternativas en función del riesgo. La hiperdiploidía con número modal mayor de 50 cromosomas representa el 25–30% de los casos y se relaciona con los mejores resultados, mientras que translocaciones como la t(9;22) y la t(4;11) se asocian a los peores resultados.

Este trabajo reúne las anomalías cromosómicas más importantes en LLA, su valor pronóstico y sus implicaciones terapéuticas.

Palabras clave:
Citogenética
Leucemia linfoblástica aguda
Pronóstico

Cytogenetic analysis of blast cells in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia has led to the recognition of specific non-random chromosomal abnormalities with prognostic value. Most patients with ALL show karyotype abnormalities, either in chromosome number (ploidy) or as structural changes such as translocations, inversions, or deletions. Many of these chromosomal alterations are associated with specific cytomorphological and immunological types. The greatest impact on patient management has been the finding that the cytogenetic result is an independent prognostic indicator. Certain karyotypes are associated with a favorable prognosis while others indicate a poor outcome. This has led to the administration of alternative therapies according to risk. For instance, hyperdiploidy with a modal chromosome number of 51 or greater, which represents 25–30% of all cases of ALL, has proved to have the most favorable prognosis among established ploidy groups, whilst translocations such as the Philadelphia translocation t(9;22) and t(4;11) are associated with a poor prognosis. This study focuses on the most important chromosomal abnormalities found in childhood ALL and their prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Key words:
Cytogenetics
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Prognosis
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
S.C. Raimondi.
Current status of cytogenetic research in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Blood, 81 (1993), pp. 2237-2250
[2.]
C.H. Pui.
Childhood leukemias.
N Engl J Med, 332 (1995), pp. 1618-1630
[3.]
M.B. Harris, J.J. Shuster, A. Carroll, A.T. Look, W.M. Borowitz, W.M. Crist, et al.
Trisomy of leukemic cell chromosomes 4 and 10 identifies children with B-progenitor cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a very low risk of treatment failure.
Blood, 79 (1992), pp. 3316-3320
[4.]
S.C. Raimondi, P.K. Roberson, C.H. Pui, F.G. Behm, G.K. Rivera.
Hyperdiploid (47-50) acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.
Blood, 79 (1992), pp. 3245-3247
[5.]
C.h. Pui, A.J. Carroll, S.C. Raimondi, V.J. Land, W.M. Crist, J.J. Shuster, et al.
Clinical presentation, karyotypic characterization, and treatment autcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a near-haploid or hypodiploid < 45 line.
Blood, 75 (1990), pp. 1170-1177
[6.]
C.H. Pui, W.M. Crist.
Cytogenetic abnormalities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia correlates with clinical features and treatmentoutcome.
Leukemia and Lymphoma, 7 (1992), pp. 259-275
[7.]
L.M. Secker-Walker, S.D. Lawler, R.M. Hardisty.
Prognostic implications of chromosomal findings in acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis.
Br Med J, 2 (1978), pp. 1529-1530
[8.]
R. Berger, M. Busson-Le.
Centric and pericentric chromosome rearrangements in hematopoietic malignancies.
Leukemia, 13 (1999), pp. 671-678
[9.]
W.M. Crist, A.L.J. Carroll, J.J. Shuster.
Philadelphia chromosome positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Clinical and cytogenetic characteristics and treatment outcome: A Pediatric Oncology Group Study.
Blood, 76 (1990), pp. 489-494
[10.]
J.A. Fletcher, E.A. Lynch, V.M. Kimbal, M. Donely, R. Tantravahi, D. Sallan.
Translocation t(9;22) is associated with extremely poor prognosis in intensively treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Blood, 77 (1991), pp. 435-439
[11.]
C.J. Harrison.
The management of patients with leukemia: The role of cytogenetics in this molecular era.
Br J Haematol, 108 (2000), pp. 19-30
[12.]
Groupe Français de Cytogénétique Hématologique. Collaborative study of karyotypes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Leukemia, 7 (1993), pp. 10-21
[13.]
S. Ziemin-Van der Poel, N.R. Mc Cabe, H.J. Gill, R. Espinosa, Y. Patel, A. Handen, et al.
Identification of a gene, MLL, that spans the breakpoint in 11q23 translocations associated with human leukemias.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88 (1991), pp. 10735-10737
[14.]
R.C. Stong, S.J. Korsmeyer, J.L. Parkin, R.C. Stong, S.J. Korsmeyer, J.L. Parkin, et al.
Human acute leukemia cell line with the t(4;11) chromosomal rearrangement exhibits B lineage and monocytic characteristics.
Blood, 65 (1985), pp. 26-31
[15.]
M. Smith, D. Arthur, B. Camitta, A.J. Carroll, W.M. Crist, P. Gaynon.
Unifirm approch to risk classification and treatment assignment to children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
J Clin Oncol, 14 (1996), pp. 18-24
[16.]
C.H. Pui, S.C. Raimondi, M.L. Hancock, G.K. Rivera, R.C. Ribeiro, H.H. Mahmound, et al.
Immunologic, cytogenetic, and clinical characterization of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the t(1;9)(q23;p13) or its derivative.
J Clin Oncol, 12 (1994), pp. 2601-2606
[17.]
Q. Lu, D.D. Wright, M.P. Kamps.
Fusion with EA2 converts the Pbx1 homeodomain protein into a constitutive transcriptional activator in human leukemias carrying the (1;19).
Mol Cell Biol, 14 (1994), pp. 3938-3943
[18.]
W.M. Crist, A.J. Carroll, J.J. Shuster, F.G. Behm, M. Whitehead, T.J. Vietti, et al.
Poor prognosis of children with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with the t(1;19)(q23,p13).
A Pediatric Oncology Group Study. Blood, 8 (1990), pp. 1380-1384
[19.]
S.P. Hunger.
Chromosomal translocations involving the E2A gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: clinical features and molecular pathogenesis.
Blood, 87 (1996), pp. 1121-1124
[20.]
R. Berger, J. Bernheim, J.C. Broquet, M.T. Daniel, G. Flandrin.
(8;14) translocation in a Burkitt's type of lymphoblastic leukemia.
Br J Haematol, 43 (1979), pp. 87-92
[21.]
C.M. Croce, P.C. Nowel.
Molecular basis of human B cell neoplasia.
Blood, 65 (1985), pp. 1-9
[22.]
C. Patte, T. Philip, C. Rodary, J.M. Zucker, H. Behrendt, J.C. Gentet, et al.
High survival rate in advanced-stage-B-cell lymphomas and leukemias without CNS involvement with a short intensive polychemotherapy: results from the French Paediatric Oncology Society of a randomised trial of 216 children.
J Clin Oncol, 9 (1991), pp. 123-132
[23.]
J. Marco Buades, E. Vizcarra Rabadán, D. Sánchez Izquierdo, J. Martines Climent.
. Aplicaciones de la fluorescencia con hibridación in situ (FISH) en la leucemia linfoblástica aguda.
Sangre, 44 (1999), pp. 273-281
[24.]
C.H. Pui, F.G. Behem, B. Singh, M.J. Schell, D.L. Williams, G.K. Rivera, et al.
Heterogeneity of presenting features and their relation to treatment outcome in 120 clildren with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Blood, 75 (1990), pp. 174-179
[25.]
M. Oshimura, A.I. Freeman, A.A. Sandberg.
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia XXVI, Berding studies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Cancer, 40 (1977), pp. 1161-1172
[26.]
Y. Hayashi, S.C. Raimondi, A.T. Look, F.G. Behm, G.R. Kitchingman, C.H. Pui, et al.
Abnormalities of the long arm of chromosome 6 in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Blood, 76 (1990), pp. 1626-1630
[27.]
J.G. Park, E.P. Reddy.
Large-scale molecular mapping of human c-myb: c-myb proto-oncogene is not involved in 6q- abnormalities of lymphoid tumors.
Oncogene, 7 (1992), pp. 1603-1610
[28.]
L.P. Menasce, G.R. White, C.J. Harrison, J.M. Boyle.
Localization the estrogen receptor locus (ESR) to chromosome 6q25.1 by FISH and a simple post-FISH banding technique.
Genomics, 17 (1993), pp. 263-269
[29.]
S.B. Murphy, S.C. Raimondi, G.K. Rivera, R.K. Dodge, S.L. George.
Nonrandom abnormalities of chromosome 9p in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: association with high-risk clinical features.
Blood, 74 (1989), pp. 409-415
[30.]
J.M. Trent, S. Olson, R.M. Lawn.
Chromosomal localization of human leukocyte, fibroblast, and immune interferon genes by means of in situ hybridization.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 79 (1982), pp. 7807-7813
[31.]
J. Hebert, J.M. Cayuela, J. Berkeley, F. Sigaux.
. Candidate tumorsupresor genes MTS1 (p16INK4B) and MTS2 (p15INK4B) display frequent homozygous deletions in primary cells from T-but not from B-cell lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemias.
Blood, 84 (1994), pp. 4038-4045
[32]
S.C. Raimondi, D.L. Williams, T. Callihan, S. Peiper, G.K. Rivera, S.B. Murphy.
Nonrandom involvement of the 12p12 breakpoint in chromosome abnormalities of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Blood, 68 (1986), pp. 69-74
[33.]
A. Buijs, S. Sheir, S. Van Baal, J.N. Davis, M.D. Potter, C. Adams, et al.
Translocation (12;22)(p13;q11) in myeloproliferative disorders results in fusion of the ETS-like Tel gene on 12p13 to the MN1 gene on 22q11.
Oncogene, 10 (1995), pp. 1511-1516
[34.]
J.W. Janssen, S.A. Ridge, P. Papadopoulos, F. Cotter, W.D. Ludwing, C. Fonatsch, et al.
The fusion of TEL and ABL in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a rare event.
Br J Haematol, 90 (1995), pp. 222-228
[35.]
S.P. Romana, M. Le Coniat, R. Berger.
t(12;21): a new recurrent translocation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Genes Chromosom Cancer, 9 (1994), pp. 186-191
[36.]
S. Heim, F. Mitelman.
Cancer Cytogenetics, 2.a,
Copyright © 2001. Asociación Española de Pediatría
Download PDF
Idiomas
Anales de Pediatría (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?