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Vol. 59. Núm. 5.
Páginas 483-490 (Noviembre 2003)
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Vol. 59. Núm. 5.
Páginas 483-490 (Noviembre 2003)
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Tratamientos complementarios: óxido nítrico, posición en prono y surfactante
Complementary treatments: nitric oxide, prone positioning and surfactant
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I. Martos Sánchez*, J.L. Vázquez Martínez, E. Otheo de Tejada, P. Ros
Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid. España
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El tratamiento del fracaso respiratorio hipoxémico se basa fundamentalmente en el aporte de oxígeno y en la utilización de la VM con la estrategia de “protección pulmonar”. Gracias a un mejor conocimiento de la fisiopatología de la lesión pulmonar aguda se han desarrollado otras estrategias que pueden modificar la evolución clínica de estos pacientes. Dichos tratamientos complementarios a la VM incluyen la administración de óxido nítrico (NO), surfactante y la VM en posición prono. El NO es un vasodilatador pulmonar selectivo que administrado de forma inhalada mejora la oxigenación en situaciones clínicas como la persistencia de la circulación fetal en el recién nacido, en la hipertensión pulmonar asociada a cardiopatías congénitas o en el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA). La posición en prono mejora la distribución de la ventilación y disminuye el cortocircuito intrapulmonar cuando se aplica de forma precoz en el SDRA. El surfactante ha disminuido de forma dramática la mortalidad de la enfermedad de la membrana hialina en el recién nacido prematuro, aunque en el SDRA no ha tenido resultados tan satisfactorios. Se necesita más experiencia para determinar si la combinación de estos tratamientos mejorarán el pronóstico.

Palabras clave:
Fracaso respiratorio hipoxémico
Óxido nítrico
Posición en prono
Surfactante
Niños
Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda

The management of hypoxic respiratory failure is based on oxygen delivery and ventilatory support with lung-protective ventilation strategies. Better understanding of acute lung injury have led to new therapeutic approaches that can modify the outcome of these patients. These adjunctive oxygenation strategies include inhaled nitric oxide and surfactant delivery, and the use of prone positioning. Nitric oxide is a selective pulmonary vasodilator that, when inhaled, improves oxygenation in clinical situations such as persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart disease, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). When applied early in ARDS, prone positioning improves distribution of ventilation and reduces the intrapulmonary shunt. The surfactant has dramatically decreased mortality caused by hyaline membrane disease in premature newborns, although the results have been less successful in ARDS. Greater experience is required to determine whether the combination of these treatments will improve the prognosis of these patients.

Key words:
Hypoxemic respiratory failure
Nitric oxide
Prone positioning
Surfactant
Children
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
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